Expansive soils are found in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world and are in abundance where the annual evaporation exceeds the precipitation. Expansive soils experience large volume changes on exposure to climates with alternate wet and dry seasons. These soils shrink on drying with accompanied cracking. If rewetted subsequent to drying, swelling occurs with enclosure of fissures. Expansive soils exhibits high plasticity characteristics, low strength properties and high swell shrink characteristics. The alternate swell shrink seasons cause distress to the structure or the pavement constructed on them. Maintenance and repair cost of the distressed structure or pavement may be quite high. New methods continue to be researched to increase the strength properties and to reduce the swell behavior of expansive soils. Many researchers have tried new stabilizers like natural fabricated and byproduct materials, gels, polymers, silica fumes etc. and there use as stabilizers for the modification of clayey soils and from literature available the results are encouraging. Hence, in this present work, lime and other additives such as NaCl, NaOH and Mine Tailings has been used to stabilize expansive black cotton soils.

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Image fusion means the combining of two images into a single image that has the maximum information content without producing details that are non-existent in the given images. Medical Image fusion techniques can improve the quality of Image. Many techniques are available for image fusion. This paper presents review on some of image fusion methods based on both spatial and transform domains with their advantages and disadvantages. Here , also include various measurement like Peak Signal to Noise Ratio(PSNR), Entropy, Normalized Cross Correlation (NCC) which evaluated performance of the fused image.

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The instructional strategy or pedagogy of science has always remained at the centre of academic debate among educationists, psychologists, and educational thinkers. The dominant ideologies in different times have influenced the science curriculum construction and its teaching - learning methodologies in their respective influence zone. Learning theories have played very influential roles in formulating the teaching - learning strategies across the globe. From behaviourist approach of learning to constructivist perspective of learning - the formulation of pedagogy has come a long way. This concept paper discusses Kolb's Experiential Learning Theory as an important theoretical underpinning of Science Teaching in the backdrop of constructivist perspective of learning and other contemporary learning theories.

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The Electronic Medical Records (EMR) is a set of application and workflow that digitizes the creation, collection, storage and management of patient information. The use of EMR enables physicians to do accurate and effective diagnosis. The interoperable EMR systems are becoming the top priority in the world. Acceleration in the use of electronic medical records may lead to an increase in personal health information theft, unauthorized access and illegal sale to third parties. In order to avert such a situation, the EMR data need to be right protected so that an unauthorized party might be sued in a court of law. The ownership rights protection of EMR dataset is possible through a well-known technique of watermarking. The challenges associated with watermarking EMR would be corrupt medical record that may lead to misdiagnoses and attacks for corrupting watermark. Thus a specialized model is proposed for ownership rights protection of EMR system with multivariate attributes having both numeric and non-numeric data using a usability constraint model and information preserving watermarking scheme. The watermarking process is modeled as a constrained optimization problem using particle swarm optimization (PSO).The decoding of watermark is done using a majority voting scheme.

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"Cloud" computing : It's a relatively recent term, which builds after Decades of research in virtualization, distributed computing, utility computing, and more recently networking, web and software services. It implies a service oriented architecture, Cloud computing is architecture for providing computing services via the internet on demand and pay per use access to a pool of shared resources namely networks, storage, servers, services and applications, without physically acquiring them. So it saves time while being 'cost effective' for organizations. Cloud computing is a completely internet dependent technology where client data is stored and maintained in the data centre of a cloud provider like Google, Amazon, Salesforce.com and Microsoft etc. It implies a service for architecture, reduced information technology overhead, oriented the end-user, great flexibility, reduced total cost of ownership, on-demand services and many other things based on readings of 'cloud computing'. This paper tries to address, related research topics, challenges ahead and possible applications.

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In investment casting process, many casting defects are occurred due to poor design of part with respect to manufacturability. Some defects cannot be eliminated by changes to tooling and process parameters. Now a day casting defects can be predicted by casting simulation and corrected by modification to part design using casting DFM (design for manufacture) guidelines. The importance of DFM and casting simulation in casting design is well established in casting industry. Sometimes Casting part design is analyses with respect to junctions and corner in casting part. Casing junctions, intersections of two or more sections leading to mass concentration, are potential location of gas porosity and cold shuts.

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Environmental and political impact for a sustainable development have encouraged the growth of electrical generation from renewable energies. A pressing demand for more electric power coupled with depleting natural resources has led to an increased need for energy production from renewable energy sources such as wind and solar. The latest technological advancements in wind energy conversion and an increased support from governmental and private institutions have led to increased wind power generation in recent years. Wind power is the fastest growing renewable source of electrical energy Wind power generation of electricity is seen as one of the most practical options and with better relation cost-benefit inside the energetic matrix now a days. Fuzzy based controller is designed to improve the source current in STATCOM. This study provides the results of a study conducted to assess the "Low Voltage Ride through Capability improvement of Fixed-speed induction generator using STATCOM" in a power system.

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This study presents the application of GALDIT method to evaluate the ground water vulnerability due to seawater intrusion in the Jodiya and Dhrol region of the saurashtra coast line. In 2001, Chachadi and Lobo-ferreria, developed the GALDIT method. Later in 2005, they modified the method specifically for coastal aquifers. Here the GALDIT index is used for the ground water vulnerability to sea water intrusion. The GALDIT index is based on four intrinsic hydro geological parameters, one spatial parameter and one boundary parameter. The parameters of GALDIT index are: ground water Occurrence (aquifer type), Aquifer hydraulic conductivity, High ground water level above the sea level, distance from the shore, impact of existing status of sea water intrusion in the area, and thickness of the aquifer GALDIT index is calculated after deciding the weightage, range and rate of each factor. The maps obtained using GALDIT method indicates that the aquifer system of Jodiya and Dhrol tehsil was low to medium vulnerable to seawater intrusion. GALDIT index of Jodiya tehsil villages were higher than Dhrol tehsil villages. Jodiya region is more vulnerable to seawater intrusion as compared to Dhrol region.

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The Rapti, originally Irawati and then corrupted as Ravati has its source in the outer ranges of Nepal. After traversing Bahraich, Gonda and Basti it enters Gorakhpur district between Talnatwa and Bersar and after forming the boundary for a few kilometres, flows in a south easterly direction. It again forms the boundary from Rigauli to Juinaraynpur village between Basti and Gorakhpur districts. Thereafter it moves southwards and traversing about 20 km. It turns towards east and touches Gorakhpur city and again takes a turn towards south-east. It then flows in an extremely tortuous course and flowing south-east.it then flows in an extreme south-east corner of tehsil Bansgaon. Rapti river has a confluence into Ghaghara river at Kaparwar ghat near Barhaj. Rapti river is joined by Ami river, which carries polluted water from industrial sources, at Sohgaura. So, it is worthwhile to assess the water quality of Rapti river and the impact of the discharge of polluted water of Ami river into it at Sohgaura into Gorakhpur district. For this purpose, the stretch of Rapti river from Gorakhpur to Kaparwar ghat were chosen for water quality assessment. Nine sampling stations were selected along Rapti river at Koliyan north (S1), Khadkhadwan (S2), Rajghat bridge (S3), Dangipar (S4), Kashihar (S5), Sahgaura (S6), Gajpur (S8), Kotha (S9) and Aswanpar (S10). In addition one sampling station was chosen at Jarlahi (S7) along Ami river whereas three sampling stations at Muktidham (S11), Kaparwar ghat (S12) and Barhaj (S13) were chosen along Ghaghara river. Monthly samples were taken from all the sampling stations and were analysed for pH, TDS, DO, BOD, COD, MPN, Turbidity, Hardness and Chloride. The data were analysed and based on inferences suitable recommendations are made. The outcome of the study is indicative and suggested in many ways and may help in formulating the action plan toward the cleaning of river and saving it from the fury of industrial pollution from the pollutant carried by Ami River into the Rapti River. The best way of managing the problem is to stick through the saying "let the river remain a river".

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We burn fossil fuels such as gas, coal or oil, through which carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere. In a natural carbon cycle, carbon dioxide is re-absorbed by plants and trees. However, we are burning fuels where the carbon dioxide has been trapped under the earth's surface for millions of years, and we're doing it so quickly that plants and trees that are alive now have no chance of soaking it up resulting adverse impacts on the atmosphere. The effect of all this extra carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is that the overall temperature of the planet is increasing (global warming). Whilst the average global temperature is increasing, on a day-to-day level the climate is changing in unpredictable ways (from floods and hurricanes to heat waves and droughts). To try and reduce the risk of ever more extreme weather, we need to reduce how much fossil fuel we are burning. In this paper I have discussed about global scenario of carbon emissions, different trends in top six largest emitting countries, other developing countries, comparison of carbon emissions in different countries, effects of carbon emission on snow melting, etc. and how the effects of carbon emission can be reduced.

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Deforestation includes conversion of forestland to farms, ranches or urban use. The loss of trees, which anchor the soil with their roots, causes widespread erosion throughout the tropics. Only minority of areas have good soils, which after clearing are quickly washed away by the heavy rains. Thus crop yields decline and the people spend income to import foreign fertilizers or clear additional forests. The fact of rapid deforestation has been one of the major concerns since last decade. In India, the forest cover of the country has been declining since last several years. The impact of these changes on Indian monsoon is still an open question. The influence of deforestation is modelled by the changes in the surface parameters such as land cover, land degradations, etc. Landslides occur as a consequence of various triggering factors. Rainfall is one such factor. But the human intervention like deforestation may cause the soil to lose its capacity and ultimately lead to landslides during heavy rainfall. Slope movements increase due to deforestation, as the roots provide some reinforcement and also remove groundwater. On the other hand, addition of vegetation to slopes can cause slope movement, because the vegetative mass increases the weight of the slope in terms of moisture content. Rapid deforestation and construction work in the hills are some of the reasons behind frequent floods and landslides. Landslides are a severe problem during the rainy season in many mountainous regions in Asia where forests have been cut so that mountain slopes are destabilized. Several areas of Uttarakhand are still cut from the country. Since the industrial age, about half of world’s original forests have been destroyed and millions of animals and living things have been endangered. Despite the improvements in education, information and general awareness of the importance of forests, deforestation has not reduced much, and there are still many more communities and individuals who still destroy lands for personal gains. In this paper there is summarization of forest land, forest cover, changes in forest cover and how deforestation is affecting to landslides and the extinction of species in brief.

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Using Internet has become a routine in our day to day life. Availability of Internet on mobile devices has made our life hassle free. From routine activities like paying utility bills to critical activities like banking transactions are all trouble-free and quick to perform now. As more and more people have started using Internet, the number of cyber crimes and cyber attacks has also increased. Attackers are using innovative techniques to target internet users and gain direct or indirect benefit on successful attack. One emerging form of attack which is gaining attention is Ransomware, where attacker gets exclusive access on victim's computer and/or files by installing malicious code and demands to pay money to regain access to computer/files. It is a malware available in various forms and distributed over Internet computers using varieties of infection mechanism. It is the most destructive malware as damage caused by it is mostly severe and unrecoverable. This paper describes various infection mechanisms used by attackers to commit Ransomware attack. The monetization of ransom is also discussed. It is next to impossible to find a safe way out, once we are victim of Ransomware attack. The best strategy is to take preventive measures so that we do not become a victim. This paper also suggests guidelines for safeguarding against such attacks.

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This Paper Presents an Effect of Process Parameters On mechanical and metallurgical properties of aluminium weld joints using Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW). We considered aluminium alloys which widely used in marine, aerospace, pipe industries etc. Aluminium alloys are light in weight comparably less density with better mechanical properties with mild steel. So we considered Aluminium alloys for study. Due to the affinity of aluminium for oxygen, it cannot successfully be arc welded in an air environment. If fusion welded in a normal atmosphere oxidisation readily occurs and this results in both slag inclusion and porosity in the weld, greatly reducing its strength. To overcome these problems one of the most common ways of welding aluminium has been to use the electric arc process whilst shielding the weld pool with an inert gas in Gas Metal Arc Welding process. we select AA-6063 Aluminium alloy for investigation. The variables that choose in this study are welding current and welding feed and Gas flow rate. The Ultimate Tensile strength, microstructure and hardness were measured for each specimen after the welding process and the effect of it was studied.

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Since past few years use of Wireless Sensor Network or Sensor Network has been increased and has been the wide and powerful research area compared to others. This review paper presents total review of wireless sensor network, its routing protocols, architecture of WSNs and applications. This review paper also describes the objectives, characteristics and challenges of WSNs. Due to the characteristics of sensor nodes and the working requirements of wireless sensor network, there have been many challenges in developing routing protocols. Clustering routing protocols satisfies these constraints and challenges to the greater extent and hence has become the most powerful area of research. This paper summarizes some of the approaches of clustering routing protocols.

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Flash floods are severe flood events triggered by extreme cloudbursts; glacial lake outbursts; or the failure of artificial dams or dams caused by landslides, debris, ice, or snow. Flash floods can have impacts hundreds of kilometers downstream, although the warning time available is counted in minutes or, at the most, hours. Flooding can boost to flash flooding in various places where intense rainfall results in a sudden surge of rising flood waters. Flash floods are also characterized by a sudden rise in water level with high velocities, and large amounts of debris. Most factors in flash flooding are the intensity and duration of rainfall and the steepness of watershed and stream gradients. Flash flooding occurs most commonly in steeply sloping valleys in hilly areas, but can also occur along small waterways in urban environments. Dam failure, release of ice jams, and collapse of debris dams also can cause flash floods. The damages caused by flash floods can be more dangerous than ordinary floods because of the speed with which flooding occurs, the high velocity of water, and the debris load.

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This paper presents the results of a laboratory study on high performance concrete prepared with sugar cane bagasse ash and silica fume. The parameters studied included compressive strength, flexural strength, and physical properties of sugar cane bagasse ash / cement concrete and corresponding pastes. The experimental results showed that the average compressive strength of concrete occurs 59.11 N/mm2 after 28 days replacement of cement with 20/10% bagasse ash and silica fume with a water-cement (w/c) ratio of 0.45 and average flexural strength occurs 5.37 N/mm2 after 28 days replacement of cement with 20/10% bagasse ash and silica fume.

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Snow avalanches pose a significant hazard to human populations and infrastructure in mountainous regions. Snow avalanches are the abruptly down slope movement of snow, ice, and associated debris such as rocks, and earth material. The forces generated by large avalanches can damage most man-made structures. Avalanche impacts in India, includes fatilities, is summarize for public and residential area like ski areas, roads, and resource industries. Avalanche hazard methods, in which zoning, explosive control, forecasting. Problems of current avalanche hazard is solving these problem is identified with resources industries, backcountry recreation and residential areas. Snow avalanches are a significant natural hazard that impact roads, structures and threaten human lives in mountain terrain.

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Nowadays, banking frauds like money laundering becomes more and more sophisticated. Money laundering is a process by which legally obtained funds are given the appearance of having been legally obtained. There are various techniques for detecting the different types of frauds. These techniques include different data mining techniques. Data mining is a process of discovering the interesting and useful patterns and relationships in large volumes of data. Data mining techniques such as cluster analysis, classification, neural network, and prediction have been used to detect the banking fraud. Clustering analysis groups the similar objects into a cluster in such way that intracluster similarity of objects is high and intercluster similarity is low. The clustering result is calculated based on cluster quality and cluster performance. This paper presents survey on various clustering methods. These clustering techniques measure the similarity based on some criterion functions.

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In recent years, image retrieval process has increased artistically. An image retrieval system is a process for searching and retrieving images from large amount of the image dataset. Increase the accuracy of image retrieval, content based image retrieval system (CBIR) and text-based image retrieval system (TBIR) based on interactive genetic algorithm (IGA) and SVM is proposed. Color, texture and edge have been the primitive low level image descriptors in content based image retrieval systems. In this paper we discover a system which splits the search process into two stages. In the query specify approach the feature descriptors of a query image we re-extracted and then used to check the similarity between the query image and those images which is in database. In the evolution stage, the most relevant images were retrieved by using the Interactive genetic algorithm. IGA help the users to retrieve the images that are most relevant to the users' need and SVM will rank the image as their title and as par time of search. So that user can get search image as par their requirements.

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In India there are many foundry have followed conventional and manual operations. Today’s competitive environment has, more productivity in less time, lower manufacturing cost and improve quality product, defect free operation are required to follow to every foundry staff. Mold shifting, Crushing, Lower Surface finish, Shrinkage, Porosity, Cold shut and Extra material are common casting defects due to these manual processes. These defects are directly affected on product, profit and quality level of organization. The paper presents analysis of these defects with Pareto and Cause and Effect diagrams to know correct cause and correct remedial factors to improve quality level and productivity of organization. In the present global and competitive environment foundry industries needs to perform efficiently with minimum number of rejections. Also they have to develop casting mechanism in very short lead time. Casting process is still state of art with experienced people but these experience needs to be transformed in engineering knowledge for the better growth of the foundry industries and quality. Some foundries are working with trial method and get their work done. Actually, most of the foundries have very less control on rejections. Majority foundries are failed to maintain a satisfactory quality control level. Defect free castings with minimum production cost have become the need of the foundries. The move toward taken by this paper is expected to motivate the foundries to use a standard classification system to describe undesirable casting artifacts for more useful failure analysis. It will also give confidence foundries to develop systems to measure process parameter relating to the defects that happened in the foundries and pool the resources of area experts. Any reduce in the waste and rework also positively influences the environmental impact of our industry. In this paper its deals the various aspects of an organized approach to understanding and development of quality cost system in cast iron foundries. This study is improved the quality and productivity of entire process of casting manufacturing.

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Distributed generation (DG) is increasing in penetration on power systems across the world. In rural areas, voltage rise limits the permissible penetration levels of DG. Another increasingly important issue is the impact on transmission system voltages of DG reactive power demand. Here, a passive solution is proposed to reduce the impact on the transmission system voltages and overcome the distribution voltage rise barrier such that more DG can be connected. The fixed power factors of the generators and the tap setting of the transmission transformer are determined by a linear programming formulation. The method is tested on a sample section of radial distribution network and on a model of the all island Irish transmission system illustrating that enhanced passive utilization of voltage control resources can deliver many of the benefits of active management without any of the expense or perceived risk, while also satisfying the conflicting objectives of the transmission system operator.

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Crosstalk is a major cause to achieve high data-rates in VDSL systems. It is the factor which affect the whole signal by mixing of the two or more unwanted signal. It is a major source which degrade the whole performance in VDSL. A VDSL technology is used to transfer the high speed data rate between two or more central office and customer premises. A major cause that hinders the increase in data-rate through the twisted-pair line is near-end crosstalk between the adjacent twisted pairs. Adaptive filtering technique with LMS is used to cancel the cross-talk. The adaptive filter is used to cancel every possible NEXT (near end cross-talk) signal from the other twisted pair. In this paper, transmission lines are used as twisted pair to transmit the signal and capacitor coupling is deployed to produce the crosstalk in the transmission lines.A Simulink model is designed to describe the VDSL with transmission line as twisted-pair and NEXT typeof cross-talk is introduced for the mixing of signal.

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A metal cutting is one of the most widely used manufacturing processes in an industry and there are great deal of studies to investigate the metal cutting process in both academia and industrial work. The objective of analyzing the metal cutting process is to tooling cost. Prediction of important process parameter using experimental investigation such as forces, stress distribution, temperature, etc. plays significant role for designing tool geometry and optimizing cutting conditions to improve productivity.We cannot find out the forces with analytical model experimentally measured cutting forces Here our aim of these researches is to choose the analytical model which will give optimum result for particular kind of material.By using 1) Ernst and merchant. 2) Lee and Schaffer and 3) duotones berg model theoretically and comparing with each other and also with practical. Experiments are to be carried out using various tools. The mathematical models are developed and tested for adequacy using analysis of variance and other adequacy measures using the developed models. Which indicate that the developed models can be effectively used to predict the responses in the turning of selected material.

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Engine noise is one of the headaches for a bike rider. An engine noise is mainly due to exhaust. Attenuation of an engine exhaust noise has been a subject of interest for many years. Mufflers are used to minimize sound transmission caused by exhaust gas. The objective of this study is to optimize noise level of engine and reduce back pressure as possible. This can be achieved by developing the new muffler design. In designing there are different parameters which have to be taken in to consideration. These parameters can affect muffler efficiency. In this project muffler for four stroke petrol engine was designed to achieve minimum back pressure and reduce noise level.

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The mix proportions should be prepared in such a way that the coarse aggregate participation in volume should be reduced and the fine aggregate in the powder form is to be increased. In present work, cement is a permanent agent, the replacement of cement by Silica Fume in percentages namely(0% 5%,10%and 15%) and Brick Kiln Dust (BKD) in percentages namely ( 0% 5%,10% and15%) with W/C ratio of 0.50 the study on fresh properties of LPC; Compressive strength and split tensile strength of LPC were made. it was found that the replacement of cement by15% silica fume (FA) and 10% Brick kiln Dust (BKD) gives maximum compressive strength and split tensile strength respectively Dumping of brick dust and other waste brick particles, flakes etc., not only occupy land but also create environmental problems. The problems could be reduced to a large extent by using these waste materials in cement concrete. The reasons for using brick dust include economical gain and beneficial modification of certain properties of fresh and hardened concrete elements. This study gives an overview of the physical and chemical properties of brick dust as a mineral admixture (BDMA), which is dumped as waste from brick and tile factories in Bangladesh. Various properties of brick dust have been studied. Experimental results indicate that brick dust could be used for partial replacement of cement in concrete. Concrete cubes prepared with 20% cement replaced by brick dust (BDMA) shows compressive strength comparable to concrete cubes prepared with Portland cement only. Concrete prepared with 20% cement replaced by BDMA also shows good resistance to chemical attack, specially the sulfate attack. They also show better pore refinement after long period. Chemical composition and lime reactivity strength of brick dusts have been found to be within the range given for good pozzolanic material. The pore refinement and relatively low heat of hydration in the presence of BDMA show that certain properties of concrete could be improved by using brick dust in combination with Portland cement.India is the second largest producer of clay fired bricks, accounting for more than 10 percent of global production. India is estimated to have more than 100,000 brick kilns, producing about 150-200 billion bricks annually, employing about 10 million workers and consuming about 25 million tons of coal annually. India's brick sector is characterized by traditional firing technologies; environmental pollution; reliance on manual labour and low mechanization rate; dominance of small-scale brick kilns with limited financial, technical and managerial capacity; dominance of single raw material.

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