Nutrition science has changed a lot—from offering general diet advice for everyone to now focusing on diets that are personalized based on a person's genes, body functions, and physical traits. This review looks at the growing field of nutrigenomics, which studies how nutrients interact with our genes, and how this knowledge can be used in personalized nutrition. The way diet therapy is used is now influenced by areas like genomics (study of genes), epigenetics (how behavior and environment affect gene expression), transcriptomics (study of RNA), and microbiome science (study of gut bacteria). These fields help create more specific and effective ways to prevent and manage long-term diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and heart disease. By combining high-tech “omics” tools (like genomics, proteomics, metabolomics) with computer-based data analysis and medical tools, personalized nutrition is becoming a part of a new healthcare model known as P4 medicine—which is predictive, preventive, personalized, and participatory. This review brings together current research, explains how genes and diets affect each other, highlights the latest methods being used in the field, and discusses the future possibilities and challenges in using nutrigenomics in both medical treatment and public health programs.

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A major factor in the nation's development is the advancement of its infrastructure. In a developing nation like India, road transport plays a significant role in economic progress. There are numerous advantages to building roads for every area of the economy. Building new highways is a key indicator of the nation's progress. The most important function in the construction sector is project management. For any construction project to be completed on schedule and within budget, appropriate scheduling is necessary. Construction projects can reduce and control delays with the use of pre-planning and scheduling. The construction sector wastes a significant amount of time, money, and resources every year as a result of poor scheduling and planning. Construction projects have grown in size and complexity as a result of globalisation. With the use of project planning software, the massive amount of paperwork involved in preparing such a project can be decreased. With adequate planning, a project can automatically attain the target outcome with a sufficient flow of resources. Due to a variety of variables, the majority of construction projects have time and expense overruns. A technique for evaluating project performance that originated in industrial engineering and was modified for use in project management is called earned value management, or EVM. Earned value analysis highlights the need for future corrective action by providing early indicators of project performance.

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Today the population of the world is increasing continuously and with the increasing population there is a need to increase the production of food. Because if the population keeps increasing and the production decreases then it will become a big problem. Scientists are bringing new technologies in the field of agriculture so that production can be increased in the field of agriculture. Speed breeding is one such technology where the growth of the plant is increased in a very short time and production is also increased in a very short time. This technique has been done on only a few plants and research is still going on on it. According to the speed breeding technique if wheat, gram, barley, paddy are given grow light for 22 hours and the light is kept off for 2 hours then their production increases.

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Box culverts and box-type bridges play a pivotal role in transportation infrastructure by enabling uninterrupted water flow beneath road and railway embankments while supporting traffic loads. Their structural design must account for a variety of complex loading conditions, including earth pressure, traffic-induced live loads, and water surcharge. Over the years, numerous studies have analyzed these structures using both traditional manual methods and modern software tools like STAAD Pro, focusing on optimizing parameters such as span, shape, material use, and load dispersion to ensure safety and cost-effectiveness. Despite the extensive research in this domain, a significant gap remains in understanding the impact of varying cushion depth—the layer of material provided above the top slab—on the structural performance of box culverts and bridges. Cushion depth plays a crucial role in distributing loads, reducing stress concentrations, and influencing the overall behavior of these monolithic structures under service conditions. Surprisingly, this parameter has received limited attention in existing literature. This review aims to consolidate and critically assess previous works on the design and analysis of box culverts and box-type bridges, with a special focus on highlighting the overlooked influence of cushion depth. By identifying this gap, the paper advocates for future research that systematically investigates the role of cushion variation in enhancing structural performance and durability, ultimately contributing to more resilient and efficient infrastructure design.

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With increasing global freshwater scarcity, water desalination has become essential for sustainable water supply. This review provides a concise comparison of conventional and emerging desalination technologies, focusing on energy efficiency, cost, and environmental impact. Traditional methods like Multi-Stage Flash (MSF), Multi-Effect Distillation (MED), and Reverse Osmosis (RO) are evaluated for their reliability and scale, while newer approaches—Electrodialysis (ED), Vapor Compression (VC), Humidification-Dehumidification (HDH), and Solar Desalination—are examined for their potential in low-energy and decentralized applications. The review highlights the growing integration of renewable energy sources, especially solar, in desalination systems and discusses the role of hybrid configurations for enhanced performance. Environmental concerns such as brine disposal and carbon emissions are addressed alongside economic factors like operational cost and water production rate. Findings suggest that technology selection should be site-specific, balancing water quality, energy availability, and sustainability goals. This study serves as a practical guide for future development in efficient and eco-friendly desalination strategies.

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