Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a group of wireless node, which rapidly moves, changes and forms a network without need of centralized controlling entity [1]. The entire nodes in MANET intercommunicate with other node which stays in its relative frequency range. Each node in MANET works as router, so each node forward packet to neighbor node until packet it reaches to destination. There are many routing protocols as DSR, AODV, DSDV, TORA, and OLSR etc each having its own working mechanism. In this paper we are presenting performance comparability with DSR, TORA and LEACH protocols based on metrics such as Throughput, Average Jitter, End to End Delivery, and Packet Delivery Ratio by using NS2 Simulator.

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No fine Concrete is a light-weight concrete produced by removing the fines from conventional concrete. Also known to as “Pervious Concrete” or “Porous Concrete” is material comprised of well graded coarse aggregates, cement materials, water and admixture. Particularly in a country like India where flooding and water logging problems are the Major environmental issues sustainable development has become a necessity. Various sustainable and eco-friendly means are being implemented to these problems where No fine concrete pavement is one of them. In this paper No fine concrete using the only admixture and well proportion of constitute is used to analyze the strength property.

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Solar power is the major renewable energy source used by developing countries as stand-alone or grid enabled system. Since it is reliable it has been preferred at many households and will be a major power source in coming years. Despite its widespread use, solar has lagged in its efficiency to generate power at a desirable rate mainly because of non-efficiency of storage of charge. And hence many technologies are developed to make solar as efficient as possible. Batteries are used in storing charge, charge which ultimately produce electricity. The batteries which are available in market are not so cheap to buy one for storing charges regularly for longer durations. Batteries tend to become so expensive because of various factors including its battery management system and its approximated cycles of charging and discharging due to safety issues and hence tends to become obsolete after some amount of time. The proposed system integrates the smart solar hybrid grid system with efficient battery management.

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In India greatest soil zones are known for bad condition bringing about pavement failures. Development of roads on weaker soil is monetarily the significant issue. Alteration is the only choice for changing the properties of soil to enhance quality and solidness. In this paper, initially the examination of common soil is finished by soil modification with and without utilizing chemical added substance (renolith) by weight of soil test to enhance the physical and designing properties as indicated by Indian Standard by coordinating exploration focus tests for the betterment of road contractors.

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This paper presents a survey report of hydro power plant in India. There are various renewable energy resources like sun, wind, water, ocean, tidal etc. Among all the source, hydro plant are emerging in the developing India. After non-renewable source like fossil fuel and nuclear, major part of the India is looking for the green energy. So for a long run point of view India Government have passed various plan and policy for the development of hydro. Since the report from IPCC on renewable energy (IPCC, 2012) was published; more studies on water consumption from hydropower have become available. The newly published studies do not, however, contribute to a more consistent picture on what the "true" water consumption from hydropower plants is. The dominant calculation method is the gross evaporation from the reservoirs divided by the annual power production, which appears to be an over-simplistic calculation method that possibly produces a biased picture of the water consumption of hydropower plants. This review paper shows that the water footprint of hydropower is used synonymously with water consumption, based on gross evaporation rates.

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In current scenario, researchers and developers have come up with various kinds of electronic devices to help mankind. World is experiencing a never-ever boom in automation industry with use of robots and constantly increasing computer intelligence. The fuel refilling station is one such sector. The technology developed till now helps the user and retailer to transfer fuel from cavity tank present underground without any fuzz. The bill generation and transactions are made digital and hassle free payments happen. However, there should be a worker present at all times to supervise the whole process. AFRS (Automated Fuel Refilling System) introduces new feature of automation wherein the user alone can refuel without any dedicated man-power and added benefits with 24/7 working facility, which increases the sales of retailers. This type of automation works in regions where there is lack of manual labour or remote locations which has inappropriate conditions. AFRS provides users an app interface helping them register themselves and procure fuel by bill generation and payment made in the app itself using underlying authentication methods. There is also an 'Emergency' feature in the app which enables the user to get emergency fuel of a fixed amount chosen by the retailer by activating AADHAAR biometric authentication which requires only a biometric scan.

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As all known concrete is a versatile engineering composite material made with cement, aggregates and admixtures. Due to the day by day innovations and development in construction field, the use of natural aggregates is very high and at the same time production of solid wastes from the demolitions of constructions is also very high. And also there is a scarcity of natural aggregates because of extensive use of concrete. Because of these reasons the reuse of demolished constructional wastes and granite powder came into the picture to reduce the solid waste and to reduce the scarcity of natural aggregates. Crushed tiles and Granite powder are used as a replacement to the coarse aggregates and fine aggregate. The combustion of waste crushed tiles were replaced in place of coarse aggregates by 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% and Granite powder were replaced in place of fine aggregate by 0%, 5%, 10%,15% and 20% without changing the mix design. M30 grade of concrete was designed to prepare the conventional mix. Without changing the mix design different types of mixes were prepared by replacing the coarse aggregates and fine aggregate at different percentages of crushed tiles and granite powder. These admixtures are used in both normal conditions and sea shore conditions. Experimental investigation like Compressive strength test & Split tensile strength tests conducted for different concrete mixes with different percentages of waste crushed tiles and granite powder after 7 and 28 days curing period(Normal water and Sea water). M30 grade of concrete was designed to prepare the conventional mix. Without changing the mix design total 5 types of mixes were prepared by replacing the fine and coarse aggregates at different percentages of granite powder and crushed tiles. Variations in the workability for these different mixes were studied and observed that, increase in the percentage of replacement of granite powder and crushed tiles.

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As we know that chain is the most important element of the industrial processes required for transmitting of various types of materials in industry. As these chains operate under various forces due to this failure of chain is the major problem. Causes of these failures are improper material selection, uncertainties in the manufacturing, faulty manufacturing processes and improper dimensions. It is very important to study the influence of these parameters on the strength of the chain which governs the failure modes of the chain. About 60 percent processes in sugar factories are based on roller chain conveyers. Apart from that, other industries also use these chains frequently for process atomization. However, failure of this chain is perennial problem in these industries which causes huge losses to these industries along with its dependants and in turn economical growth of the state. So, roller chain is the most important element of the industrial processes. Most of the times, chain is under tension which causes failure of chain assembly which is the major problem for industrial sector. Causes of this failure are improper design, improper material selection, and uncertainties in manufacturing and faulty manufacturing processes. It is important to study the influence of these parameters. All these parameters can be considered simultaneously and chain link can be designed optimally. Optimization is the process of obtaining the best result under given circumstances in design of system.

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In the analysis of the bridges, the support condition generally is considered to be fixed base neglecting the effect of soil flexibility properties. Actual behaviour of structure cannot be assessed without considering realistic soil condition in terms of soil structure interaction (SSI) effects. SSI effects depend upon many parameters like soil subgrade modulus, dynamic properties of soil etc. During seismic action, dynamic properties of soil vary the seismic response of structural system. Flexibility of soil increases fundamental period of system, which in term changes the seismic response of structure and hence, it is an important parameter for design. The interaction among structure, their foundation and the soil media below foundation alter the real behaviour of structure significantly than what is obtained from consideration of structure alone. Thus, a reasonably accurate model for SSI system with computational validity, efficiency and accuracy is required for effective analysis and design of bridges. Bridges being lifeline structures, it should be designed with at most care and precision to let if function well during any disastrous calamities like earthquake. The present literature study is focused to obtain the idea about the significance of SSI effects on bridge response and the variation of its response with variation in its geometric and dynamic parameters. Thus, in this paper various previous studies are reviewed and the effect of SSI is evaluated.

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India is associate degree agricultural country and its economy is basically based mostly upon crop productivity and precipitation. For analyzing the crop productivity, precipitation prediction is need and necessary to any or all farmers. Precipitation Prediction is that the application of science and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere. Mistreatment totally different data processing techniques it will predict precipitation. Data processing techniques area unit won’t to estimate the precipitation numerically. During this project, this data is gathered from native and net resources. Data processing and applied mathematics ways area unit wont to predict future prediction and attainable global climate change. This prediction is predicated on understanding of processes and history over totally different timescales, spatial resolution, costs and Accuracy. During this project we tend to use previous year dataset for predict rain. The data is that the initial needed input. During this project, we are going to collect and build a dataset concerning climate connected attributes in Jordan over a history of years. The dataset might embrace attributes associated with body of water, temperature. Whether or not department can use last year dataset for predict rain prediction. they'll read tomorrow rain predict mistreatment previous information set and share tomorrow prediction with users and if any emergency then they'll send notifications to users concerning Rain. During this project we are going to use dataset for rain prediction and use Neural Network.

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Value Engineering is the systematic application of recognized techniques by a multi-disciplined team which identifies the function of a product or services, establishes a worth for that function, generates alternatives through the use of creative thinking and provides the needed functions to accomplish the original intent of the project, reliably and at the lowest life cycle without sacrificing project requirements for Safety, Quality, Operations, Maintenance and environment. The essential difference between conventional cost cutting and Value Engineering is that it involves reducing the cost by improving the functionality through lesser consumption of energy in terms of manpower, material and machinery. The main aim of this case study is to improve a function of a Residential building by possibility of cost reduction. This study is limited to the particular project only. This paper covers role of value engineering as a Job Plan technique. After applying VE in project it reduces 2.01 % cost of overall project and building function can also be improving.

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Online examination system is web based system developed using a server-side programming technology i.e. Java Server Pages. JSP provides the creation of dynamic, platform-independent method for building Web-based applications. The Online Examination system provide the functionality to generate the question paper for the exam, to add/register the students and to conduct online exam/test for the students on the particular subject and displays the result to the student as soon as the test is submitted and displays the intelligence report of the result to the admin along with graphical representation.

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Studying about asbestos-free materials for brake pads is necessary as the asbestos brake pads causing the health hazardous effects and these are phased out. There are so many alternatives for asbestos are investigated from different journals. In this review paper some of the most suitable environment friendly and best performed compositions are presented. Fibers made up of agricultural wastes like banana peels, palm kernel shells, palm wastes, rock wool, aramid fibers, flax fibers etc are studied. Different alternatives for filler materials, Different binders like phenolic resin, epoxy resin are also studied and it effect on the performance of brake pads are presented. Formulations that are made by varying compositions of filler, fiber, binder etc and possibility of replacing the existing formulations and its effect on the physical and tribological properties of the brake pad are studied.

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A Microstrip patch antenna in its simplest form consists of a radiating patch on one side of a dielectric substrate and a ground plane on the other side. The radiating patch and the feed lines are usually photo etched on the dielectric substrate. The patch is normally made of conducting material such as copper or gold and can take any possible shape. In order to simplify analysis and performance estimation, generally square, rectangular, circular, triangular, and elliptical or some other common shape patches are used for designing a microstrip antenna. In order to reduce the size of the microstrip patch antenna, substrates with higher dielectric constants must be used which are less efficient and result in narrow bandwidth. Hence a trade-off must be realized between the antenna performance and antenna dimensions. Microstrip patch antenna in wireless communication is gaining importance as a most powerful technological trend. ITS immense potential promises significant change in near term future of wireless application fields. current technological trend has focused much more attention towards Microstrip patch antenna has some advantages ( low cost, light weight, conformal & low profile), but it has little disadvantages too- like low gain, low efficiency, low directivity and narrow bandwidth. These disadvantages can be overcome by implementation of number of patch elements to form an array, improvement in performance is observed. In this review paper, performance characteristics for 2, 4, 8, 16 patch elements configured in 2*1, 2*2, 8*1 and 4*4 (respectively) array format has been analysed and compared.

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The imaging equipment usually has difficulty in shooting the target object in which all the objects are effectively in focused. Image fusion plays a vital role in many applications. To overcome it multi-focus image fusion technology has emerged. An image is corrupted by noise blurring or limited focal length or due to different sensors and can have the poor visual quality. Image fusion is used to enhance the quality of a degraded image. It is one of the important task and pre-processing step in digital image processing. Image fusion may be categorized into two broad domains which are Spatial Domain and Transform Domain. There are basically three levels of fusion: 1) Pixel level fusion 2) Feature level fusion and 3) Decision level fusion. The main techniques for pixel level image fusion are average method, principle component analysis, wavelet transform, Brovey transform. For feature level k-means clustering, Region based segmentation and in decision level artificial neural network methods, for gray-scale and RGB images. Earlier proposed method suffers from the noise, artifacts and spectral degradation. The average method leads to the undesirable side effects such as reduced contrast. The weighted wavelet-based method for fusion of PET and CT images has been proposed a pyramid method used for image fusion suffers from blocking artifacts and creates undesired edges. A neural network based fusion requires training sets to get good output.

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Economic load dispatch (ELD) problem is one of the most important in power system operation and planning. So Many models by using different techniques have been used to solve these problems. The main objective of the ELD problems is to determine the optimal combination of power outputs of all generating units so as to meet the required demand at minimum cost while satisfying the constraints. This paper presents a traditional approach to solve the ELD problem using Lambda iteration method (LIM) in MATLAB environment for two generator units and four separate cases has to be considered with and without transmission losses and generator constraints. Result obtained for the proposed method is compared with the all cases and find out the optimum case.

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Tamil is an Ancient and beautiful language and holds the prestigious stand of classical language declared by UNESCO. Integrating it with the technology is a try to enhance its beauty. Language integrating with technology has always proved to be a boon to the learners. There has been number of research done in integrating English language with technology and this has proved to be wider scope of research in the field of English language teaching itself. Tamil being the fifth most spoken language in India, holding the status of official language in Singapore and Sri Lanka apart from the recognition as minority language in South Africa Malaysia and Mauritius, deserves to be explored, enhanced and simplified for its learners at the very best. This Catered researchers interest towards integrating technology and Tamil language. Current scenario states the research study, of handwritten recognition of Tamil script is available only online. The purpose of this project is expanding its scope to make it available offline as well. Neural network algorithm which can be used to classify and recognize the pattern of language stands as a base to run this project. A Set of Sample Handwritten Tamil Characters are taken as input in the image format, to process the character, and train the Neural Network Algorithm, accordingly to recognize the pattern and convert recognized characters to a Printed document. The conversion of handwritten script to computerized text format is done. Neural Networks are particularly useful for solving problems that cannot be expressed as a series of steps, such as Recognizing patterns, Classifying them into groups, Series prediction and Data mining. The Segmentation involves spacing method and Feature Extraction is done using zoning method. The Neural Network then attempts to determine if the input data matches a pattern that the Neural Network has memorized. A Neural Network is designed to take input samples and classify them into groups as it is trained for classification. This project concerns with improving the accuracy for composite letters. The main aspect of the project is that researchers have worked on the converting the handwritten text to a computerized text format. This type is first of its attempt in Tamil language technology integration.

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Now-a-days as we can see demand for lawyers has increased highly because of some wanted or unwanted events happen in each human-beings life. On the other hand, it is said that "to live a lawyer's life you require high patience and desire to live most miserable life". Meaning, lawyers has to handle lot of clients, cases has to remember everything. So here we are providing an application, so that with just a click lawyer can get almost everything that he wants about his clients their various cases, he doesn’t need to remember everything. It's actually something that we can contribute to society indirectly.

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In, Asia two wheeler are popular mode of transportation to a large group of people because of there relative affordability and ability to maneuver in heavy city traffic. However the rate of fuel consumption and emission contribution by them, especially in urban areas need more attention to improve sustainability of energy and air quality. Recently plug-in hybrid technology has been emerged as one of the most promising alternative in reducing petroleum consumption and emission.

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For finding information on the WWW, Search has possibly become the dominant paradigm. We encounter a number of problems of finding information on the web. In this report, we discuss approaches that have been employed in various research programs such as Google. We show that leveraging the vast amounts of data on web, it is possible to successfully address problems in innovative ways that vastly improve on standard, but often data impoverished, methods. Similar material is available from the World Wide Web in response to any keyword searched by user. Extracting real required information manually from this material becomes difficult for the user. The load of information management can be simplified by the detection of topics which can be common and distinctive within a document set, together with the generation of multi-document summaries. This work is an attempt to get efficient and accurate result of the query provided by user in web search engine.

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Wireless communication has led a drastic change in the field of communication. "Spectrum" is one of the most important factor which depends on the efficiency of wireless communication. As we think deeply about maximum and efficient utilization of spectrum, definitely we reach at the idea of cognitive radio networks. Cognitive radio network is one of the most efficient technique to solve the issue of spectrum scarcity. In order to identify the spectrum hole in a specific geographic location, different spectrum sensing methods are used. In this paper, a deep study on sensing methods is conducted.

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Concrete is a mixture of cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water. A study is conduct to determine the advanced concrete engineering properties viz. Compressive Strength, Tensile Strength, Flow Ability, Durability and Water Absorption Capacity of the partially replacement of river sand and ordinary Portland cement. This paper deals the fresh and hardening property of concrete made with clay sand and fly ash as cement replacement in different percentage of amounts and also the experimental studies on physical and micro structural properties of fly ash and clay are presented in this paper. While comparing the properties of natural sand (spherical particles) gives better interlocking between the particles. Hence, enhancement in strength and durability characteristics may be obtained. For this study, three mixtures were prepared with a fly ash (cement) 2%, 4%, 6% of sand (clay) content 4%, 7.5%, 10%.The optimum percent of replacement Fly ash and clay is found by considering optimum compressive strength result. Fresh concrete properties were assessed by means of slump test and compaction factor test, while hardened properties were evaluated by means of compressive strength, split tensile strength ages of 7, 14, and 28days and flexural strength ages of 28days. The load versus deflection behavior of optimum beam is compare with conventional beam. For this study, the Samples of concrete (e.g. cubes, cylinders and beams) are made. It was found that 0.45 water/cement ratio produced higher compressive strengths, tensile strength and better workability for M25 mix, proportion for the mix is considered. These results compare favorably with those of conventional concrete. The concrete was found to be suitable for use as structural members for buildings and related structures.

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The main objectives of our project "Design of Belt Conveyor for Finishing House Pulper" is to reduce the human effects and labour cost. Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers Limited is one of the most leading paper production company India. The target of this company is to produce 900 tons of paper per day. This target is quite difficult to achieve every day because of some delays in some processes. Among those processes, the process of repulping the damaged papers is an important one. The delay in this process is due to the manual paper feeding into the finishing house pulper. So, we have planned to reduce the human effects and processing time by designing a belt conveyor for feeding the damaged papers into the pulper.

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Plain concrete is having low strength and cannot withstand heavy load. The fibre reinforced concrete has a potential to improve the structural characteristics of rigid pavement allowing reduction of the thickness, which depends on fibre characteristics and dosage. In this project, experimental investigation of mechanical properties by in co-operating fibres in the mix at suitable proportion is carried out. Comparative analysis between conventional concrete and concrete containing fibre is carried out in relation to compressive and flexural strength.

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Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is a concrete that does not require vibration for placing and compaction. In plastic state it is able to flow under its own weight, completely filling formwork and achieving full compaction, without any segregation and maintaining its homogeneity even in the presence of congested reinforcement and can flow through all shapes and obstructions. The hardened concrete is dense, homogeneous and has almost the same engineering properties and durability as normal concrete. By adding Polypropylene fibre, Polyester fibre. Glass fibre .Fibres arrests shrinkage cracks and increases resistance to water penetration, abrasion and impact. It makes concrete homogeneous and also increases compressive behaviour, ductility and flexural strength together with improving a structure‟s ability to absorb more energy the super plasticizer and viscosity modifying agent are added in Self compacted concrete. Test on fresh concrete is slump spread for all trial mixes. The mix that has the largest slump spread is tested with V-funnel, L-shaped box and U-shaped box Conventional specimens are also prepared for M20.By conducting tests for the specimens the properties of concrete will be investigate. This study ensures that using of fibre as substitutes in concrete gives a good approach to reduce cost of materials and will accomplish the better properties of self-compacted concrete at all ages.

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