Industrialization & urbanization of developing cities in unplanned manner has resulted in long term ecotoxicological impact on environment and human health. Certain metals such as chromium, mercury, lead, cadmium, etc., in wastewater are hazardous to the environment because of their toxicity and pollution impacts on our ecosystem. Among the different heavy metals, hexavalent chromium is a common and very toxic pollutant introduced into natural waters from a variety of industrial wastewaters. The Hexavalent Chromium discharged from various industries as solid or liquid waste has great potential to contaminate drinking water sources due to its more solubility and is one of the most important environmental problems due to its health impacts on human. Water quality regulatory authorities (WHO, BIS, ICMR) have recommended the maximum limit of 0.05 mg/L for drinking purposes. Adsorption is one of the effective techniques for hexavalent chromium removal from wastewater. In the present study, adsorbent has been prepared from Mangifera indica seed powder and studies are carried out for chromium (VI) removal. The parameters investigated in this study are contact time, adsorbent dosage, temperature, variable initial chromium (VI) concentration and pH using Diphenyl carbazide as color developing reagent and taking the absorbance at 540 nm spectrophotometrically. The adsorption process of chromium (VI) is tested with Linear, Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Application of the Langmuir isotherm to the systems yielded maximum adsorption capacity of 23.25 mg/g at a solution pH of 7 having Cr (VI) concentration 50 mg/L and biosorbent dose 1g/L. The adsorption of chromium (VI) was found to be maximum 97.66% at low pH values of 2 having Cr (VI) concentration 50 mg/L and biosorbent dose 1g/L. The contact time of 60 min resulted to the 40.42% adsorption of metal in 50mg/L solution using adsorbent dose of 1g/L and can used for removal of chromium (VI) from the polluted water as a very low cost biosorbent. The scanning electron microscopy carried out shows the change in biosorbent surface significantly on edge of particles after hexavalent chromium adsorption.

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To develop any software project we have to face a lot of challenges to meet the competitive demand of the customer. Developer abilities, size, accuracy, complexity, reliability are the major challenges. The data for a software project is unclear, uncertain, inconsistent and often incomplete at the early stage of the development. Due to this reason the development process become more complicated. Overcome from all of these situations we suggest use of expert system because they give more accuracy than the formal estimation techniques. In this paper we study how fuzzy logic is beneficial to be used for the estimation of a software project development.

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Micro-strip antenna is a low profile antenna. They have several advantages like light weight, small dimension, cheap and easy to integrate with other circuits which make it chosen in many applications. In this paper we study and analysis of the different shaped of micro strip patch antennas which have been already designed, so we see the results of their different shaped antenna in terms of their different parameters such as Return loss, Axial ratio, Bandwidth& gain.

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In modern days cloud computing is one of the greatest platform which provides storage of data in very lower cost and available for all time over the internet. But the cloud computing has more critical issue like security, load balancing and fault tolerance ability. In this paper we are focusing on Load Balancing approach. The Load balancing is the process of distributing load over the different nodes which provides good resource utilization when nodes are overloaded with job. Load balancing is required to handle the load when one node is overloaded. When the node is overloaded at that time load is distributed over the other ideal nodes. Many load balancing algorithms are available for load balancing like Static load balancing and Dynamic load balancing.

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In this paper, we present a hybrid model for providing security in cloud computing environment. This model combines the advantages of two most popular existing cloud security models. The first model is hierarchical model and the other one is third party auditor based model. In this paper, we present an overview of existing cloud security algorithms. All these algorithms are described more or less on their own. Cloud security is a very popular task. We describe today's approaches for cloud security. From the broad variety of efficient algorithms that have been developed we will compare the most important ones. At the end, we have also discussed the advantages of the proposed model.

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A Shell and Tube Condenser is a class of heat exchanger designs. It is the most common type of heat exchanger in oil refineries and other large chemical processes, and is suited for higher-pressure applications. As its name implies, this type of condenser consists of a shell (a large pressure vessel) with a bundle of tubes inside it. One fluid runs through the tubes, and another fluid flows over the tubes (through the shell) to transfer heat between the two fluids. Purpose of this review paper is to assess some aspect of the design of shell & tube type condenser having spiral tubes and validate with experimentally data with the use of CAD design software & make a model if it. The set of tubes is called a tube bundle, and may be composed of several types of tubes: plain, longitudinally finned, etc.

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Social Networking Service is a platform or path or phenomenon or a way with the help of which more than one people interact with each other at a time. There are various social networking Services available now a days. The examples of such networking services are Facebook, Twitter, Google+, Linkedln, Foursquare, Academia.edu, My Opera, Orkut, creating an online learning community, Amazon.com and many more. The use as well as the popularity of social networking services increases by day to day. With the use of these services people also interact with each other outside the country. Not only interaction these services are helpful in many ways and provide different and interesting features to the users. Basically the main purpose of this paper is to study the emerging trends in Social Networking Services and how they helpful for the users.

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The design & analysis of close-ended quadrifilar Helix antenna for Ku-band is proposed here. A hollow ceramic rod is used as a dielectric load to reduce antenna size of an air-loaded quadrifilar helix antenna. This antenna is proposed to be used for transmission of satellite telemetry data with Directional coverage in Ku-band for satellite communication. A hemispherical circular-polarized radiation pattern and reasonable gain will be measured. It will be measured and simulated return loss, axial-ratio, radiation pattern, and realized gain are presented and discussed together with design guidelines.

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The understanding of crowd behavior in semi-confined spaces, it is important to design a new pedestrian facility, for major layout modifications in daily management sites that are subjected to crowd traffic. Conventional manual measurement techniques are not suitable for data collection of patterns of site occupation and movement. Real-time monitoring is tedious and tiring, but safety-critical. Also sometimes the probability of this measure will yield a false alarm and efficient methods for estimating this probability at run time. This paper presents some image processing techniques which, using existing closed-circuit television systems can support both data collection and on-line monitoring of crowds. The paper describes techniques to perform efficient and accurate crowd recognition in difficult domains. In order to accurately model small, irregularly shaped targets; the crowd objects and image are represented by their edge maps, with a local orientation associated with each edge pixel. Three-dimensional objects are modeled by a set of two-dimensional (2-D) views of the object by Translation, rotation, and scaling of the full three-dimensional (3-D) motion of the object. And this information can be used to maintain a low false alarm rate or to rank competing hypotheses based on their likelihood of being a false alarm. The application of these methods could lead to a better understanding of crowd behavior, improved design of the built environment and increased pedestrian safety.

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This paper presents the conversion of pneumatic actuated waste gated turbo charger to electrically actuated waste gated turbo charger using a DC brushed motor. In recent years, the turbo charger is one of the basic accessories in a heavy vehicle. Its function is to enable more amount of fresh charge and enhance the development of power. The need of compactness and higher efficiency for a turbocharger in automotive application allows reduction in power consumption. To address the above criteria, study has been carried out to develop a compact waste gate turbocharger which is electrically actuated. Electric actuator consists of a electric motor with speed reducing gear and a output linear actuator to operate the waste gate valve. The advantage over the conversion of pneumatic to electric are better response increase turbine efficiency The angle of valve opening can be manipulated as required ,enabling the turbocharger to run at its maximum efficiency speed for most time.

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In this survey paper, a detailed study on architectures of FFT processor and decomposition methods of FFT is carried on. Also, how the calculation is made simplified using optimization techniques is illustrated. It is described in detail how calculation using CORDIC algorithm is done. Some techniques to improve results are also mentioned.

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In the near future some fuel cell systems could be an accessible and attractive alternative to conventional electricity generation and vehicle drives. fuel cell systems can be made in mw to kw capacities; hence a wide range of applications can be covered by this type of fuel cell. This is a major advantage of this type of fuel cell, because once the technology was developed it can be more or less easily scaled up or down for various applications. fuel cell has attracted a great deal of attention as a potential power source for automobile and stationary applications due to its low temperature of operation, high power density and high energy conversion efficiency. In this Paper Matlab-simulink of fuel cell stack used to analysed the phenomena occurring in fuel cell stack and the factor affect the efficiency of fuel cell stack.

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In this paper, we are presenting a survey of some modern and popular cryptography techniques. The working of popular encryption and decryption methods is also discussed in brief. The advantages and drawbacks of some commonly used is also discussed in brief.

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Particulate Face/Movements Detection in a Video will assist security personals in keeping track of all the people entering and leaving a secured zone. The core functionality of Particulate Face/Movements Detection in a Video will allow real time tracking and recognition of human faces in a video stream. It will have additional features like motion detection, appearance history recording, and tracking of specified person. The main application is securing an area by tracking the human entry/exit in that area is the most generic need of most business enterprise thinking about security

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The Big Data represents the incoming data that are continuously increasing in volume, variety and complexity. It is dynamic in nature and may or may not be stored in traditional DBMSs. In order to act effectively on big data, businesses must be able to understand data quickly, but also must be able to explore this data for value, allowing analysts to ask and iterate their business questions quickly. Querying massive datasets can be time consuming and expensive without the right hardware and infrastructure.Google handles the Big Data, coming from Gmail,Youtube and Google docs every second. Dremel is a query service that allows Google to run SQL-like queries against very, very large data sets and get accurate results in mere seconds. Dremel was launched to general availability, with its core feature,under the name of BigQuery. We will discuss how BigQuery compares to existing Big Data technologies like MapReduce and data warehouse solutions.

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Owing to the GIS technology, a vast volume of spatial data has been accumulated, thereby incurring the necessity of spatial data mining techniques. In this paper, we propose a new spatial data mining system named SD-Miner. SD-Miner consists of three parts: a graphical user interface for inputs and outputs, a data mining module that processes spatial data mining functionalities, a data storage model that stores and manages spatial as well as non-spatial data by using a DBMS. In particular, the data mining module provides major spatial data mining functionalities such as spatial clustering, spatial classification, spatial characterization, and spatio-temporal association rule mining. SD-Miner has its own characteristics: (1) It supports users to perform non-spatial data mining functionalities as well as spatial data mining functionalities intuitively and effectively. (2) It provides users with spatial data mining functions as a form of libraries, thereby making applications conveniently use those functions. (3) It inputs parameters for mining as a form of database tables to increase flexibility.

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Robot networks, popularly known as botnets, have a varied history. In essence, a bot is simply a series of scripts or commands or a program that is designed to connect to something (usually a server) and execute a command or a series of commands. Essentially it performs various functions. It needn't be malicious or harmful. Bots and their uses have evolved from the simple channel or game watchers (for example, Wisner's Bartender and Lindahl's Game Manager bots) to providing specialized services such as managing databases or maintaining access lists. This report covers a very different use: the "herding" of bots (also called drones or zombies) by cybercriminals to support their criminal activities. As they affect corporations, these criminal activities can include stealing trade secrets, inserting malware into source code files, disrupting access or service, compromising data integrity, and stealing employee identity information. The results to a business can be disastrous and lead to the loss of revenue, regulatory compliance, customer confidence, reputation, and even of the business itself. For government organizations, the concerns are even more far reaching. We will look at how criminal bots have evolved, the industry that supports their creation and distribution, and how they are used today by various cybercriminal groups. We will also suggest where we believe bots are headed in the near future.

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Treatment of sewage wastewater has become an absolute necessity because sewage is main point source pollutant on global scale. An innovative, cheap and effective method of purifying and cleaning wastewater before discharging into any other water system is needed. Wide ranges of wastewater treatment techniques are known which include biological process and physicochemical process. Study has been made to replace the biological treatment of sewage by electrochemical process with consideration to achieve desired water quality. Present study was conducted to investigate the applicability of the electro-coagulation technique for the treatment of sewage wastewater. In this study lab-scale electro-coagulation was carried out for the treatment of raw sewage wastewater at different operating time i.e 15min, 20min, 25min, 30min using Aluminum as Cathode and Mild steel as a Anode, with 15mm and 10 mm electrode spacing, supplying 24v and 10amp. It is observed that the batch which is operated at 10Amp for 30 min has maximum removal efficiency of COD & S.S i.e. 95% & 86% respectively at optimum pH 8.3.

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In this paper, DVB-T (Digital Video Broadcast - Terrestrial)is the most widely used standard for terrestrial digital television. One of the main drawbacks of the DVB-T systemic the high PAPR (Peak to Average Power Ratio). One way to mitigate the high PAPR is by using Scrambling techniques. They introduce partition of signal and select signal with minimum PAPR as output. This paper analyzes the effect of the scrambling techniques (SLM and PTS) on PAPR reduction in DVB-T systems. The results obtained from the performance analysis can be used for better understanding of PAPR in DVB-T system and lead to development of new options in its reduction.

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Water resources in our world: Scarce and Precious. Preservation of these resources in their pristine form is of utmost significance for the whole of humanity. The industrial sector consumes a huge amount of water and also pollutes it, further alleviating the problem of water scarcity. In order to incentivize the industries for effluent treatment and environmental issues as a whole, several "Trading Schemes" have come up. Water Quality trading and Effluent trading are some of its forms. This study is focused on Water Quality Trading (WQT). It is an innovative and cost-effective approach to achieve water quality goals more efficiently. The intent of trading is to achieve an expected reduction of a particular pollutant at a lower cost by allowing sources with high abatement costs to purchase pollution discharge reductions from sources that have lower abatement costs. The challenge with trading is to allow for innovative, market-based reforms without compromising the existing safeguards in environmental protection. All the possible elements required for the successful implementation of WQT program to work with full efficacy have been discussed in the paper. It shall serve as a guideline to the researchers and developers to design more effective programs. Water-quality trading is an area of active development in environmental markets.

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"Sense and Transmit" this approach is used in CSMA to provide maximum Through Put. Each interface must wait until there is no signal on the channel, and then it can begin transmitting. If some other interface is transmitting there will be a signal on the channel, which is called carrier. All other interfaces must wait until carrier ceases before trying to transmit, and this process is called Carrier Sense. All Ethernet interfaces are equal in their ability to send frames onto the network. No one gets a higher priority than anyone else, and democracy reigns. This is what is meant by Multiple Access. Since signals take a finite time to travel from one end of an Ethernet system to the other, the first bits of a transmitted frame do not reach all parts of the network simultaneously. Therefore, it's possible for two interfaces to sense that the network is idle and to start transmitting their frames simultaneously. When this happens, the Ethernet system has a way to sense the "collision" of signals and to stop the transmission and resend the frames. This is called Collision Detect. If two stations transmit the data at same time, then they become collide. So transmission becomes rescheduled using some methods or some algorithms such as backoff algorithm. Channels always try to maintain fewer collisions over different networks.

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As our power demand has increased, there has been a higher demand of electrical power on all sectors i.e industrial, commercial, domestic & residential etc. As the load increases, it is very important to manage load properly since a failure to do so results in frequency fluctuation and voltage drops. So it is mandatory to manage generation and load intelligently. This paper deals with automatic generation control of two area thermal-hydro power system. Simulation is done for two area interconnected Thermal- Hydro power system using MATLAB/Simulink Software. The control methodologies like Integral feedback, PI , Fuzzy logic controllers are used and comparative results of frequency deviation in respective area are shown with a 1% step disturbance. From the simulation study overshooting found in case of PI controller it is reduce by fuzzy logic controller but give more settling time.

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We all know that the earth contains 70% of water and of 30% Land surface. But from that 70% of water 97% is saline water and we cannot use that water in our day to day life. Now a day the only source of pure water comes from the sub-surface. So that we need to improve the technique to bring out as maximum pure water as possible from the sub-surface. For that groundwater modeling is required. For this purpose many software are available which gives the idea about the lithology and movement of groundwater flow direction. In this paper we are giving the literature review on the groundwater modeling which gives brief idea about groundwater study. Groundwater is the most important source of drinking water in India. Especially it plays a vital role in the development and public health of the population in arid and semi-arid zones. Unfortunately due to injudicious and unplanned urbanization and Industrialization for the past few decades in few parts of the country, the resource is either being depleted or degraded in quality.

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A high-voltage, direct current (HVDC) electric power transmission system uses direct current for the bulk transmission of electrical power, in contrast with the more common alternating current systems. For long-distance transmission, HVDC systems may be less expensive and suffer lower electrical losses. Originally developed in the 1930s, HVDC technology is only really suited to long-range transmission. This is because of the static inverters that must be used to convert the energy to DC for transmission. These are expensive devices, both in terms of capital cost and energy losses. With contemporary HVDC technology, energy losses can be kept to about 3% per 1000km.. This could be different national grids running on different frequencies; it could be different grids on the same frequency with different timing; finally, it could be the multiple unsynchronized AC currents produced by something like a field of wind turbines.

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This paper presents a comparison between Unified Power Quality Conditioner UPQC controller and normal power converter to be used for DFIG control system. Implementation of unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) in wind energy conversion system (WECS) more performance improvement is observed than the normal power converter system. This work deals with two types of UPQC models which is developed for checking its control strategy validity in wind energy conversion system based Double fed induction generator (DFIG) since UPQC has the same structure of the DFIG converters . This paper mainly focuses on efficient control system of unified power quality conditioner that makes it possible to reduce the voltage fluctuations like sag and swell conditions, as well as current and voltage harmonics mitigation in wind energy conversion system. The UPQC which can be used at the PCC for improving power quality is modeled and simulated using proposed control technique and the performance is compared by applying it to a wind energy conversion system with UPQC and with normal power converter. With the help of MATLAB/SIMULINK environment Dynamic models of the DFIG and UPQC are developed.

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