This paper presents the enhancement of voltage stability using Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC). The continuous demand in electric power system network has caused the system to be heavily loaded leading to voltage instability. Under heavy loaded conditions there may be insufficient reactive power causing the voltages to drop. This drop may lead to drops in voltage at various buses. The result would be the occurrence of voltage collapse which leads to total blackout of the whole system. Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) controllers have been mainly used for solving various power system stability control problems. In this project, a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) is used to investigate the effect of this device in controlling active and reactive powers as well as damping power system oscillations in transient mode. The PI controller is used to tune the circuit and to provide the zero signal error. Simulation results have been presented in MATLAB/Simulink environment for four bus system.

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Heat exchangers are an excellent application for magnetic water treatment. They are used to rise or lower the temperature of water (occasionally hey will use some Medium other than water such as ethylene glycol). Consumption of heat exchangers is normally cylindrical \internal diarneters from less than ones foot to up to three feet. The length can vary from two to eight feet. Water from a boiler, cooling tower and occasionally a geothermal system is pumped through a series of tubes inside the heat exchanger. Water is circulated between the outer shell of the heat exchanger and the tubes. The heat.transfer takes place as the controller water transfers a temperature change through the tubes into the water inside the shell. Scaling takes place on the tubes inside of the heat exchanger. This scaling greatly reduces the efficiency of the heat exchange and requires shut down and either acid or mechanical cleaning of the exchanger

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The world is facing problem of energy sources we don't have enough energy sources to comprehend even the basic need of the present and future is going to be worse as most of our conventional energy sources will be gone in nearly 10-15 years in future. So scientists today are trying their best to use non-conventional energy sources for our daily use of energy. In this context we can say India is lucky as it has a vast supply of non-conventional energy source and that is sun. In India sun shines for nearly 300 days a year. Being an agriculture country India is blessed with sunlight. 90% of solar energy is being wasted and just converted in to heat energy. India has a great substitute of conventional energy sources in the form of solar energy. Vehicles can run on using solar energy by placing solar cells on the roof we can get enough energy to run basic house hold products of the house which can save a lot of money on day to day need and even a lot of conventional resources can be save.

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Automobiles are one of the most widely used machines and are now being used all across the globe, which in turn is leading to rapid development and enhancement of the automotive sector. Manufacturers are working hard to introduce new technologies in their vehicles, for which they are using Embedded Systems. Embedded Systems are being used in automobiles to achieve energy saving and lower emissions, safety (active and passive), comfort, convenience, entertainment and cost & weight reduction. While this has led to many breakthrough technologies being introduced in cars, it has also resulted in decreasing the complexity of the mechanical and electrical structure.

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The increasing complexity of the modern control systems has emphasized the idea of applying new approaches in order to solve design problems for different control engineering applications. Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control schemes have been widely used in most of process control systems represented by chemical process for a long time. However, it is still a very key problem on how to determine or to tune the PID parameters, because these parameters have a great manipulate on the stability and the performance of the control system. In this paper, we discusses in detail about the Particle swarm Optimization (PSO) is an optimization method that belong to the swarm intelligence unit and its implementation in PID tuning for a controller of a Temperature Process. Compared to other conventional PID tuning methods like PID-ZN II, IMC-PID the result shows that improved performances are achieved with the proposed one. The ability of the PSO designed controller in terms of servo operation is also compared with conventional techniques and the results are simulated by using MATLAB.

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he Review covers different aspects for improve engine performance & exhaust emissions in SI & CI Engines, using thermal barrier coating application with Fuel blends & without blends & its impact on performance & emissions of Engine. This paper intense to improve engine performance & reduce exhaust emission level by testing of LPG fuelled four stroke single cylinder thermal barrier coated SI Engine. Allumina have high thermal resistance compared to another metals. So, Allumina is used as thermal barrier coating in valves bottom surface & piston crown & observation of impact on performance & exhaust Emissions.

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This work concentrates on investigating the combustion and emission characteristics of diesel engine running on butanol-diesel blends. The blending ratio of butanol to diesel was varied from 0 to 40 vol% using an increment of 10 vol%, and each blend was tested on a diesel engine equipped with an EGR system. The test was carried out fewer than two engine loads at a constant engine speed, using various combinations of EGR ratios and injection timings. Test results indicate that butanol addition to engine fuel is able to substantially decrease soot emission from raw exhaust gas, while the change in NOx emissions varies depending on the butanol content and engine operating conditions. Increasing EGR ratio and retarding injection timing are effective approaches to reduce NOx emissions from combustion of butanol-diesel blends. But the engine control strategies need to be optimized in order to achieve low levels of both soot and NOx emissions, as well as a reasonable fuel economy.

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This review covers all aspects of the selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides, oxidation catalyst and various fuel additives. In this paper intention is to reduce all emissions such as HC, CO, NOx, smoke and odour to be reduced by combine treatment of SCR, catalytic converter and various Fuel additives using Blends of Jatropha Biodiesel and diesel as a fuel. With varying blends of Jatropha methyl ester. This review paper discusses automotive exhaust emissions and its impact, automotive exhaust emission control by platinum(noble) group metal based catalyst in catalytic converter, history of catalytic convertor, types of catalytic convertor, limitation of catalytic convertor and also achievements of catalytic convertor, SCR Techniques to convert harmful NOx into pure water and nitrogen gas.

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Mobile communication system changed the life style of the human being in the past two decades. Various research and development process is carried out to increase the effective communication system to provide sophisticated communication environment to the users. Communication between humans was first by sound through voice. With the desire for slightly more distance communication came, devices such as drums, then, visual methods such as signal flags and smoke signals were used. These optical communication devices, of course, utilized the light portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. It has been only very recent in human history that the electromagnetic spectrum, outside the visible region, has been employed for communication, through the use of radio. One of humankind's greatest natural resources is the electromagnetic spectrum and the antenna has been instrumental in harnessing this resource. This paper provides a detailed study to design a antenna improve bandwidth of antenna for a comp system. Batter bandwidth helps to improve quality of service and improve data rate.

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Image inpainting is the process of filling of missing region so as to preserve its overall continuity. Image inpainting is manipulation and modification of an image in a form that is not easily detected. Digital image inpainting is relatively new area of research, but numerous and different approaches to tacked the inpainting problem have been proposed since the concept was first introduced. This paper compares two separate techniques viz, Exemplar based inpainting technique and Wavelet based inpainting technique, each portraying a different set of characteristics. This paper proposes a novel exemplar-based inpianting algorithm based upon the color distribution analysis. Color distribution is proposed to determine the confidence of the target patches situated on the boundary of the missing region by measuring the variation of variances of neighboring source patches. A review and analysis for different method were analysed which are explained below and image inpainting using TV model weighted method are analysed. Finally, the results of numerical experiments comparing this approach to inpainting to numerous others will be presented.

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In normal ways all the Industrial or Electrical machineries are controlled by the manual operation. Hence there is step by step progress but most of the time there is not actually instant cooperation between system and operator in case of emergency or fault type situation .Therefore we are designing a system where there exits communication between system and operator. For this we are using Transformer, microcontroller, logic level converter and GSM i.e. global system for mobile communication modem. This GSM modem helps to monitor transformer health by sending message to the system. As we know, transformer is a major component of power system and its correct functioning is vital to system operations. To reduce the risk of unexpected failure and the ensuring unscheduled outage, on-line monitoring has become the common practice to assess continuously the condition of the transformer. This paper presents design and implementation of a mobile embedded system to monitor and record key operation of a distribution transformer like overvoltage, over current, temperatures, fall of oil level. Also it is important to keep an eye on transformer health when operator is not present actually at transformer site so we are introducing system named as two way communication systems between transformer and operator through GSM modem where person can ask any related parameter value of transformer health by sending message to the system. This system is designed to send SMS alerts whenever related parameter value exceeds the predefined limits.

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In data mining a social network is a diversion content and multi-relational data set represented by a graph. A graph is very large, with nodes corresponding to objects and edges corresponding to links representing relationships or interactions between objects. Both nodes and links have attributes. Objects may have class labels. Links would be one-directional and are not required to be binary. A key challenge for data mining is tackling the problem of mining richly structured datasets, where the object is linked in some way. Links among the objects can find certain patterns, which may be helpful for many data mining tasks and are typically hard to capture with traditional statistical models. Recently it has been a surge of interest in this area, fueled largely by interest in web and hypertext mining, but also by interest in mining social networks, security and law enforcement data, bibliographic citations and epidemiological records. Traditional data mining tasks such as association rule mining, market basket analysis and cluster analysis commonly attempt to find patterns in a dataset characterized by a collection of independent instances of a single relation. This is consistent with the classical statistical inference problem of trying to identify a model given a random sample from a common underlying distribution. A key challenge for data mining is tackling the problem of mining richly structured, heterogeneous datasets. Naively applying traditional statistical inference procedures, which assume that instances are independent, can lead to inappropriate conclusions. Care must be taken that potential correlations due to links are handled appropriately. In fact, record linkage is knowledge that should be exploited. Clearly, this is information that can be used to improve the predictive accuracy of the learned models: attributes of linked objects are often correlated and links are more likely to exist between objects that have some commonality. Link mining is a newly emerging research area that is at the intersection of the work in link analysis, hypertext and web mining, relational learning and inductive logic programming and graph mining. Link mining is an instance of multi-relational data mining (in its broadest sense); however, we use the term link mining to put an additional emphasis on the links moving them up to first-class citizens in the data analysis endeavor. Link mining encompasses a range of tasks including descriptive and predictive modeling. Both classification and clustering in linked relational domains require new data mining algorithms. But with the introduction of links, new tasks also come to light. Examples include predicting the numbers of links, predicting the type of link between two objects, inferring the existence of a link, inferring the identity of an object, finding co references, and discovering sub graph patterns.

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This paper deals with an improved from of tollgate billing system. An efficient utilization of communication link between RF modems over a wireless channel to facilitate vehicle monitoring, vehicle authentication and automated toll collection on the highways is proposed. The system is implemented to automatically register vehicles getting on or of a motorway or highway, cutting the amount of time for playing toll in large queues. In this we are using active RFID tag. Which takes power supply from vehicle battery itself? Mainly concentrate on the security of the vehicle and authentication process whether the driver is correct person or not to use the vehicle. In this paper we are proposing 3 solutions for authentication of vehicle. They are 1. GSM technology 2. Using finger prints 3. Password through passive RFID technology

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This paper proposes an Anti-theft vehicle security system which aims to allow access to the car only if the person's fingerprint matches with that stored in the system [1]. The comparison will take place in Matlab and result will be shown on the LCD. In case through illegal means the car is accessed then car's fuel tank will be locked through Relay circuit so that whenever the tank gets empty, unauthorized person will no longer be able to refuel the tank[5]

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A software undergoes many levels of testing from unit testing to integration to system testing. As information system are becoming more complex, object oriented paradigm is gaining popularity because of its benefits in analysis, design and coding. Conventional testing cannot be applied for testing classes because of problems involved in testing class, abstract classes, inheritance, dynamic binding, message passing, polymorphism etc. Object oriented testing methods are similar to those of conventional testing methods. Three or four levels of object oriented testing are used, depending on the choice of what constitutes a unit. If individual functions are chosen as units, we have four levels of testing namely: Operation testing: It is testing of individual function i.e. the function works according to the requirement. Like for instance an 'addition' function does addition of two numbers and no other mathematical operation. Class testing: It is testing of interaction among previously testing methods/operations. Like, the above tested 'addition' function works intact even after introduction of a 'subtraction' function in the class. Interclass testing: It is a major part of out and is concerned with testing interaction among previously tested classes. Like, a class which has the mathematical operation functions when integrated with a class that contains operation for calculations of areas of various shapes, performs its mathematical operations correctly. System testing: It is conducted at port level entry and is concerned with testing of the entire system as a whole before being delivered to the customer. Of the three main levels of software testing interclass testing is the least understood both in object oriented and traditional testing terms. Interclass testing is referred as Integration testing in general terms.

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A formal privacy model in order to extend DaaS descriptions with privacy capabilities. The privacy model allows a service to define a privacy policy and a set of privacy requirements. A privacy-preserving DaaS composition approach allowing verifying the compatibility between privacy requirements and policies in DaaS composition. A negotiation mechanism that makes it possible to dynamically reconcile the privacy capabilities of services when incompatibilities arise in a composition. We validate the applicability of our proposal through a prototype implementation and a set of experiments. In this paper, we aim at designing techniques for protecting the composition results from privacy attacks before the final result is returned by the mediator. And also we extend the previous composition approach to deal with the privacy-preserving issue within composition.

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Ensuring the security of communication and access control in Wireless Sensor Networks (shortly WSNs) is of paramount importance. In this paper, I present a security mechanism, MoteSec Aware, built on the network layer for WSNs with focus on secure network protocol and data access control. In the secure network protocol of MoteSec Aware, a Virtual Counter Manager (shortly VCM) with a synchronized incremental counter is presented to detect the replay and jamming attacks based on the symmetric key cryptography using AES in OCB mode. For access control, I investigate the Key-Lock Matching (Shortly KLM) method to prevent unauthorized access. I implement MoteSec-Aware for the TelosB prototype sensor platform running Tiny OS version 1.1.15, and conduct field experiments and TOSSIM-based simulations to evaluate the performance of MoteSec Aware. The results demonstrate that MoteSec Aware consumes much less energy, yet achieves higher security than several state of the art methods.

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Two stroke spark ignition engines have high exhaust emissions and low brake thermal efficiency due to the short circuiting losses and incomplete combustion, which occur during idling and at part load operating conditions. An effort is been made to improve the engine parameters i.e. specific fuel consumption and Thermal Efficiency of the engine. This is achieved by using dual spark plug in two stroke gasoline also its effect on the engine parameter is analyzed.A spark-ignition (SI) engine cycle model was used to study the effects of spark plug location on a four spark plug SI engine performance. Constructed simulation can be used for either single- or four-spark plug configuration. For the tetra-spark arrangement, spark plugs were considered to be located diametrically opposite to each other on cylinder head axisymmetrically. According to Dimensionless distance from the cylinder centre to spark plug location on cylinder head, rsd = rs/R, five locations (rsd = 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.0) were considered. Inevitably rsd = 0 corresponds to the single spark arrangement that the plug is located at the centre. To comparison, single-spark plug configurations were also considered for other selected spark plug locations. From the result of the study it was found that centrally located single-spark plug arrangement gives the best engine performance and fuel economy, while for the all the other spark-plug locations away from the centre tetra-spark arrangement favourable to the single-spark plug configuration.

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Digital watermarking is a technique to protect the content of digital media like Image, Audio, Video or text using insertion of digital mark. Lot of research is going on in this field to develop secure and more robust digital watermarking algorithms. In this paper we survey recently existing and newly proposed Digital Image watermarking techniques. We classify the Digital Image watermarking techniques according to domain in which the watermark is embedded. Here, we limit to survey Image watermarking techniques only.

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In this paper, we present an overview of existing handwritten character recognition techniques. All these algorithms are described more or less on their own. Handwritten character recognition is a very popular and computationally expensive task. We also explain the fundamentals of handwritten character recognition. We describe today's approaches for handwritten character recognition. From the broad variety of efficient techniques that have been developed we will compare the most important ones. We will systematize the techniques and analyze their performance based on both their run time performance and theoretical considerations. Their strengths and weaknesses are also investigated. It turns out that the behavior of the algorithms is much more similar as to be expected.

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The main goal of this paper is to improves the safety & security of bank lockers using microcontroller, gsm and biometric technology.. Our bank locker system is specifically designed for the convenience of the bank employee and to provide three level securities. A mobile can work as a key to open the locker which provides a safe operation. The mobile belongs to manager. To open the locker first manager sends a password through the mobile, if the password is correct then the account holder is asked to type his/her password. If both password correct, then finger print scanner scan a finger print. If it is match the locker will open. If any unauthorized people try to open locker then one alert message will send to account holder and bank manager.

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The increasing complexity of the modern control systems has emphasized the idea of applying new approaches in order to solve design problems for different control engineering applications. Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control schemes have been widely used in most of process control systems represented by chemical process for a long time. However, it is still a very key problem on how to determine or to tune the PID parameters, because these parameters have a great manipulate on the stability and the performance of the control system. In this paper, we discusses in detail about the Particle swarm Optimization (PSO) is an optimization method that belong to the swarm intelligence unit and its implementation in PID tuning for a controller of a Temperature Process. Compared to other conventional PID tuning methods like PID-ZN II, IMC-PID the result shows that improved performance are achieved with the proposed one. The ability of the PSO designed controller in terms of servo operation is also compared with conventional techniques and the results are simulated by using MATLAB.

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