Transportation planning involves a four step planning process in which trip generation plays a vital role. The most common method of analyzing trips generated is to utilize a travel demand model that considers socio economic factors based on anticipated land use, household and employment changes. This project estimates the trip generations and choice of transport modes in the study area. The current travel trends are analyzed by conducting Home Interview Survey in the study area. Numbers of trips made in the study area in terms of trip purpose, mode of travel, travel time were analyzed. Based on these data, statistical models were developed by considering population, employment, socio economic characteristics. For the present population and employment, the travel characteristics are estimated from the travel demand model.

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the basic (k, n)-threshold visual cryptography (VC) scheme is to share a secret image with n participants. The secret image can be recovered while stacking k or more shares obtained; but we will get nothing if there are less than k pieces of shares being overlapped. On the contrary, progressive VC can be utilized to recover the secret image gradually by superimposing more and more shares. If we only have a few pieces of shares, we could get an outline of the secret image; by increasing the number of the shares being stacked, the details of the hidden information can be revealed progressively. In this paper, we proposed a brand new sharing scheme of progressive VC to produce pixel- unexpanded shares. In our research, the possibility for either black or white pixels of the secret image to appear as black pixels on the shares is the same, which approximates to 1/n. Therefore, no one can obtain any hidden information from a single share, hence ensures the security. When superimposing k (sheets of share), the possibility for the white pixels being stacked into black pixels remains 1/n, while the possibility rises to k/n for the black pixels, which sharpens the contrast of the stacked image and the hidden information, therefore, become more and more obvious. After superimposing all of the shares, the contrast rises to (n − 1)/n which is apparently better than the traditional ways that can only obtain 50% of contrast.

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the use of cloud computing has increased rapidly in many organizations. Cloud computing provides many benefits in terms of low cost and accessibility of data. Ensuring the security of cloud computing is a major factor in the cloud computing environment, as users often store sensitive information with cloud storage providers but these providers may be untrusted. Dealing with "single cloud" providers is predicted to become less popular with customers due to risks of service availability failure and the possibility of malicious insiders in the single cloud. A movement towards "multi-clouds", or in other words, "interclouds" or "cloud-of-clouds" has emerged recently. This paper surveys recent research related to single and multi-cloud security and addresses possible solutions. It is found that the research into the use of multi-cloud providers to maintain security has received less attention from the research community than has the use of single clouds. This work aims to promote the use of multi-clouds due to its ability to reduce security risks that affect the cloud computing user.

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Solar Power Management is a project based on automatically switching of the battery to the load and to the solar panel. Most of the previous work in this field is based on the charging of battery with solar panel but the difficulties is faced during that process is a manual operation is required to check and change the battery status. Thus manual help is required to do all this work. Solar Power Management is the project in which the controller automatically checks the status and switches the battery having highest voltage to the load and the battery having lowest voltage to the solar panel for charging. In this project we also display the voltage status of four batteries and also the voltage status of solar panel on Liquid Crystal Display (LCD). LCD also displays the number position of the battery which is connected to the load and solar panel. In this project an attempt is made to use a PIC controller which is an advance version of microcontroller with the help of this a program is made for the appropriate switching of the battery in desired condition. Thus by this dissertation we try to do the efficient management of solar power

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Lung cancer is acknowledged to be the fundamental driver of disease passing worldwide, and it is difficult to detect in its early stages because symptoms appear only in the advanced stages causing the mortality rate to be the highest among all other types of cancer. The early detection of cancer can be helpful in curing disease completely. This study paper summarizes various reviews and technical articles on Lung cancer detection using the data mining techniques to enhance the Lung cancer diagnosis and prognosis. The present work deals with the attempt to detect lung cancer at early stage based on the analysis of sputum color images The recognition of lung tumor from sputum images is a testing issue because of both the structure of the disease cells and the stained strategy which are utilized in the definition of the sputum units., This survey paper includes the survey of different techniques such as threshold classifier, a Bayesian classification and Hopfield Neural Network and Fuzzy C-mean

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to get the higher speed, low power dissipation and higher packing density MOS integrated circuits, the dimensions of MOSFETs have continued to shrink, which is done by scaling. With the scaling of MOSFETs into deep-sub micrometer regime, non-ideal effect is becoming a resurgent hot topic in the reliability community. One of the non-ideal effects is the expected increase in threshold voltage variation due to worsening short channel effect. In this paper we analyzed the role of substrate (the body effect) on the threshold voltage. The variation in MOSFET threshold voltage will affect the dynamic, static characteristics and or the short-channel effect (SCE). The most important parameters of a MOSFET are its channel length, the distance between the source and drain. It has been recognized that short-channel MOSFETs offer both speed and density advantages over their long-channel counterparts. In a given generation of technology, however, there is a minimum channel length below which the gate starts to lose control of the MOSFET current. The short channel prevention circuit uses physically meaningful parameters provides an easy way for technology benchmarking and performance projection

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now a day’s machining is done through various automated machines. One of the widely used machines is CNC. Even though the automated machines are used, the quality of the work is determined by parameters used. The cutting parameters of the CNC machine determine the productivity, surface finish, machining time and other qualities of the product. This study involves the optimization of those cutting parameters. In order to get optimized CNC parameters for a specific tool-work combination, Firefly Algorithm (FA) is used to compute the best parameters based on the experiments conducted on a CNC Turning center. The three cutting parameters are cutting speed (V), feed (f), and depth of cut (d). The practical constraints have been considered during both practical and experimental approaches. The result reveals that FA is very well suited in solving parameters selection problems.

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There are various types of caches. Cache components include data and instruction caches. There are various types of cache attacks also. In hardware cache attacks are performed using cache hit and miss, power traces, Monitoring memory of cache activity. In software caches attack are performed when derive secret key use in Cryptographic operation through legitimate. Cache attacks are reducing performance and also leakage information of virtual machine. In this paper we have presented variants of architecture which stop cache based side channel attacks.

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Reliable transport protocols such as TCP are tuned to perform well in traditional networks where packet losses occur mostly because of congestion .TCP responds to all losses by invoking congestion control and avoidance algorithms, resulting in degraded end-to-end performance in systems. In this paper, we analyze and compare the different congestion control and avoidance mechanisms by Network Simulator 2 (NS2 )which have been proposed for TCP/IP protocols, namely :TCP Reno, New-Reno, and TCP FACK implement different graphs of link capacity, throughput , packet loss rate , average queue ,no of packet dropped ,RTTP time and observe that which TCP protocol give the best result.

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In this research the vital signs (blood pressure, heart rate, electrocardiogram, spo2) are measured. The systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure are measured. The method improved by the approaches is superior to conventional Oscillometric method. In this project the digital blood pressure meter will be implemented on FPGA XC3S1000 using HDL language. The other components will be used for the project are BLDC Motor, Cuff Belt, Pressure Sensor, Filter, AD7450. The curve fitting software module will be developed to get the output of this definition. The output will be displayed on computer. Xilinx ISE 14.6 design suite software will be used for this project.

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According to the analysis of the definition and basic characteristics of digital watermarking technology, the system model of digital watermarking is given. The system consists of two modules which are watermark embedding module and watermark detection and extraction module. The experiment result shows that the digital watermark is non-perceptible; the watermark information can be extracted even if it has been attacked, and the expected effect can be achieved. This technique is most useful for copyright protection of digital images.

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The need for calculation of Available transfer Capability (ATC) is very much important in deregulated power system environment as correct estimation of ATC yields economically efficient operation of the restructured power system. Assessment of Available Transfer Capability (ATC) and to display it on Open Access Same-time Information System (OASIS) is of great importance for the secured operation of the power network. This work describes the evaluation of ATC using AC Load flow method. The results are tested on 6-bus system using MATLAB programming.

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the objective is to construct a lightweight Intrusion Detection System (IDS) aimed at detecting anomalies in networks. The crucial part of building lightweight IDS depends on preprocessing of network data, identifying important features and in the design of efficient learning algorithm that classify normal and anomalous patterns. The design of IDS is investigated from these three perspectives. The goals are (i) removing redundant instances that causes the learning algorithm to be unbiased (ii) identifying suitable subset of features by employing a wrapper based feature selection algorithm (iii) realizing proposed IDS with neurotree to achieve better detection accuracy. The lightweight IDS has been developed by using a wrapper based feature selection algorithm that maximizes the specificity and sensitivity of the IDS as well as by employing a neural ensemble decision tree iterative procedure to evolve optimal features. An extensive experimental evaluation of the proposed approach with a family of six decision tree classifiers namely Decision Stump, C4.5, Naive Bayes` Tree, Random Forest, Random Tree and Representative Tree model to perform the detection of anomalous network pattern has been introduced[1].

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The modern generation VANET systems are denser and it supposed to handle high traffic rate as well as frequent interruption in connection. Power and bandwidth should be utilized efficiently. At the same time, the VANET nodes must be simple, cheap, smaller in size and efficient enough to handle traffic. In VANET environment, the quality of received signal level degrades due to path-loss and shadowing effects from various obstacles in propagation path. Flooding mechanism in VANET unconditionally floods data packets in all the directions which again harm network in terms of bandwidth wastage, collision, energy consumption. To improve reliability of communication Effect of flooding can be suppressed by eliminating or dropping certain nodes. In VANET system Vehicles need to communicate with the other node, for that node continuously sending RTS-CTS signals. As if number of signals increases, there is high probability of collision. Collision damages data packets .so it requires retransmission, this paper presents different routing protocols and approaches through which overhead can be reduced.

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The paper presents design procedures and simulated results of rectangular and cylindrical conjugate matched feed. The rectangular conjugate matched feed contains higher order TE11 mode in addition with dominant TE10 mode. The TE11 mode is generated by inserting a single metallic post. The cylindrical conjugate matched feed contains higher order TE21 and TM11 modes in addition with dominant TE11 mode. The TE21 mode is generated by inserting a three metallic posts 120 degree apart and the TM11 mode is generated by taper discontinuity. The radiation and transmission characteristics of both the conjugate matched feeds are optimized and presented. In rectangular conjugate matched feed, around 26 dB improvement in cross-polar component has been achieved as compare to conventional rectangular feed. In cylindrical conjugate matched feed, 28 to 35. DB improvement in the cross-polar component has been achieved as compare to conventional cylindrical feed by varying post length from 4.5 to 6.5 mm. The behavior of cross-polar component over frequency range 9.7 to 10.3 GHz has been studied.

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A study was performed to determine the index properties, unconfined compressive strength, compressibility and permeability characteristics of the lead contaminated soil. Lead added to the natural soil in different concentrations such as 500ppm, 1000ppm and 2000ppm. Contamination is carried out by saturating the soil sample in Lead nitrate solutions for varying contamination periods such as 7, 14 and 28 days. UCS tests were conducted on these samples. The results showed pronounced changes in the index properties of the lead contaminated soil and gain in strength varies linearly till 1000ppm and after reaching the point, the strength starts to decline. Enhanced compressibility and permeability characteristics were observed for the lead contaminated soil. Correlations for unconfined strength as functions of contamination period and contamination concentration was established and discussed.

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The OFDM technology has been extensively used in many radio communication technologies. For example, OFDM is the core technology applied in Wi-Fi, WiMAX and LTE. Its main advantages include high bandwidth utilization, strong noise immunity and the capability to resist frequency selective fading. However, OFDM technology is not only applied in the field of radio communication, but has also been developed greatly in acoustic communication, namely the so called acoustic OFDM. Thanks to the acoustic OFDM technology, the information can be embedded in audio and then transmitted so that the receiver can obtain the required information through certain demodulation mechanisms without severely affecting the audio quality. This paper mainly discusses how to embed and transmit information in audio by making use of acoustic OFDM. Based on the theoretical systematic structure, it also designs a simulation system and a measurement system respectively. In these two systems, channel coding, manners of modulation and demodulation, timing synchronization and parameters of the functional components are configured in the most reasonable way in order to achieve relatively strong stability and robustness of the system. Moreover, power control and the compatibility between audio and OFDM signals are also explained and analyzed in this paper. Based on the experimental results, the author analyzes the performance of the system and the factors that affect the performance of the system, such as the type of audio, audio output level and so on. According to this analysis, it is proved that the simulation system can work steadily in any audio of wav format and transmit information correctly. However, due to the limitations of the receiver and sender devices, the measurement system is unstable to a certain degree. Finally, this paper draws conclusions of the research results and points out unsolved problems in the experiments. Eventually, some expectations for this research orientation are stated and relevant suggestions are proposed.

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Number of cryptosystems has been proposed in recent years that are based on chaotic maps. Nisha Khushwah in 2013 proposed an improved symmetric encryption scheme using one dimensional chaotic map in order to obtain chaotic sequences with better cryptographic features. In this proposed system for encryption/decryption the two different chaotic maps are used with a 128 bit external key. Based on the simulation result, more secure cryptosystem is proposed. As two chaotic maps, one skew tent and one logistic map are used in order to obtain chaotic sequences with better cryptographic features.

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Fly ash is an expensive replacement of Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) used in concrete, while it improves fresh and hardened properties of the concrete. Fly ash, a byproduct from coal burning in thermal power stations is currently disposed of in landfills. It is essential that the utilization of fly ash in useful applications should increase dramatically to reduce the use of land for waste disposal. This paper presents the experimental investigation on the mechanical properties of high volume fly ash concrete. Portland cement was replaced with 50% fly ash. Compressive strength and flexural strength of fly ash concrete were experimentally found out and compared with ordinary concrete. Two different superplasticisers were used to cast the specimens. The investigation revealed that the compressive strength and flexural strength of fly ash concrete specimens are comparable to that of ordinary concrete specimens.

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Routing in Wireless Ad-hoc networks is one of the main technical challenges due to the dynamic behavior of these networks [1]. A routing protocol is needed whenever a packet needs to be transmitted to a destination via number of nodes and numerous routing protocols have been proposed for such kind of ad hoc networks. Our Main objective in this paper is to develop Energy Efficient Power Aware Multipath Dynamic Source Routing based on DSR [2]. We analyze Minimum Battery Cost Routing (MBCR) to minimize the path battery cost so as to maximize the total remaining battery capacity. The cost function f in MBCR is defined such that the lower the remaining battery capacity c of a node i, the more reluctant the node is to receive and forward a packet. In this paper we proposed a new route discovery algorithm that considers the remaining energy for each node and uses a cost function to choose the best power saving route. And a new route maintenance algorithm that deals with the broken routes due to the nodal energy depletion and node mobility.

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Substation grounding is a critical part of the overall electric power system. It is designed to not only provide a path to dissipate electric currents into the earth without exceeding the operating limits of the equipment, but also provide a safe environment for any people that are in the vicinity. Design of a proper grounding system will be discussed as well as performing of calculations necessary to ensure a safe design. Aspects of soil resistivity measurements, area of the ground grid, calculation of tolerable limits of current to the body, typical shock situations, tolerable touch and step voltages, maximum fault current grid resistance, grid current, ground potential rise, and benefits of surface materials will be discussed. Simulation software will also be discussed and its functionality in a step-by-step manner. An adequate grounding grid has been designed using concepts outlined in IEEE Std.80-2000 and applied into programming and simulating results in MATLAB.

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Blood pressure (BP), sometimes referred to as arterial blood pressure, is the pressure exerted by circulating blood upon the walls of blood vessels, and is one of the principal vital signs. During each heartbeat, blood pressure varies between a maximum (systolic) and a minimum (diastolic) pressure. The blood pressure in the circulation is principally due to the pumping action of the heart. Blood pressure varies in healthy people and animals, but its variation is under control by the nervous and endocrine systems. Both have many causes and can range from mild to severe. So that we are using Universal Asynchronous Receiver And Transmitter Protocol (UART Protocol) & Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI Protocol) with Master ADC in the Blood Pressure Meter.

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Lining of any water structure is prepared to reduce seepage losses from the structure. Geosynthetics are provided to prevent losses as a lining material in various forms. Geosynthetics are manmade woven materials like textile material. This paper gives an introduction of geosynthetics as a lining material, where some common types of lining material is not much effective. This paper reviews various types of geosynthetics materials and their properties and applications at various fields. Here, three basic types of Geomembranes are compared HDPE, LDPE AND Polyolefin.

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Beam forming is an array signal processing which increases signal to interference-noise ratio (SINR) by mitigating co-channel interferences present in wireless mobile cellular system. In this paper presents importance of beam forming technique for next generation broadband wireless mobile systems. Beam forming is a powerful means of increasing capacity, data rates and coverage of the cellular system. In beam forming technique, Delay of sum, Minimum variance distortion less response (MVDR) and Generalized Side lobe Canceller are presented. In this paper LMS algorithm can be applied to MVDR application. This is called LMS-MVDR has the capability of interference nulling. The amplitude response of LMS-MVDR will suppress the interfered signal and have the target amplitude held at 0db.Moreover, the amplitude response can be improved by increasing the number of Iterations(snapshot),Increasing the interference to target signal ratio, The spatial power spectrum MVDR shows the power incoming signals but it tries to maximize the interference signal instead of suppressing .The drawback is the target signal can be overpowered by the interference in the MVDR power spectrum.

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An Electrocardiogram (ECG) describes the electrical activity of the heart recorded by electrodes placed on the body surface. ECG is a non-linear, non-stationary signal. Electrocardiogram is an important electrical activity as it is used for the primary diagnosis of heart abnormalities like the myocardial infarction, conduction defects, and arrhythmia. But real ECG signal is often contaminated by different noises. For the purpose of quality diagnosis, the ECG signal must be clearly de-noised to remove all noises. This paper presents a method for De-noising the noisy real ECG signal using wavelet transform. Different ECG signals from MIT/BIH arrhythmia database are used with added Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) which is common in ECG signal and effect on all frequency signals. The results were evaluated using MATLAB software. De-noised ECG signal is compared with original signal using Mean Square Error (MSE) and Signal to Noise ratio (SNR). MSE and SNR improvements for different noise coverage were calculated and compared for different filtering method from db4-db10 wavelet transform method.

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