To Review and Study the Existing Methods and Procedures Available for the Analysis and Design of Masonry Buildings with and Without Openings Under Seismic Loading Conditions

Many existing buildings that do not meet current seismic requirements are at risk of sustaining significant damage or even collapsing when exposed to severe ground motions. The purpose of seismic evaluation is to assess the ability of earthquake-vulnerable or earthquake-damaged buildings to withstand future seismic events. This evaluation can also help determine the extent of intervention required for seismically deficient structures and retrofitting needs. Seismic evaluation aims to assess the potential seismic response of buildings that may be seismically deficient or have experienced earthquake damage, with the goal of determining their suitability for future use. By conducting a thorough evaluation, the seismic performance of these structures can be quantified, specifically in terms of yield and collapse capacities, using various ground motion indices derived from Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA) curves. IDA is a structural analysis method that involves performing a series of nonlinear dynamic analyses using multiple scaled ground motion records. In this study, the IDA procedure is adopted to analyze a sample masonry structure. A suite of seven selected ground motion time histories is used to conduct the IDA of the masonry structure. The yield capacity of the structure is defined as the intensity level at which the IDA curve deviates from the linear path, while the collapse capacity is defined as the intensity level at which the IDA curve becomes horizontal. Fragility curves, which represent the probability of exceeding a certain damage level (yielding or collapse) at various intensity levels, are then developed based on the results of the time-history analyses. These curves provide valuable insights into the structural vulnerabilities and probabilities of yielding and collapse at different ground motion intensities. By applying a log-log linear ground motion hazard model, hazard-survival curves can be generated by converting the intensity axis of the fragility curves to annual probability of exceedance. These results provide a concise representation of the probabilities of yielding and collapse for different levels of ground motion intensities. The Masonry structure is analyzed using SAP2000 software (version-14), which allows for pushover analysis, incremental dynamic analysis, and fragility analysis. The findings of this study can serve as a guideline for understanding the seismic behavior of masonry structures and inform future seismic design and assessment practices.