Thermodynamics is the branch of natural science which deals with heat and its relation to energy and work. The laws of thermodynamics govern the relationships between them. Each law either states some biblical fact with scientific proof or introduces some new terminology so that its violation can be avoided. With the recent development in technology, it has been become possible to create 'negative absolute temperatures'. This causes several odd consequences and also violates the already established laws of thermodynamics. This paper summarizes some of the information about the negative absolute temperature and its possibilities. A fifth law of thermodynamics which would be able to stop the violations of the other laws is also looked into.

Read More...

Cloud computing provides many benefits to the users such as accessibility and availability. As the data is available over the cloud, it can be accessed by different users. There may be sensitive data of organization. This is the one issue to provide access to authenticated users only. But the data can be accessed by the owner of the cloud. So to avoid getting data being accessed by the cloud owner, we will use the intrusion detection system to provide security to the data. The other issue is to save the data backup in other cloud in encrypted form so that load balancing can be done. This will help the user with data availability in case of failure of one cloud.

Read More...

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) provides us an effective means to monitor physical environments. The computing nodes in a WSN are resource constrained devices whose resources need to be used sparingly. The main requirement of a WSN is to operate unattended in remote locations for extended periods of time. Physical conditions, environmental conditions, upgrades, user preferences, and errors within the code can all contribute to the need to modify currently running applications. Therefore, reprogramming of sensor nodes is required. One of the important terminologies that are associated with WSN network is that of OVER THE AIR PROGRAMMING. This concept has been utilized so far as for Imote2 sensors that has been relatively utilized for the processing of the Deluge port (DP). They have so far been able to successfully reboot each application. But this rebooting is still not reliable and secure as there are certain security features that are affected in the processing. I will provide a more reliable, robust and secure system that would have enriched functionalities of that of OTA programming on SUNSPOT. Some important features of the SUN SPOT that I will be utilizing in this practical approach is that it supports isolated application models such as sensor networks, it allows running multiple applications in one. It does not create overhead on the entire system node as it provides lower level asynchronous for proper message delivery. It also supports migration from one device to another. This paper focuses on developing a multi-hop routing protocol for communication among Sun SPOT sensor nodes and a user front-end (i.e. visualizer) to visualise the collected values from all the nodes. To test the routing protocol before deploying it to sensor nodes, a simulation using J-Sim is created.

Read More...

This article presents a review on the different methodologies that are used for tunnels excavations in hard rocks in present era. Growing needs for modern transportation and utility networks have increased the demand for a more extensive and elaborate use of underground space or through high mountains / hills. As a result, more projects have to be completed in various ground conditions and one of which is more challenging is to carry out excavation work in hard rocks. Significant technological advances have rendered these projects possible, but have also given rise to new challenges as many of these projects have to be completed in difficult conditions, with very strict environmental constraints, particularly in urban areas where the potential impact of tunneling on existing structures is a major concern. This paper addresses the main aspects of tunneling and underground works performed in hard rocks. A summary is presented of the more recent advances and widely adopted techniques in these regards.

Read More...

In construction industry cost is amongst the major considerations throughout the project management life cycle and thus can be regarded as one of the most important parameters of a project and the driving force of project success. Despite of its proven importance it is not uncommon to see a construction project failing to achieve its objectives within the specified cost. Cost overrun is a very frequent phenomenon and is almost associated with nearly all projects in the construction industry.

Read More...

Wireless communication is one of the most effective areas of technology development of our time. Wireless communications today covers a very wide array of applications. In this, we study the performance of general MIMO system, the general V-BLAST architecture with MPSK Modulation in Rayleigh fading channels. Based on bit error rate, we show the performance of the 2x2 schemes with MPSK Modulation in noisy environment. We also show the bit error rate performance of 2x2, 3x3, 4x4 systems with BPSK modulation. We see that the bit error rate performance of 2x2 systems with QPSK modulation gives us the best performance among other schemes analysed here.

Read More...

Sub-band adaptive noise is employed in various fields like noise cancellation, echo cancellation and system identification etc. It reduces computational complexity and improve convergence rate. In this paper we perform different Sub-band noise cancellation method for simulation. The Comparison with different algorithm has been done to find out which one is best.

Read More...

Internet is the networking infrastructure which helps in connecting many users through interconnected networks through which users can communicate to each other. The World Wide Web is built on top of the internet to share information. The grid is again a service that is built on top of internet but is able to share computational power, databases, disk storage and software applications. The paper mainly focuses on significance Grid computing, its architecture, the grid middleware Globus toolkit and wireless grid computing.

Read More...

In this paper, a new method of designing and development of a microcontroller based toxic gas detection system is proposed. If the toxic gas or fuel leakage has been detected, the system automatically alerts the driver through buzzer, opens the car door automatically and transmits the warning message to the authorized user through the GSM module attached. User can send SMS and receive SMS through GSM Modem, based on that message User can control some appliances in host section. This system aims to modify an existing safety model employed in automotive field. It can be used in any Vehicle like Car, Bus Van etc. The advantage of this automated detection/alarm system is that, it offers faster response time and accurate detection of an emergency in turn leading to faster diffusion of the situation, compared to manual methods. This is a very compelling reason that justifies designing such a safety system.

Read More...

Use of natural polymers from renewable resources has been increasing in recent years due to their excellent performance over existing petro-polymers which are non-environmental friendly. Films prepared from natural polymers such as polysaccharides, proteins, lipids etc., have wide application over packaging sector. Sodium alginate is the sodium salt of alginic acid, which a polyuronide is made up of a sequence of two hexuronic acids: beta-D mannuronic acid and alpha-L guluronic acid. Films obtained from Sodium Alginate hydrocollidal compounds are bio-degradable and bio-compatible with better gel forming and film forming capabilities. The objective of this follow up is to enhance the physical properties of sodium alginate film, prepared with various compositions of CaCl2 and Nanoclay compounds using casting method.

Read More...

India is one of the leading developing countries in the world community today. But, the main obstacle it is facing is its large population and mass transportation. One of the most important aspects where our country is concentrating to work on, for its development is mass transportation. Mass transportation plays a vital role as we always have to think about moving of a large population in very denser area. That's why our Government is planning to implement the new technologies in mass public transportation. There are many new technologies in mass transportation such as Metro rail, Mono Rail, Underground railway, Sky bus Technology, Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) etc. In this seminar, we aim to explore Sky Bus Technology.

Read More...

This yet embryonic technology sobriquet as E-ball technology is the most prodigious research artifact imminent in the arena of personal computers (PC). The E-Ball concept PC, a sphere-shaped computer avowal to deliver the smallest physical design among all the hitherto extant laptops and desktops. This work of genius consists all the features pertaining to conventional computer elements like keyboard, mouse, DVD, large screen display but the line of attack incorporated by E-ball technology PC for integrating these elements is impeccable which outweighs the services offered by traditional systems. E-Ball PC magnanimously boasts a petite 6 inch diameter sphere and a seamless 120x120mm motherboard. E-Ball is premeditated to be positioned on two stands, which open simultaneously using buttons located on each side. After opening the stand and switching on the PC, a detachable optical mouse and laser keyboard can be activated and put into use to experience this flummoxing technical revolution which has revolutionized the landscape of Personal Computers.

Read More...

A low-cost very large scale integration (VLSI) implementation of real-time correction of barrel distortion for video- endoscopic images is presented in this paper. The correcting mathematical model is based on least-squares estimation. To decrease the computing complexity, we use an odd-order polynomial to approximate the back-mapping expansion polynomial. By algebraic transformation, the approximated polynomial becomes a monomial form which can be solved by Hornor's algorithm. With the iterative characteristic of Hornor's algorithm, the hardware cost and memory requirement can be conserved by time multiplexed design. In addition, a simplified architecture of the linear interpolation is used to reduce more computing resource and silicon area. The VLSI architecture of this paper contains 13.9-K gates by using a 0.18 μm CMOS process. Compared with some existing distortion correction techniques, this paper reduces at least 69% hardware cost and 75% memory requirement.

Read More...

This paper aims at implementing mandatory helmet protection system for two wheeler vehicles and an inbuilt sobriety test system in the helmet which allows us to test the alcohol content in the driver. We aim at inhibiting the driver to start the bike without helmet or with alcohol being tested positive. Also in this paper work is done to implement easy way of detecting the blockage in the air filter at the exhaust without the need for emission test and notifying the driver about cleaning the filter. So we try to achieve strict following of traffic rules and saving fuel and control of air pollution can be achieved.

Read More...

The power line communication technology is now considered as a good alternative for the implementing communication network. Digital networks can be established using the same set of wires that is use to distribute the power signal through the power-line channel(PLC) because power line networks are excellent infrastructure for broadband data transmission however various noise exist due to stochastic change in the network load impedance. This paper is an attempt to identify different type of noise in PLC channel and investigate the performance of indoor channel of PLC system. The noise seen in the power-line channel varies with frequency, time and from line to line .in this paper we classify different type of noises its characteristics and the process to remove it from power line channel.

Read More...

IEEE 1149.1/1149.6 (JTAG) Verification IP provides a smart way to verify the IEEE 1149.1/1149.6 (JTAG) component of a SOC or an ASIC. The SmartDV's JTAG Verification IP works in a highly randomized manner to generate wide range of scenarios for effective verification of DUT(device under test).JTAG VIP includes an extensive test suite covering most of the possible scenarios and detection of protocol violation using an effective protocol-checker. IEEE 1149.1/1149.6 (JTAG) VIP is supported natively in System Verilog, VMM, RVM, AVM, OVM, UVM, Verilog, SystemC, VERA, Specman E and non-standard verification environment.

Read More...

The solar thermal structure yields thermal power from the heat of the sun. The vital working principle is the thermal collectors must reach a temperature higher than the object to be warmed for the system to operate with a positive energy gain. There are many types of solar energy; probably the most general is the photovoltaic energy which is based on electrical energy production by photovoltaic panels. But there are other ways to obtain electrical energy from sunlight with perhaps better results. Solar thermal power involves none of the polluting emissions or environmental safety concerns associated with conventional generation technologies. There is no pollution in the form of exhaust fumes or noise during operation. Solar-thermal power stations have several advantages over solar-photovoltaic projects. They are typically built on a much larger scale, and historically their costs have been much lower. Compared with other renewable sources of energy, they are probably best able to match a utility's electrical load, says Nathaniel Bullard of New Energy Finance, a research firm. There are many other uses for solar thermal technology. These include refrigeration, air conditioning, solar stills and desalination of salt water and more. More information on these technologies is available in the relevant texts given in the reference section at the end of this fact sheet.

Read More...

OCR is abbreviated as Optical Character Recognition. Optical Character recognition is a process of recognition of different characters (printed or handwritten) from a digital image of documents. In OCR technique, characters can be recognized through optical mechanism. Various combinations of lines & curves make the characters. Characters recognition ability of human beings is very high. They can recognize all characters accurately. But same task is very difficult by OCR system. The wide usage of touch-screen based mobile devices has led to a large volume of the users preferring touch-based interaction with the machine, as opposed to traditional input via keyboards/mice. To exploit this, we focus on the Android platform to design a personalized handwriting recognition system that is acceptably fast, light-weight, possessing a user-friendly interface with minimally-intrusive correction and auto-personalization mechanisms.

Read More...

Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) process is leading in the development in arc welding process which is higher productivity and good in quality .The shielding gas is used in GMA welding to protect the finished weld from the effects of oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere. The shielding gas can influence the weld strength, ductility, and toughness and corrosion resistance. The GMA welding parameters are the most important factors affecting the quality, productivity and cost of welding. In this study, the effects of different parameters on welding strength and hardness will be predicted. A plan of experiments based on Taguchi technique has been used to acquire the data.

Read More...

Adaptive Signal Processing has been playing a key role confining itself not just to the field of communications but also had spread into the fields of embedded systems, biological instruments, astronomy, image processing and many other fields. Adaptive filters are slowly replacing traditional filters in many areas. The development of new techniques and trends of adaptation algorithms has provided us with a broader sense of understanding the adaptation phenomena. In this paper some basic algorithms such as Least-Mean-Squares, Leaky-LMS, Normalized-LMS, and Recursive-Least-Squares algorithms have been studied and the convergence of these algorithms has been studied. The study convergence of the algorithms gives us a better picture of how fast the algorithms converge to optimum values. This is an issue of consideration in real-time signal processing as the signal processor implementing these kinds of algorithms has to be converging fast enough to the optimum values to save time and memory.

Read More...