WSN have been extensively researched during recent years helping in diverse employment of sensor networks in various systems and applications. One of the key challenges that preclude the sustained operation of these networks is their limited energy resources. One of the most critical limiting factors for a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is its battery life. Therefore, a very desirable feature of WSN would be its rechargability to remain operational over longer period of times. The wireless sensor node, being a limited form factor device, can only be equipped with a limited power source. In this paper, we have presented several existing techniques for recharging a sensor node in wireless sensor networks.

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The use of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is anticipated to bring lot of changes in data gathering, processing and dissemination for different environments and applications. However, a WSN is a power constrained system, since nodes run on limited power batteries which shorten its lifespan. Prolonging the network lifetime depends on efficient management of sensing node energy resource. Energy consumption is therefore one of the most crucial design issues in WSN. Hierarchical routing protocols are best known in regard to energy efficiency. By using a clustering technique hierarchical routing protocols greatly minimize energy consumed in collecting and disseminating data. To prolong the lifetime of the sensor nodes, designing efficient routing protocols is critical. In this paper, we have discussed various energy efficient data aggregation protocols for sensor networks.

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At high frequency efficient macromodeling of high speed interconnects is all time challenging task. We have presented systematic methodologies to generate rational function approximations of high-speed interconnects using vector fitting technique for any type of termination conditions and construct efficient multiport model, which is easily and directly compatible with circuit simulators.

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In India, specifically in Gujarat region like Kutch, Bhuj, Kandla large deposits of cohesionless soil are observed. Cohesionless soil is defined asthe soil which is not containing water andthe shear strain does not exist (or is negligible)between two particles. Loose and sandy material in which there is no bond between the particles is also termed as cohesionless soil. Cohesionless soil is also known as frictional soil. Cohesionless soil have lessload bearing capacity, less shear strength, less specific surface and they do not have any plasticity. Therefore, the cohesionless soil is mostly settled during earthquake and in heavy rainy season.Owing to such properties of cohesionless soil,it is very difficult to carryout construction work on such soil in a normal way.Here, need is felt to find some problems encountered during construction on cohesionless soil and methods for preventionof these problems. This paper aims at focusing the most predominant problems encountered while doing construction on such cohesionless soil and remedial measures taken for the same.

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Advance Wide Field Sensor (AWiFS) of IRS P6 is an improved version of WiFS of IRS-1C/1D. AWiFS operates in four spectral bands identical to LISS III (Low-Imaging Sensing Satellite). Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is a simple graphical indicator that can be used to analyze remote sensing measurements. These indexes can be used to prediction of classes of Remote Sensing (RS) images. In this paper, we will classify the AWiFS image on NDVI values of 5 different date's images (Captured by AWiFS satellite). For classifying images, we will use an algorithm called Sum of Squared Difference (SSD). It will compare the clustered image with the Reference image based on SSD and the best match on the basis of SSD algorithm, it will classify the image. It is simple 1 step process, which will be faster compared to the classical approach.

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This paper shows how the musculoskeletal modeling for standing and sitting event of lower limb of humans is possible using MSMS (Musculoskeletal Modeling Software). Concept, significance and factors of musculoskeletal modeling of lower limb have been detailed. It presents how the complexity of biomechanics related to lower limb can modeled with MSMS and also represents how such model can be useful in generating MATLAB/SIMULINK ® model that can be further used in the development of prototype neuroprosthesis model for paraplegic patients having lower extremity disorders. Proposed modeling includes 12 leg virtual muscles which shows its accuracy for event of standing to sitting event with due consideration of the coordinating position, Mass, Inertia used for rigid body segment, and Joint Type, Translational Axes, Rotational Axes used for lower limb joints. The result generated by MSMS for proposed modeling has been presented. Merits and demerits of proposed modeling have also been discussed.

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The main objective of this review is to describe some of the important topics related to the use of marine and protective coatings for anti-corrosive purposes. In this context, "protective" refers to coatings for containers, off shore construction, pipe lines, pumps, steel structures, chemical equipment, bridged, storage tanks and petrochemical plants. The review aims at providing a thorough picture of state-of-the-art in anti-corrosive coatings systems. International and national legislation aiming at reducing the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have caused significant changes in the anti-corrosive coating industries. An important aspect in the development of new VOC -compliant, high performance anti-corrosive coating system is a thorough knowledge of the components in anti-corrosive coatings, their interaction, their advantages and limitations as well as detailed knowledge on the failure modes of anticorrosive coatings. The different types of anticorrosive coatings are presented, and the most widely applied generic types of binders and pigments in anticorrosive coatings.

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We will develop Optimized Numerically controlled Oscillator for digital communication systems. In order to achieve this goal, several steps need to be followed. The first step is to find the different structure of NCO, and choose a traditional NCO structure. After defining the NCO structure, optimized NCO by algorithm and different technique. There are a large number of algorithms and methods in the signal processing literature. Therefore, the state of art algorithms and different methods should be analyzed and compared. Based on different algorithms and methods, different power consumptions, area and speed of the NCO will be achieved. So their ASIC suitability should be analyzed and the effort should be focused on the choosing algorithms and architectures and optimization. Furthermore, the improvement space should be analyzed and the architecture should be further optimized. The proposed algorithm and architecture should be validated by MATLAB simulation before implementation. After that, it is implemented on DSP Processor kit with Code Composer Studio. The synthesis results will be compared with other published FFT processor results. The proposed CORDIC based algorithm can significantly reduce the die size.

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Ant miner algorithm is used to find the classification rule which helps to do classification of the data. Ant miner uses the Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) which deals with artificial systems that is inspired from the foraging behavior of real ants. Here the task is to improve the pheromone update method in the current system. Pheromone updating is dependent mainly on the initial pheromone of the term, and term Q (quality of term) which is added to current accumulated pheromone. In this methods a try is made to lay pheromone on trail such that selection of terms is not biased and unified behavior for the system as a whole, produce a robust system capable of finding high-quality solutions for problems. Here in this approach amount of pheromone added with the used term is not directly dependent on accumulated pheromone but also on the Q (quality of rule). So here in Q is modified and multiplied in ways that help to get better solution. For this use of rule length is done and manipulated in ways that support approach to achieve goal. Thus, aim is to improve the accuracy and sustaining rule list simplicity using Ant Colony Optimization in data mining.

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Meta phenylenediamine 4 sulphonic acid (MPDSA) is one of the important products in the dyestuff sector. The present conventional manufacturing process for MPDSA being carried out at the industry is less efficient and gives an overall yield of about 60 %. But the use of alternative raw materials for the manufacture of MPDSA can give yield as high as upto 80%. In addition, this process also eliminates the use of metal catalysts which cause downstream problems. This method involves the use Metaphenylene Diamine as the raw material instead of 2, 4, dinitrochlorobenzene for the manufacture of MPDSA. A lab scale experiment has been carried out and the overall yield has been found to be higher than that obtained from the conventional process. This paper describes this new manufacturing process and its possible economic benefits. Overall yield is calculated and compared with the conventional process.

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Mining image data is one essential feature in present time. Image mining is not just an extension of data mining to image domain. Analyzed images reveal useful information to the human users. Image mining manages with the extraction of knowledge, image data relationship, or other patterns which is not stored in the images. It associates techniques like computer vision, image processing, image retrieval, data mining, machine learning, database, and artificial intelligence. In this paper, we there are some techniques in image mining, research issues in image mining and image mining framework.

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In a mobile ad hoc network, the mobility and resource constraints of mobile nodes may lead to network partitioning or performance degradation. Several data replication techniques have been proposed to minimize performance degradation. Most of them assume that all mobile nodes collaborate fully in terms of sharing their memory space. In reality, however, some nodes may selfishly decide only to cooperate partially, or not at all, with other nodes. These selfish nodes could then reduce the overall data accessibility in the network. In this paper, we examine the impact of selfish nodes in a mobile ad hoc network from the perspective of replica allocation. In particular, we develop a selfish node detection algorithm that considers partial selfishness and novel replica allocation techniques to properly cope with selfish replica allocation. Network partitions can occur frequently, since nodes move freely in a MANET, causing some data to be often inaccessible to some of the nodes. Hence, data accessibility is often an important performance metric in a MANET. Data are usually replicated at nodes, other than the original owners, to increase data accessibility to cope with frequent network partitions. A considerable amount of research has recently been proposed for replica allocation in a MANET. In general, replication can simultaneously improve data accessibility and reduce query delay, i.e., query response time, if the mobile nodes in a MANET together have sufficient memory space to hold both all the replicas and the original data.

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In recent years low profile, light weight antennas are preferred for the applications which need mobility. In this research the polygonal-shape Microstrip Single Patch Antenna has been designed for GPS dual resonant frequencies (GPS L1 1.575 GHz & L5 1.176 GHz band). Simulated results for main parameters such as return loss, bandwidth, radiation patterns and gains are also discussed herein. The Designing, Simulation & Optimization of this antenna is done in ADS Software. Result of the simulation shows at 1.575 GHz and 1.176 GHz, the antenna has return loss at -20.862 dB and -14.162 dB respectively. .

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One of the problems created by road traffic is parking. Not only do vehicles require street space to move about, but also do they require space to park where the occupants can be loaded and unloaded. This results in a great demand for parking space in the CBD and other areas where the activities are concentrated. The numbers of vehicles are going on increasing at an alarming rate. The commercialization of the area is also happening at a fast rate. The investment on parking facilities have not kept in pace with these growing traffic leading to congestion and deteriorating the Traffic flow condition. In Toranvali Mataji one of the busiest market in Mehsana city. It is the main connecting link between the central business district and the main residential areas in Mehsana city. This study was mainly aimed to find the present parking scenario in the area which included parking demand, parking supply, and analysis for maximum utilization of available parking area and to suggest suitable solution for present and future to mitigate the parking problems in the Mehsana area.

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Sizing imparts the strength and increases the abrasion resistance of warp yarn in a weave-shed. Various methods were established for characterizing size films and sized yarns to establish relationships that might be useful in predicting weaving performance. A variety of natural and synthetic binders were applied to cotton yarn in a laboratory sizing apparatus, equipments and other available sources. There are two critical factors to evaluate size material performance are : Size must from a tough but flexible film to protect the yarn from stress , strain and rubbing actions , and there must be good adhesion between size and yarn. The flexibility i.e. extensibility is correlated with tensile properties of films. The degree of adhesion was evaluated by Lap-joint test in this study. Presence of starch percentage even after desizing was determined on Tegewa scales, important for environmental concerns [4, 7].

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In recent years, the number of malware families/variants has exploded dramatically. Automatic malware classification is becoming an important research area. Using data mining, we identify seven key features within the Microsoft PE file format that can be fed to machine learning algorithms to classify malware. In this paper, resting on the analysis of Windows API execution sequences called by PE files, we develop the Intelligent Malware Detection System (IMDS) using Objective- Oriented Association (OOA) mining based classification. IMDS is an integrated system consisting of three major modules: PE parser, OOA rule generator, and rule based classifier. An OOA_Fast_FP Growth algorithm is adapted to efficiently generate OOA rules for classification. Promising experimental results demonstrate that the accuracy and efficiency of our IMDS system outperform popular anti-virus software such as Norton Antivirus and McAfee Virus Scan, as well as previous data mining based detection systems which employed Naive Bayes, Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Decision Tree techniques.

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Cloud Computing is the next generation Architecture of the most IT enterprise. It made possible, the application to run without the burden of local hardware and software. So, resource allocation is key issue in cloud computing.For better resource allocation cloud service providers use lease managers. Lease managers depend on their default scheduling algorithms and their efficiency of granting and revoking leases is dependent on efficiency of scheduler they have. Haizea, a lease manager written in python, provides three types of leases: Immediate, Best Effort (BE) and Advance Reservation (AR). AR leases are most privileged leases with "AR-preempts everything" policy, since they can preempt & suspend other BE leases when demanded. But BE or Immediate can't preempt other BE or Immediate. BE lease have to wait in queue. This work proposes priority based resource allocation algorithm to solve these problem. Experimental results of the proposed algorithm successfully demonstrate that we can get less waiting time for BE leases than default algorithm.

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This paper is related with an image inpainting method by which we can reconstruct a damaged or missing portion of an image. A fast image inpainting algorithm based on TV (Total variational) model is proposed on the basis of analysis of local characteristics, which shows the more information around damaged pixels appears, the faster the information diffuses. The algorithm first stratifies and filters the pixels around damaged region according to priority, and then iteratively inpaint the damaged pixels from outside to inside on the grounds of priority again. By using this algorithm inpainting speed of the algorithm is faster and greater impact.

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In this paper, we present an overview of existing sequential rule mining algorithms. All these algorithms are described more or less on their own. Sequential rule mining is a very popular and computationally expensive task. We also explain the fundamentals of sequential rule mining. We describe today's approaches for sequential rule mining. From the broad variety of efficient algorithms that have been developed we will compare the most important ones. We will systematize the algorithms and analyze their performance based on both their run time performance and theoretical considerations. Their strengths and weaknesses are also investigated. It turns out that the behavior of the algorithms is much more similar as to be expected.

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In this paper, we present an overview of existing handwritten character recognition techniques. All these algorithms are described more or less on their own. handwritten character recognition is a very popular and computationally expensive task. We also explain the fundamentals of handwritten character recognition. We describe today's approaches for handwritten character recognition. From the broad variety of efficient techniques that have been developed we will compare the most important ones. We will systematize the techniques and analyze their performance based on both their run time performance and theoretical considerations. Their strengths and weaknesses are also investigated. It turns out that the behavior of the algorithms is much more similar as to be expected.

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Cloud computing has been envisioned as the next-generation architecture of IT enterprise. In contrast to traditional solutions, where the IT services are under proper physical, logical and personnel controls, cloud computing moves the application software and databases to the large data centers, where the management of the data and services may not be fully trustworthy. This unique attribute, however, poses many new security challenges which have not been well understood. In this article, we focus on cloud data storage security, which has always been an important aspect of quality of service. To ensure the correctness of users' data in the cloud, we propose an effective and flexible cryptography based scheme. Extensive security and performance analysis shows that the proposed scheme is highly efficient and resilient against malicious data modification attack, The proposed scheme not only achieves scalability due to its hierarchical structure, but also inherits flexibility. We implement our scheme and show that it is both efficient and flexible in dealing with access control for outsourced data in cloud computing with comprehensive experiments.

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Energy related cost have become a significant fraction of cost in any industry. The three top operating expenses are often to be found in any industry like energy (both electrical and thermal), labour and materials. If we were found the manageability of the above equipment's the energy emerges a top ranker. So energy is best field in any industry for the reduction of cost and increasing the saving opportunity. Thermoelectric methods imposed on the application of the thermoelectric generators and the possibility application of Thermoelectrity can contribute as a "Green Technology" in particular in the industry for the recovery of waste heat. Finally the main attention is too focused on selecting the thermoelectric system and representing the analytical and theoretical calculation to represent the Thermoelectric System.

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Nowadays we are getting various calls disturbing our day-to-day activities. The current example may include the bank calls that we are getting for taking various loans likes students purpose, business purpose and other purpose and whatsoever reason as we are not concerned with it. So there should be some unique method or the combination of the various Antispam techniques and this combination can be used to mitigate or reduce the spam calls or we can say Spam over Internet Telephony (SPIT). There are usually many Antispam techniques available that can be used but in this paper the main techniques that we are going to work are as follows: (1) Grey listing and (2) Handshaking/Challenge/Turing test. The combination that we are doing is with the grey list method with the Handshaking/Challenge/Turing tests. Once the user passes the Turing test he will be passed through the grey listing method and finally a decision will be made whether a call is spam or not. The main objective of this paper will be to analyse the techniques and find out the best possible combination of the techniques to Mitigate SPIT.

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In this paper, Ultra wideband circular Microstrip patch antenna is proposed. Over years, great interest was focused on microstrip antennas for their small volumes, low profiles, good integration, low costs and good performance. With the continuous growth of wireless communication service and the constant miniaturization of communication equipment, there are higher and higher demands for the volume of antennas, integration and working band. This paper presents A circular polarized (CP) Circular microstrip antenna with triple band for wireless communications system application which are suitable for the 2.6-GHz, 3.7-GHz and the 5-GHz triple-band operations. These systems may include various combinations of Bluetooth, WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) and wireless local-area network (WLAN). A circular microstrip patch antenna is designed to operate at 2.6(GHz) with circular polarization, a U slot is inserted thereafter in the original patch to generate the second resonant at 5.4 (GHz). Another C-slot is inserted thereafter to generate the 3.7 (GHz) third band. The C slot insertion effect on the original patch is examined, first arc length effect on the return loss and axial ration is examined in order to get the optimum length, and then the arc orientation effect also is examined to find out the best orientation to place the arc. This design has several advantages as the total antenna volume can be reused, and therefore the overall antenna will be compact. The design is verified through both numerical simulations and measurement ofa fabricated prototype. The results confirm good performance of the singleand multiband antenna design.

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Many nodes would not transmit during data transmission and they are considered to be in cooperative. To make them cooperative a fair charging policy is used by charging the since and destination nodes so that both of them can benefit from the communication and it can secure the payment. Charging since and destination nodes almost computationally free, and significantly reduce the number of generated and submitted checks. In this way, each intermediate node earns some credits and the destination node pays the total packet relaying cost. To implement this charging policy efficiently, hashing operations are used in the ACK packets to reduce the number of public-key-cryptography operations. Moreover, reducing the overhead of the payment checks is essential for the efficient implementation of the incentive mechanism due to the large number of payment transactions.

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