The most essential requirement of empowerment is energy. Smart grid technology may be a vital leap towards reliable and consistent electricity. Integration of knowledge and communication technologies could be a important a part of good grid progress. Smart grid communication infrastructure could be a hierarchical network group action heterogeneous set of communication standards and technologies. Micro grid plays a vital role as a strategic element of smart grid because it allows the employment of renewable energy resources. It can resolve the issues like unelectrified villages, electricity theft, and depletion of fossil fuels, Green House Gas (GHG) emissions and greenhouse effect. Smart micro grid can operate on both islands as well as grid connected mode. It additionally contains numerous hierarchic communication networks for monitoring and control of complete system. This paper describes an experimental investigation of wireless monitoring and control of smart micro grid prototype.

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Vehicular Accident Detection and Prevention using Internet of Things is developed in order to detect and prevent vehicular accidents. The fulminant traffic holdup particularly in quick scrolling roads and highways characterized by a scarce visibility is one amongst the foremost causes of accidents among motorized vehicles. It can be caused by other accidents, work-in-progress on roads and so on. RF sensors being directly installed in private and/or public transportation and other volunteer vehicles. When the vehicle is in idle state the transmitter sends radio frequency signals to the vehicle which is 100 meter away from the idle vehicle, informing that the vehicle ahead is idle in state. In addition to this, if an accident occurs the device asks the driver to confirm the accident. If the driver confirms the accident, the device will connect and transmit the signal to the local police station or the local ambulance. The wait time is set to 5 minutes. If the wait time value is Zero then the device automatically sends the message and call to the local police station or the ambulance.

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A Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is an autonomous collection of mobile users that communicate over relatively bandwidth constrained wireless links. One of the main issues in such networks is performance- in a dynamically changing topology; the nodes are expected to be power-aware due to the bandwidth constrained network. Another issue in such networks is security - since every node participates in the operation of the network equally, malicious nodes are difficult to detect. There are several applications of mobile ad hoc networks such as disaster recovery operations, battle field communications, etc. To study these issues, a scenario based simulation analysis of a secure routing protocol is done and is compared with traditional non-secure routing protocols. The scenarios used for the experiments depict critical real-world applications such as battlefield and rescue operations, which tend to have contradicting needs. An analysis of the tradeoffs between performance and security is done to gain an insight into the applicability of the routing protocols under consideration.

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In Todays World as we know the population in city are increasing day by day, since the population is increasing the no. of vehicles are also increasing day by day, due to which we are facing heavy traffic issues in our day today life. The main reason behind this is also the traffic management system which is used. Currently in India we are using timer-based Traffic management which allocates particular amount of time to each lane, due to which suppose there is no vehicle on some lane than also time will be allocated to that lane too but there is no need for that, rather we can use that time in some another lane where the no. of vehicles is more. So, our main concept is that we will be controlling traffic light using density-based traffic management, so we have used Image processing in our project which will detect the no. of vehicle in each lane. At first, film of a lane is captured by a camera. A camera is placed on a four-way traffic lane that will capture images of the road on which we want to control traffic. Then these images are processed further to know the traffic density. According to the processed data from open CV, the Raspberry Pi will send the command to the traffic LEDs side controller i.e. Arduino through wireless communication to control the traffic LEDs.

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The main aim of the project is to develop a multipurpose agricultural vehicle, for performing major agricultural operations like harvesting, carrying, threshing, Kula etc. the main target is to fabricate a machine which has a small size. The project is about a machine design which makes harvesting much simpler. The design of the chassis of the vehicle is made in such a way that it is suitable for the operations. The design for automatic harvesting equipment is made. The cutter is designed and modified to the currently available tool in such a way that it withstands the load. The harvester (cutter) is designed and working by scotch yoke mechanism. Presently, a manually handled device is commonly used for cutting the crop over the field which creates pollution and loss of energy. Multipurpose mini combine harvester will reduce the effort required for cutting crops in the field and solar power used will help to contribute in lowering pollution The basic function of Multipurpose mini combine harvester is to harvest the crop iv very short period and use of trolley for carrying purpose also threshers for threshing the crop A Multipurpose mini combine harvester is a device that cut the filed carry it to required destination threshing it and Kula too. Multipurpose farming machine ensures uniformity in cut and proper threshing and saves time and money.

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The extensive use of fossil fuel and increased energy demand has escalated the need for renewable energy sources. Biogas, a biomass derived fuel, is considered as a good substitute to petroleum fuels and can be used in internal combustion engines. This research paper discusses the advantages of using biogas as a substitute for fossil fuels, the process involved in its production, treatment methods required to make the gas usable in engines, and techniques for conversion of diesel and petrol generator to run on biogas. The paper aims on highlighting advantages of production and utilization of biogas in rural areas enabling economic development and self-sustainability.

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Image Processing is a wide area were various researches are going on for human and plant disease Identification. Identification of plant diseases can not only maximize the yield production. This application help the farmer to identify the various disease and take cure of plant from various diseases. Indian economy is highly depend upon the agriculture. So it is important to introduce new technologies in the horticulture field. So here the disease identification is performed on basis of machine learning mechanisms and image processing. Initially, identify the leaves and capture the image using various modes that are available.

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Security is a major problem in wireless sensor networks where sensitive or confidential information is transferred. The problem of the security is the major thing in the wireless ad hoc networks as compared with other traditional networks. In wireless communications, an attacker can have the access over the network and steals or sniff the information without any physical connection to the network. So many wirelesses communicating technologies such as 4G Mobile, the recent technology and other many wireless technologies such as 3G mobile technologies and WLANs are already supporting the basic security mechanisms such as access security. However, some emerging wireless technologies such as wireless ad hoc and sensor networks have brought new and challenging security problems. In this paper, we proposed an efficient routing mechanism using APSSWS (adaptive power saving sleep wake up scheduling mechanism) in wireless sensor network. This mechanism helps to increase the network performance with various parameters. This mechanism is used to reduce the power consumption of the network. The simulation and result show the analysis of various performance parameters such as throughput, delay, jitter, packet drop, packet delivery ratio and power saving.

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Optical character recognition usually denoted by “OCR” is a process of producing editable textual form from non-editable text. In simple words: It is a process of extracting text from images of either printed or handwritten text. Image can be scanned document from scanner, photo of document consisting text or may be subtitles in videos. The editable text converted by optical character recognition engine allow individual to edit, copy, search content in document. This Project consists of LSTM (Long Short Term Memory) based recognition engine, a popular form of RNN (Recurrent Neural Network) provided by Tesseract. Latest research deals with challenges regarding complexity of English handwritings and rapid conversion into editable form. Hence, a system is required which can handle all levels of English text and recognize most appropriate characters among these levels.

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Plants are the most integral part of our ecosystem. Plants serve us a lot of things to fulfil our daily needs, so that we can survive. Agriculture is the science and art of cultivating or growing plants in order to provide food for living. India is an agricultural country. Till date 50% of population in India is solely dependent on agriculture. After the green revolution there is lot of improvement in the agricultural sector. India became the 3rd largest country in agricultural sector, but there is a lot more which can be improved. This paper is whole about the anatomy of leaf of a plant i.e. one single leaf can tell about the whole physical and medical condition of the plant, whether the plant is healthy or diseased. Every species of the plants has their own characteristic leaf i.e. their texture, colour and histogram. In this we study about the different patterns of the leaf of different plants, different patterns from the same plant. After studying this we came to the result that if plant is diseased the first symptoms will appear on the leaf of the plant which is different from the usual pattern of the leaf of the corresponding plant. So, using this approach we decided to build a framework in Python which can help us to identify and diagnose the health of the plant. We can do this by applying Machine Learning algorithm to the dataset of the different species of the plant. In order to accomplish this task, we use random Forest Classifier Algorithm to train our machine, and to make it fast we save our model using joblib library in Python, so that we could get our results more accurate and precise.

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Conventionally the bi-cycle was primarily used to commute, i.e. To move from one place to other whereas nowadays cycling has taken up additional use in exercising, and sport. Conventional bi-cycles employ the chain drive to transmit power from the pedal arrangement to the wheel. Chain focused bi-cycle requires accurate mounting & alignment for proper working. Least miss-alignment will result in chain dropping. More over the drive is in-efficient hence the need of shaft driven bicycles have can be introduced due to highly developed gear manufacturing technology. The "chainless" drive system helps to transfer energy from the pedals to the rear wheel. It is striking in look compare with chain focused bicycle having more efficiency. This Project introduces Design Development and Analysis of chainless bicycle with shaft drive that shall serve both purpose of commute and exercise.

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Melanoma is a type of skin cancer which develops on the outer layer of skin surface. It is the most hazardous form of skin cancer, because it is much more likely to extend to other parts of the body if not detected and treated at a premature stage. Properties like dryness, fungus, allergy on the skin are the main symptoms of the skin cancer. These symptoms occur mainly due to over exposure of the skin to the UV radiation. There are many clinical diagnosis techniques available for the detection of cancer. As per the literature and research, the lesion distinctive such as shape, color, geometry etc. are the key parameters for recognition of skin cancer. This paper gives the summary of comparison between different skin cancer detection techniques.

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Recently, students attendance have been considered as one of crucial elements or issues that reflects the academic achievement and performance contributed any university compared to traditional methods and impose time consuming and inefficiency. Diverse automatic identification technologies have been more in vogue such as Radio Frequency Identification (RFID).An extensive research and several applications are produced to take more advantage of this technology and bring about some concerns. RFID is wireless technology which uses to a purpose of identifying and tracking an object via radio waves to transfer data from an electronic tag. Called RFID tag to send data to RFID reader. Now days focuses on proposing an RFID based Attendance management System(AMS) and also information service system for academic domain by using RFID technology in addition to the programmable Logic circuit such as Ardunio and web based application.

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The Quality of Service In Internet is decreasing day by day. As traffic increases very fast it cause difficulties to maintain quality and it decrease the quality of network. The most popular protocol which widely used in the network is Link state routing protocol which is based on link weight. In the consideration of today’s network scenario we try to solve the problem of traffic which is unpredictable. As traffic is unpredictable in nature, any node can start transmitting data over wired link. As LSRP is using shortest path forwarding mechanism to send the data towards destination, though the data is more on the link still it will use only single shortest path. Which affect on Quality of Service. OSPF has its own packet forwarding mechanism: Hop-by-Hop and destination based. It split the traffic over shortest path based from source to destination. If traffic increases then it is difficult to transfer the packets from source to destination through single route. Because of that QoS is decreased and TE issues are increased.

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In this paper research has been carried out to determine the thermal performance of automobile radiator under real operating conditions using two different nanofluids and comparing the heat transfer capacity and flow rate of copper and titanium di oxide nanofluids in an automobile radiator. In this paper preparation of nanofluids by dispersing nanoparticles in the base fluid with 0.1% weight concentration. In this experimentation the test fluid flows through radiator consisting of 37 vertical tubes with elliptical cross section while air flows over the tubes with constant speed. The liquid in radiator flows in the range of 1-5 lpm to have Reynolds number in the range of 3000 to 20000. Results show heat transfer comparison and flow characteristics of the individual nanofluids.

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Aiming to challenge major world issue: Repurposing millions of tons of waste plastic, saving millions in the cost of road repairs and strengthening our existing roads. potential hazardous are pothole and plastic- uneven road surfaces increase the likelihood of road accidents, whereas plastic lying dormant in landfill sites is harmful to our environment. Both the issues when taken together lead to a single solution that we can use this waste plastic to work towards improving the safety of our roads whilst creating more harder and tough roads that will stand the long time.

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By viewing the latest earthquake in Nepal (25 April 2015) the seismic analysis play an important role on the construction area. The building demands to build earthquake proof and earthquake resistant. Some building structure which is previously constructed demand to retrofitting. When we hear the term retrofitting we focused on maintain the previously constructed building through different techniques. On the basis of construction the retrofitting can be divided in to two parts masonry retrofitting and RC frame retrofitting. In the following paper we widely discussed about the retrofitting and their techniques. Which is used in the construction site? The retrofitting provided extra strength to the building under seismic load and lateral load. Retrofitting make a building earthquake resist in this paper we discuss retrofitting, types of retrofitting, analysis method of retrofitting.

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Blockchain technology is all set to revolutionize how transactions and contracts work, hence influencing every potential market in this world. While the bar of expectations is very high, the hence expected sources of research hold a high dependency on each other. Hence, a thorough literature review is conducted of the shared literature. If one had to explain Blockchain to the world, the best way would be to bring a ledger with him. Record transactions between the parties, with no anonymity. And bring an honest person with him to verify every step that is happening. All these steps, constitute Blockchain.

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This study considers uncertainties in material strengths and the modeling which have important effects on structural resistance force based on reliability theory. After analyzing the destruction mechanism of a RC bridge, structural functions and the reliability were given, then the safety level of the piers of a reinforced concrete continuous against earthquake was analyzed. Using response surface method to calculate the failure probabilities of bridge piers under high-level earthquake, their seismic reliability for different damage states within the design reference period were calculated applying two-stage design, which describes seismic safety level of the built bridges to some extent. Capacity design procedure for the earthquake-resistant reinforced concrete (RC) structures is effective when actual member capacities do not greatly exceed the assumed design capacities. Moreover, RC members are expected to undergo large inelastic deformations for adequate seismic energy dissipation. Since flexural capacity and post-yield behavior of an RC member is largely controlled by steel reinforcing bars, it places certain special requirements on their properties, such as, yield strength (YS), ultimate tensile strength to yield strength ratio (UTS/YS ratio) and elongation, which are sensitive to the method of manufacturing bars. Flexural tests on RC beams which used re-bars of carefully controlled properties was conducted and it was observed that for dependable flexure behavior, YS and UTS values should lie in a narrow band around values used in the member design. If these values are greater than the specified value, it may cause brittle shear failure instead of more ductile and desirable flexure mode of failure. Moreover, a high UTS/YS ratio equal to 1.25 is necessary to have dependable peak strength which is larger than the yield strength. This study investigates the effects of soil abutment interaction on seismic analysis abutment attract a large portion of seismic forces. A design drive methodology to model the abutment stiffness for either linear or non-linear analysis considering the backfill and pier foundation.

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This paper introduce a technique for automatic detecting and tracking of object using color and size of object. The goal is tracking of particular color object with specific size from a sequence of live images for use in real-time applications including surveillance, video conferencing. The main goal of video tracking is to correlate object in following sequence frame. The relationship can be especially troublesome when the objects are moving speedy with respect to the frame rate. An interchange situation that grows the unpredictability of the issue is the time when the tracking object changes orientation after eventually. For these circumstances video tracking frameworks typically utilize a movement model which depicts how the image of the target may change for distinctive conceivable movements of the object. In this paper an algorithm is developed to track the real-time moving objects in different frames of a video using color feature and motion.

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This paper majorly focuses on improvement in the indoor air quality (IAQ) at hospitals by selecting and designing various parameters in HVAC system with the help of modern engineering. Scope of this paper is to design HVAC system for health care facilities for providing a safe and healthy environment not only to patients but also to the doctors and working staff inside the premises. Hospitals being the major segment of the total health care system, where most resources are allocated, are expected to function efficiently and effectively to achieve "Good Health for All" mission.

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This project explains how a reliable and an authentic wireless communication could be easily developed between a mobile phone and microcontroller using GSM Technology. This technical project explains "GSM based Universal digital display system" which can be widely used for displaying notices in colleges, advertisement in stock market and public place on digital notice board by sending messages in form of SMS through mobile.

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WSNs are getting popular day by day. But due to the constrained of resources and limited battery supply of sensor nodes, this becomes the major areas of research, General Self-organized Tree-based Energy-balance Routing Protocol (GSTEB) is studied, where network structure is in the form of tree. The formation of cluster head selection is based upon the average remaining energy of nodes. GSTEB has shown quite significant results over the available WSNs protocols. But it has neglected many issues. In order to overcome the constraints, a new improved technique is proposed. The proposed technique has the ability to overcome the limitations of the GSTEB routing protocol by using TABU-PSO search. The proposed technique outperforms over the available techniques.

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Bore well submersible pump – motor lifting machine is mainly developed to lift the submersible pump and motor from the bore well. This machine is improved from of old chain block mechanism which is mainly used to reduced human effort, time and cost as compare to this machine. Speed of motor is converted into torque so we can lift high weight by using minimum horse power motor and saves electricity. Height required for actual machine is 78cm. it is sufficient for removing 200 ft continuous pipe (HDPE) from bore well. Due to low weight and easy to assemble and disassemble it can be easily transport from one side to another. This machine requires low space for mounting. We use to motor to lift the continuous pipe from bore well instead of chain block; it can save remarkable time as well as human effort by changing the power of motor we can change the weight lifting capacity of bore well motor lifting machine. From the tests, it is observed that developed bore well submersible pump motor lifting machine very useful for society. It is easy to operate; time and cost saving as comparing to existing chain block machine. In the ancient days these process carry out with the help of chain pulley mechanism. This method is traditional method and very time consuming. The main purpose behind this project is to lift the pump and motor in less time and human efforts with very simple and convenient mechanism. The bore well pipe lifter and transportation machine gives more than 3m /min transfer rate which makes the mounting and dismounting of the submersible pump in bore wells very fast and very easy.

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In this study we have majorly focus on different ripening technique and processes over banana to optimizing losses while banana ripening by designing a well-insulated ripening chamber. Thus results the banana quality may get rich and more flavourful and having more nutrional values stable and superior product quality after goes to market.

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