Up converter has been designed in 0.18μm technology at 2.4GHz Frequency. I am trying to design up converter with 22nm technology. The problems related to Up converter is often difficult to solve, and may allow different solutions, so the choice is not always simple for those engineers and professionals who are not trained in Analog VLSI. The optimal solution of Problem of Power dissipation is usually a mix of solutions for a specific situation. In such a situation, it is necessary to identify that problem and propose different solutions. Initially the thesis gives a basic idea of up converter and also about CMOS. Later on it tries to simulate the basic gates. And a detailed insight is provided with the help of a simulation using Tspice Simulator. Power Dissipation in 0.18μm Technology using current mirror gilbert mixer is 4.5 mW and in 0.25μm Technology using current mirror gilbert mixer is 3.5mW and Power Dissipation in 0.18μm Technology is 8.1mW using Gilbert mixer. Now I am trying to design mixer with low power dissipation with 22nm technology which is recent technology.

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In reactors, catalyst support rings and tray support rings that support heavy catalyst beds and catalyst support grids, are subjected to high pressure and temperature and other dead loads, so their safe design is essential as they are critical parts in a reactor and their finite element analysis is carried out using ASME Sec VIII Div.2 in the industry. Analysis of skirt support to bottom head junction is also very important as this welded joint is subjected to wind loads, seismic loads, dead loads, high thermal gradient etc. The skirt support supports the whole reactor so the welded joint must be strong enough to endure stresses due to various reasons. This safety can be determined using FEA software using ASME Sec VIII Div.2.

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Many ways of communications are used between human and computer, while using gesture is considered to be one of the most natural ways in a virtual reality system. Speech recognition is one of the typical methods of non-verbal communication for human beings and we naturally use various gestures to express our own intentions in everyday life. Gesture recognizers are supposed to capture and analyze the information transmitted by the hands of a person who communicates in sign language. This is a prerequisite for automatic sign-to-spoken-language translation, which has the potential to support the integration of deaf people into society. This paper present part of literature review on ongoing research and findings on different technique and approaches in gesture recognition using Hidden Markov Models for vision-based approach.

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For frequencies above 30 ghz, increasing skin depth losses in metal requires that low loss structures be made without the use of metallic materials. Hence, the importance of pure dielectrics waveguides for carrying large bandwidth signals is established. The only unexploited spectral region, Terahertz band, is now being actively explored. Moreover, metallic waveguides or antennas are dangerous when the application involves ionized gas i.e. Plasma or when there is a risk that the antenna or waveguide can be exposed to plasma. Dielectric waveguides might be the only viable solution. Here, an analytical theory has been developed for finding out the modal characteristics of a solid dielectric waveguide in guided and leaky modes.

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Among the ample of approaches available for classification approach, majority of them are applicable for structured data, such as relational database, Online Transactional Data Processing or Online Analytical Data processing. But, today in the age of internet and its applications, very huge amount of data are being transmitted from one geographical location to another. The form of data would be in unstructured and it may create serious problem for knowledge derivation. Classification can work for better accuracy using Vector Space Model in adaptive manner. Today the internet is broadly used around the world. So the spam in the email or in the machine is the one of the major problem for persons who have attached today's internet life and it causes hardware as well as financial damage to the companies and also to the individual users. Among various approaches developed to stop spam, filtering is an important and popular one. The aim of this paper is to use fuzzy clustering approach for Spam Identification using Fuzzy C-means algorithm, Fuzzy clustering allows each feature vector to belong to more than one cluster with different membership degrees (between 0 and 1) and vague or fuzzy boundaries between clusters. It is applicable for small as well as large datasets. Among the ample of approaches available for classification approach, majority of them are applicable for structured data, such as relational database, Online Transactional Data Processing or Online Analytical Data processing. But, today in the age of internet and its applications, very huge amount of data are being transmitted from one geographical location to another. The form of data would be in unstructured and it may create serious problem for knowledge derivation. Classification can work for better accuracy using Vector Space Model in adaptive manner. Today the internet is broadly used around the world. So the spam in the email or in the machine is the one of the major problem for persons who have attached today's internet life and it causes hardware as well as financial damage to the companies and also to the individual users. Among various approaches developed to stop spam, filtering is an important and popular one. The aim of this paper is to use fuzzy clustering approach for Spam Identification using Fuzzy C-means algorithm, Fuzzy clustering allows each feature vector to belong to more than one cluster with different membership degrees (between 0 and 1) and vague or fuzzy boundaries between clusters. It is applicable for small as well as large datasets.

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Natural language processing area is still under research. But now a day it is on platform for worldwide researchers. Natural language processing includes analyzing the language based on its structure and then tagging of each word appropriately with its grammar base. Here we have 50,000 tagged words set and we try to cluster those Gujarati words based on proposed algorithm, we have defined our own algorithm for processing. Many clustering techniques are available Ex. Single linkage , complete, linkage ,average linkage, Hear no of clusters to be formed are not known, so it's all depends on the type of data set provided .Clustering is preprocess for stemming . Stemming is the process where root is extracted from its word. Ex. cats= cat+S, meaning. Cat: Noun and plural form.

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Traffic congestion is a common phenomenon almost in all the cities of India. The situation has become to a very critical stage and has already assumed unbearable proportion in the cities of India. Cities of India cannot afford the economic and environmental loss resulted from this sever traffic Congestion. In this report, SBI to Bus-Station road in Modasa Town has been considered as study area. In the study area motorized and non-motorized vehicle creating congestion which has many negative effects. Traffic volume survey, Travel time delay study and informal occupancy survey has been conducted. A large number of vehicles occupy the road, reducing road capacity and creating congestion. In this study Average travel time delay measured due to Compared Speed-Density relationship with or Without Parking and Pedestrians and quantifies Congestion effect of Parking and Pedestrians.

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Ginning industries, spinning mills and other composite textiles industries produce a lot of cotton waste annually. This waste is rich in cellulose and solid contents with sufficient carbon to nitrogen ratios. However a lot of chemicals are already present in cotton waste at the end of various processes like dyeing, finishing, washing, etc. This reduces the fuel value of cotton by lowering down its calorific value. The calorific value (or energy value or heating value) of a substance, usually a fuel or food (see food energy), is the amount of heat released during the combustion of a specified amount of it. Improving the calorific value of cotton by anaerobic digestion is an environment friendly approach of converting waste to energy.

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This paper studies the building which are constructed at Low cost. Houses are constructed for EWS (economically weaker section) people. The buildings are the monolithic structures and constructed by using the MASCON technology in which the aluminum form work are used which is very efficient compared to the method used for the construction of the conventional structures. The monolithic structure constructed by using the MASCON technology are much better in strength than the conventional structures. Also the work of construction can be done faster and there are many advantages except the high initial cost. The MASCON technology is very useful when the row houses or the number of houses are to be constructed as the work can be done faster. This paper gives the detail study on monolithic structure in terms of their construction method, costing and timing. Also gives the detailing about Mascon Construction System. The main Objective of this project is to minimize the cost of building construction , also reducing the time of construction along with multi hazards resistance.

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To study behaviour of flow in cooling water pumps, we done extensive search and gone through numerous research paper and blogs.We found that many researchers carried out their analysis on other cooling system components like radiator, cooling water jacket and fans. But it is very difficult to find researchers worked on cooling water pumps. However cooling system consists of centrifugal pump which is widely used in other industry. After reviewing all research paper on centrifugal pumps we found that most of the problems are related to cavitation and low efficiency. Some researchers give importance to improvement of blade angle and blade design to reduce cavitation effect while some researches concentrates on efficiency of the pump irrespective of cavitation effect mostly in the industry where cavitation effect is negligible. After analyzing some old water pumps of various vehicles we found that major problem that pump is facing is due to cavitation effect on blades at High RPM. This research is aimed to analyze the role of centrifugal water pump in automobile engine cooling system and to obtain relation between pump geometry and pump flow characteristics.

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Reduction of the absorber size of a medical oxygen concentrator (MOC) employing a generic pressure swing adsorption (PSA) technology is an ongoing research and development activity. The MOC typically produces a 90_93% O2-enriched product gas from ambient air at a rate of e10 L/minute (LPM) for individual use. Adsorbent columns packed with very small adsorbent particles are used to enhance the adsorption kinetics for rapid PSA cycle operation. An experimental mini-PSA set up was used to measure the performance of a simulated Skarstrom-like PSA cycle using a commercial sample of LiX Zeolite as the air separation sorbent

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The study on alternative fuels has become important due to depletion of petroleum products and its major involvement for pollutants. In this work Compressed Natural Gas is used to run light duty SI engine. The Performance and Emission of the CNG fuelled engine for different Spark Plug Gap and Spark Plug Projection have been evaluated. The experiments were performed using 3 different spark plug gaps (SPG) (0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 mm) and 3 different Spark Plug Projections (SPP)(0,0.5 and 1 mm) at the constant speed of 3000 rpm and varied load conditions. The maximum efficiency values and minimum emission were obtained for 0.8 mm Spark Plug Gap and 1 mm Spark Plug Projection.

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This paper determines whether the mechanical action of a supercharger improves engine performance. Full power is needed only for accelerating and hill-climbing during the remainder of the time the excess weight of the engine and other parts must be carried at a loss of efficiency. That smaller engine can be used advantageously when equipped with superchargers, the supercharger being used only when excess power is required. Supercharger capable of generating the more power from given capacity of the engine. With edition to that ethanol helps in controlling the some parameter affected by the ethanol and decreasing the exhaust emission. Experiments carried out at low speed of 1500 rpm for different performance characteristics. Paper includes Curves and tables are given to show the results of comparative tests with and without a supercharger.

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Frequent patterns are patterns such as item sets, subsequences or substructures that appear in a data set frequently. A Divide and Conquer method is used for finding frequent item set mining. Its core advantages are extremely simple data structure and processing scheme. Divide the original dataset in the projected database and find out the frequent pattern from the dataset. Split and Merge uses a purely horizontal transaction representation. It gives very good result for dense dataset. The researchers introduce a split and merge algorithm for frequent item set mining. There are some problems with this algorithm. We have to modify this algorithm for getting better results and then we will compare it with old one. We have suggested different methods to solve problem with current algorithm. We proposed two methods (1) Method I and (2) Method II for getting solution of problem. We have compared our algorithm with the currently worked algorithm SaM. We examine the performance of SaM and Modified SaM using real datasets. We have taken results for both dense and sparse datasets.

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Power transmission is an extremely important factor for the automotive industry today. In vehicles, the power transmission system is the major source of energy losses. This is an intentionally compact review for a module addressing basic Fluid Mechanics for incompressible fluids within the context of Applied Energy Systems. Rather than attempting to cover Fluid Mechanics in a very broad and general way, two practical areas are selected in the use of fluids, hydrostatic power transmission systems and the flow of fluids through pipes and fittings. Thus readers are prepared for applying the same and similar principles to a much broader range of practical applications in the future. The present review work relates to a rotary pump and motor transmission system, which permits a change in ratio between the speed of the driver and driven shafts from direct drive to neutral position. This transmission, which may be adopted for many uses, such as vehicles and machine tools, is endowed with the utmost ease of operation even under load, is of a simple and rugged construction and offers safety of operation even after an extended use.

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Ad Hoc Networks are extremely vulnerable to attacks due to their dynamically changing topology, absence of conventional security infrastructures, vulnerability of nodes and channels and open medium of communication. Denial of Service (DoS) and Distributed DoS (DDoS) attacks are two of the most harmful threats to the network functionality. The Prevention methods like authentication and cryptography techniques alone are not able to provide the security to these types of networks. Therefore, efficient intrusion detection must be deployed to facilitate the identification and isolation of attacks. Major attacks on Mobile Ad hoc networks are flooding, selective forwarding, sinkhole, wormhole etc. We have presented various intrusion detection techniques in MANET. Then we have proposed a method to detect flooding attack in MANET.

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Plaster of Paris is a quasi-brittle material with a low capacity for deformation under tensile stress. Mechanical loading, deleterious reactions, and environment loading can result in the development of tensile stresses in concrete. These tensile stresses all too frequently result in cracking that can adversely affect the performance of POP sheets. However, the potential for cracking can be minimized by appropriate precautions in design, materials, proportions, construction practices & with textile reinforcement. These precautions will ensure that POP can be used satisfactorily for an extended period of time without any significant loss of aesthetics, service life, safety, and serviceability. This Paper discusses causes of cracking that can cause cracking in POP structures: namely false ceiling sheets. It is intended for anyone interested in controlling cracking for cost effective and long-lasting transportation structures.

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In present area of advance technology, the qualitative and quantitative requirement of customer is frequently change so the demand of the hour is increasing. Maintaining the economic production with optimal use of resources is of prime concern for the engineers. Metal machining is one of them. Metal machining with various process parameters is one of them. The experimental and theoretical studies show that process performance can be improved considerably by proper selection of machining parameters. The challenge of modern machining industries is mainly focused on the achievement of high quality, in terms of work piece dimensional accuracy, lower surface roughness, high production rate, less tool wear on the cutting tools, economy of machining in terms of cost saving and increase the performance of the product with reduced environmental impact.This particular phenomenon can affect the efficiency and quality of the process. The performance was assessed in terms of different parameters such as depth of cut, material removal rate, cutting efficiency. Experimental investigations were conducted to study the effect of different cutting speed , feed rate and depth of cut on material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness in CNC machine. Taguchi's design of experiments and analysis of variance were used to determine the effect of machining parameters on Ra and MRR.

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Increase in energy demand, stringent emission norms and depletion of oil resources led the researchers to find alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. Many alternate fuels like Alcohols, Biodiesel, LPG, CNG etc. have been already commercialized in the transport sector. In this context, pyrolysis of solid waste is currently receiving renewed interest. The disposal of waste tyres can be simplified to some extent by pyrolysis. The properties of the Tyre pyrolysis oil derived from waste automobile tyres were analysed and compared with the petroleum products and found that it can also be used as a fuel for compression ignition engine. In the present work, blends of Diesel-Tyre pyrolysis oil was used in a diesel engine without any engine modification. The entire work is concentrated to enhance the performance and emission parameters of C.I. engine for the blend of Diesel and pyrolysis oil of tyre. To enhance the performance the effect of supercharging was used. The experiment is carried out on C.I. engine using pure diesel and various blends such as TPO10, TPO20 and TPO30 at normal atmospheric pressure and at different supercharged pressures 1.2 bar, 1.4 bar and 1.6 bar and results were compared. It is observed from the results that at supercharged pressures 1.2 bar and 1.4 bar, the performance parameters like brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption and emission parameters like emission of CO and HC have been improved. But the emission of NOx was not improved as there is rise in peak temperatures of combustion due to supercharging the emission of NOx increases.

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Today world faces two major crises, depletion of fossil fuel and environmental degradation. So for solve both problems, renewable alternative fuel should be necessary with minimum impact on environment. There are many alternative fuels in the world likes biodiesel, alcohols, pyrolysis oil, CNG, LPG etc. But among all of them biodiesel is a most one. In this content, Biodiesel was used as an alternative fuel. But with the use of biodiesel increasing in NOx emission so to comply with upcoming stringent emissions pre and post treatment are necessary to reduce emissions. In these experiment blends of biodiesel are used such as B0, B5, B10, B15, B20, B25 and B30. In these experimental performance parameters such as brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption was measured and emission parameters like CO, HC, CO2, NOx, smoke and odour are measured. With used of EGR NOx is reduced but HC, CO and smoke are increased so to reduced exhaust emission, three combined systems were used such as Air Dilution system for smoke and odour, EGR for NOx and Catalytic Converter for HC and CO emissions. It has been noticed that emissions such as CO, HC, smokes, odour and NOx significantly decreased by use of three combined system such as air dilution system, EGR and catalytic converter. Highest brake thermal efficiency observed with B30 blend and lowest NOx emissions observed for B20.

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Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) is now a well-established machining option in many industries. Cold work tool steel D3 is an important tool mainly because of its high hardness, strength, wear resistance and high melting point. Normally, EDM is capable of machining geometrically complex or hard material component, that are precise and difficult to machine. The objective of this research is to study the performance of different electrode Materials on cold work tool steel D3 workpiece with EDM process. Approach: The electrode materials were aluminum, copper and Brass. The important parameters were peak current, pulse on time. A work piece material was cold work tool steel D3. Results: The results show that the copper electrode gives higher MRR than other two Electrodes. Aluminum electrode gives lowest MRR among other two electrodes.

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Incremental Flexible Frequency Discretization (IFFD) is a recently proposed discretization approach for Naive Bayes (NB). IFFD performs satisfactory by setting the minimal interval frequency for discretized intervals as a fixed number. In this paper, we first argue that this setting cannot guarantee that the selecting MinBinSize is on always optimal for all the different datasets. So the performance of Naive Bayes is not good in terms of classification error. We thus proposed a sequential search method for NB: named Flexible IFFD. Experiments were conducted on 4 datasets from UCI machine learning repository and performance was compared between NB trained on the data discretized by FIFFD, IFFD, and PKID.

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Conventional Drive shaft have less specific modulus and strength, increased weight. But the drive shaft made of composite material have advantages like they have high specific modulus and strength, reduced weight, lower fuel consumption. Different available composite material are like Boron epoxy, E-glass, Kevlar epoxy, etc. They have lighter in weight, longer life with higher critical speed and may be optimized the design. The drive shaft of TATA-407 was chosen, the modelling of the drive shaft assembly was done using Solid works and ANSYS used for predicting analysis results. To estimate stresses under subjected loads using FEA Further comparisons carried out for both steel and composite material.

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As a result of limitation of manufacturing processes, real surfaces always have some roughness and surface curvature. In many heat transfer applications, the perfectly smooth surfaces are necessary to transmit the heat. Due to the surface curvature of contacting bodies, the macro-contact area is formed, the area where micro-contacts are distributed randomly. The real contact occurs only over microscopic contacts. The heat flow must pass through the macro-contact and then micro-contacts to transfer from one body to another to form heat conductance. This phenomenon leads to a relatively high temperature drop across the interface. Thermal contact resistance (TCR) is a complex interdisciplinary problem, which includes geometrical, mechanical, and thermal analyses. In this paper, geometric modeling of asperities of rough surface 2 μm, 3.2 μm and 15μm surface roughness's is done in ANSYS and the number of asperities and areal contact area is found. The simulation is done with 1.8MPa pressure and with SS 304 as material for all above mentioned surface roughness's. The contacting bodies are kept at LN2 temperature and atmospheric temperature.

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Thermal is the main source for power generation in India. The percentage of thermal power generation as compare to other sources is 65 %. The main objective of thermal power plant is to fulfill the energy demands of the market and to achieve these demands; plant requires technical availability with the parts reliability and maintenance strategy. This paper deals with the determination of current operating efficiency of Boiler and calculates major losses for Vindhyachal Super thermal power plant (India) of 210 MW units. Then identify the causes of performance degradation. Also find the major causes of heat losses by Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) and recommends its appropriate strategy to reduce major losses. The aim of performance monitoring is continuous evaluation of degradation i.e. decrease in performance of the steam boiler. These data enable additional information which is helpful in problem identification, improvement of boiler performance and making economic decisions about maintenance schedule.

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