This paper presents an extensive structure for IoT security, introducing a four-layered reference model that addresses the unique vulnerabilities at each layer of IoT architecture. The model comprises a customized set of privacy and security rules created especially for safeguarding IoT assets in a variety of applications. Also, a four-phase methodology is implemented focused on improving IoT security based on Security Level Certificates that provide and evaluate the necessary security measures for various IoT devices and networks. These phases cover significant stages from the initial device identification till decommissioning, offering a framework for both proactive and adaptive security measures. Key technologies which support these Endorsements are also examined, that involves blockchain, artificial intelligence, and lightweight cryptographic protocols. This study suggests by reviewing assessment criteria and future challenges, likewise changing risks like quantum data processing and legal constraints. A flexible and scalable security foundation is offered by this precise and layered approach, which is essential for protecting the growing IoT ecosystem.

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Adsorption is one of the most commonly and effectively used operation for treatment of Industrial wastewater. The conventional flow sheet for treatment Industrial waste water treatment used by most of the industrial units includes primary treatment, followed by secondary and tertiary treatments. During primary treatment, viz. Neutralization of the wastewater, the salt concentration increases substantially and salts in high concentration inhibit biological activity in the subsequent stages and may cause an increase in non-settleable suspended solids in the treated wastewater. Hence, an alternative flow sheet is proposed, wherein adsorption with low-cost adsorbent – Lignite could be employed prior to the conventional primary treatment for increasing efficiency of the biological treatment. Experiments have been performed with adsorbents – Activated Carbon & Lignite on Acidic and Neutralized streams of effluent samples from H acid dye Unit. The results obtained are highly motivating as the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) reduction is found to be much better in this modified route for the both adsorbents. Further, the exhaustive experimental data has been obtained and the tabulated results are extremely optimistic and suggest that the proposed flowsheet gives better results in less time. Therefore, it can be concluded that changing the conventional flowsheet to the proposed modified flowsheet will lead to increased capacity of the existing waste water treatment facility. Further, adsorbents – Lignite also gives comparable adsorption capacity in comparison to activated carbon. Lignite being the cheapest adsorbent in comparison to Activated Carbon, it is expected to be highly cost-effective proposal. Thus, Lignite can be replaced by Activated Carbon and conventional effluent treatment flowsheet can be modified to have increased output and double cost benefits.

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The growing integration of renewable energy sources into the power grid has accelerated the demand for efficient and high-quality power conversion systems. Multilevel inverters, particularly the Cascaded H-Bridge (CHB) topology, have emerged as a powerful solution to address these requirements due to their ability to produce high-quality voltage waveforms with reduced harmonic content. This paper presents the design and simulation of a grid-connected 5-level CHB multilevel inverter aimed at enhancing power quality while optimizing switching efficiency. The system is developed and analyzed using MATLAB/Simulink, with emphasis on harmonic distortion minimization, phase synchronization, and waveform accuracy. A phase-shifted pulse width modulation (PSPWM) technique is employed to control the switching of the inverter modules, ensuring effective voltage synthesis with minimal stress on power devices. Simulation results confirm the successful operation of the inverter with Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) well within IEEE-519 limits, validating its suitability for medium-voltage grid-tied applications. The study provides insights into the operational behavior of CHB inverters and highlights their potential for scalable and modular energy conversion in future smart grid infrastructures.

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Medical services information is pivotal and touchy because it contains data about a patient's prescription medical history, therapies alongside activities. This in-line is every now and again divided between various partners of the framework. As patients' data is fundamental, consequently, it should be kept precise, exceptional, secret, and accessible just to the people who are approved to access the predefined data. Incorporated frameworks are usually used to keep up with medical services records which expands the security risk. Thusly, this study focuses on safeguarding the protection and security of sensitive medical care records while sharing them across various medical services members. In this work, we favorable to represented a protection safeguarding access control structure in view of blockchain innovation that utilizes agreement driven decentralized information the executives on top of shared dispersed figuring stages to guarantee the security, security, openness, and trustworthiness of medical care information. Blockchain innovation assists with shielding exchanges from control because of its irreversibility and unchanging nature highlights. Besides, we thoroughly examine the blockchain- empowered security necessities by including patients, specialists, scientific experts, and pathology labs as elements of the framework that can share data through a legitimate channel. We have assessed our supportive of presented structure utilizing Laravel Texture and found that the created system uncovers promising bene-fits in security, guideline consistence, unwavering quality, flexi-ability, and exactness.

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This paper presents the design and analysis of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG)-based Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) with emphasis on grid integration and reliability enhancement. The proposed system consists of a wind turbine, PMSG, back-to-back converters, maximum power point tracking (MPPT), phase-locked loop (PLL) synchronization, and an LCL filter for power quality improvement. A Perturb and Observe (P&O) algorithm is employed to maximize power extraction under variable wind conditions, while the Grid-Side Converter (GSC) is controlled through dq-axis decoupled current regulation to maintain DC-link voltage and ensure grid code compliance. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink demonstrate stable operation with high efficiency, low harmonic distortion within IEEE 519 standards, and improved fault ride-through (FRT) performance. The system maintains reliable synchronization, provides reactive power support during disturbances, and ensures consistent active power delivery to the grid. These results confirm the suitability of PMSG-based WECS for modern grid integration with improved efficiency and resilience.

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The construction industry's reliance on Portland cement has resulted in significant environmental challenges, necessitating the development of sustainable alternatives through industrial waste valorization. This study investigates the systematic optimization of concrete compressive strength using fly ash, silica fume, and rice husk ash as partial cement replacements through Taguchi methodology. An L9 orthogonal array experimental design was employed to evaluate the effects of binder combinations, concrete grades (M20, M25, M30), and aggregate proportions on compressive strength performance. Two experimental sets were conducted with varying industrial waste proportions to determine optimal parameter combinations. The results demonstrate that concrete grade contributes 78.4% and 70.2% to strength variation in Sets 1 and 2 respectively, while binder type contributes 12.8% and 18.2%. The optimal combinations achieved predicted compressive strengths of 50.96 N/mm² (Set 1) and 49.61 N/mm² (Set 2), representing significant improvements over control concrete. Statistical analysis using ANOVA confirmed model reliability with R² values of 97.4% and 97.2%. The findings provide a systematic framework for sustainable concrete production using industrial waste materials while maintaining superior performance characteristics.

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