Energy consumption is the most important problem in the present day. The energy analysis gives only energy consumption and energy losses of systems. It does not provide information about internal inefficiency of equipment. The exergy analysis, when applied to process or a whole plant tells us how much is the usable work potential or exergy supplied as input to the system & consumed by process or plant..Unequal duration of the active and passive phases of the heat source, and consequently of the heat storage and discharge, is allowed.After exergy analysis of shell and tube type heat exchanger there are loses of energy of all part we can try to minimize energy loses and improvement in exergy.we are to follow standard procedure for measuring exergy which I can get from reference paper or some text book related to exergy.Secondly, when I learn the standard procedure I will learn where to measure and what to measure to analyze exergy of air conditioner. After getting all data in the of air conditioner I will able to tell what is an improvement.

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Feature Selection is to selecting the useful features from the original dataset for improve the more accurate results. Constrained Based Feature Subset Selection(CFSS) Algorithm Removes irrelevant and redundant features. This method is to find a similarity computation based on the entropy and conditional entropy values. After computing similarity computation to applied Approximate Relevancy(AR) algorithm which will find the relevance between the attribute and class labels from that computation most relevant attributes will be selected, then using Adaptive k++ neighborhood algorithm group those relevant features and create graph according to that relevant features. After calculating relevant features to form the spanning tree using kruskal’s algorithm, removing all redundant features for which it has an edge in tree.Finally, to select best subset of the features from the original dataset.

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The review on power system state estimation is presented in this paper. State estimation process is based on the system state variables. The two methodology used for state estimation least square & weighted least square. The treatment of bad data gives the error-free estimate of input data. Bad data detection, identification & suppression is also discussed in this paper.

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This paper presents a framework of thermodynamic, energy and exergy, analyses of industrial steam boilers of 690 TPH boiler in 210 MW coal based thermal power plant. Mass, energy, and exergy analysis were used to develop a methodology for evaluating thermodynamic properties, energy and exergy input and output resources in industrial steam boilers. Determined methods make available an analytic procedure for the physical energetic analysis by exergy destruction method and calculate all the losses occurred in the boiler.

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Facial image analysis is a main challenge of image processing. Some techniques like Local Binary Pattern, Local ternary Pattern, modified LBP (MLBP),BRINT and extended LBP which can be used in image processing to overcome the challenge. Moreover in recent years interested area is image processing and computer vision and its has been shown in many application with seffiectively like facial image analysis, including tasks as diverse as face detection, face recognition and facial expression analysis. LBP is non-parametric descriptor for summarizes the local structure of imges. LTP classified the pain states from facial expression. CS-LBP are similar to LBP but it plays good to robustness in flat image. BRINT is used to build very fast, very compact while remaining robust to illumination variations, rotation changes and noise. So using all this technique facial analysis is better than other techniques through recent techniques.

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Many data domains such as personal data, image data have large number of attributes which is difficult to cluster using traditional data mining techniques due to high dimensionality of data. Image clustering is one of the essential problems in automatic image processing, since high dimensional data exhibit high hubness which is data points appears at high density area of data. We find that image data set under several feature can be represented and cluster using hubness. We propose a novel approach of hubness in clustering of high dimensional data like images. Each feature of image including its resolution will treat as dimension of the image and using these all dimensions we apply clustering using hub concept. Hub is the data point that frequently occurs in k- nearest neighbor of other data points. This hub point can be used effectively as centroid in cluster prototype which will considerably speed up the convergence of algorithm.

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The task of real time detection and tracking of a moving object in a video stream is quite challenging if camera itself is moving. This paper presents a survey of real time detection and tracking of a known/unknown object in video stream with 360° (azimuth) rotating camera. It also presents a comparative study of various image tracking algorithms. The system described in this paper contains a camera that is connected to an embedded system which is capable of processing an input video stream data. The Embedded system is also having an image processing algorithm which detects an object first and then tracks it as long as it is in the line of sight of the camera. As the object moves, the embedded system rotates the camera which is mounted on a stepper motor according to the path of the moving object. The embedded system also sends data to an end user via a Wi-Fi server so that the end user can monitor the activity of the object of interest. The object can be known (already saved in system memory) or can be unknown (can be defined directly by the end user by selecting a portion of the frame in video stream). The embedded system also saves the video stream in a storage device for playback purpose.

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Shell and tube heat exchanger are widely used in chemical industry power plant, petroleum refining, air-conditioning and power generation systems. The objective of this paper is to present an overview of literature dealing with the study of thermal performance of shell and tube heat exchanger. Influence of various parameters such as baffle geometry, baffle type, tube length, number of tube, shell diameter, pitch ratio on performance of shell and tube heat exchanger.

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In high-speed high-resolution analog to digital converters, comparators have a key role in quality of performance. High power consumption is one of the drawbacks of these circuits which can be reduced by using suitable architectures. Many versions of comparator are proposed to achieve desirable output in sub-micron and deep sub-micron design technologies. The selection of particular topology is dependent upon the requirements and applications of the design. Low power and high speed circuit design has emerged as a principal theme in today’s electronics industry. In this paper, a basic SA-ADC (successive approximation) is discussed as a proper choice for low power applications and comparison with other ADC architectures. Following with the study of design parameters of comparator, their architectures and its use in various applications.

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The aim of this research was to explore the possible integration of digital technologies and contemporary jewellery towards the development of digital jewellery. I sought to investigate the relevance and appropriateness of such integration as extensions of contemporary jewellery through personally and emotionally significant experience. The combination of microcomputer devices and increasing computer power has allowed several companies to begin producing fashion jewelry with embedded intelligence i.e., Digital jewelry. Digital jewelry can best be defined as wireless, wearable computers that allow you to communicate by ways of e-mail, voicemail, and voice communication. I developed a practice-centred methodology rooted in craft practice that tests the appropriateness of contemporary jewellery practice as a creative strategy and research tool in the development of personal and emotionally significant digital jewellery. My process focused on the involvement of individual participants with the aim of weaving aspects of their personal histories that were emotionally meaningful to them into pieces of digital jewellery . Even the devices we use are protected by passwords. It can be frustrating trying to keep with all of the passwords and keys needed to access any door or computer program. This paper discusses about a new Java-based, computerized ring that will automatically unlock doors and log on to computers.

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Nonwoven fabrics are sheet or web structures bonded together by entangling fiber or filaments. They are flat or tufted porous sheets that are made directly from separate fibres like arecanut and organic cotton. In this technique the fibres are directly processed into a fabric instead of yarn stage. Nonwoven provide properties which are often combined to create fabrics suited for specific jobs, while achieving a good balance between product use-life and cost. Since these properties are available in chosen fibre, and so had gone for underarm pad. Under arm pad are an alternative to antiperspirants and can eliminate armpit stains sometimes caused by antiperspirants. It has been finished with fragrance to make the users a fresh appeal to eliminate the usage of perfumes.

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In recent years, aluminum alloy based metal matrix composites (MMC) are gaining importance in several aerospace and automobile applications. The researchers have adopted several processing techniques like ultrasonic assisted casting, powder metallurgy, high energy ball milling, and liquid stir casting for the production of Aluminum matrix composites. Different Aluminium alloys and reinforcements (SiC, B4C, Si3N4, AlN, TiC, TiB2) with varying % weight fraction have been used for development of AMC. The high abrasiveness of the SiC particles limits the conventional machining process. Rapid tool wear with poor performance even with advanced expensive tools categories it as a difficult-to-cut material. The use of nonconventional machining techniques in shaping aluminum metal matrix composites has generated considerable interest due to ease of machining. Electrical discharge machining (EDM) appears to be a promising technique for machining MMC by varying process parameters. In this paper, review on liquid stir casting followed by centrifugal casting and machining by EDM has been focused.

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Distributed networking technologies have gained popularity as a mechanism for users to share files without the need for centralized servers. A Distributed network provides a scalable and fault-tolerant mechanism to locate nodes anywhere on a network without maintaining a large amount of routing state. This allows for a variety of applications beyond simple file sharing. Examples include multicast systems, anonymous communications systems, and web caches. We survey security issues that occur in the underlying Distributed routing protocols, as well as fairness and trust issues that occur in file sharing and other Distributed applications.We discuss how techniques, ranging from cryptography, to random network probing, to economic incentives, can be used to address these problems. Open nature of Distributed systems exposes them to malicious activity. Building trust relationships among peers can mitigate attacks of malicious peers. This paper presents distributed algorithms that enable a peer to reason about trustworthiness of other peers based on past interactions and recommendations. Peers create their own trust network in their proximity by using local information available and do not try to learn global trust information. Two contexts of trust, service, and recommendation contexts, are defined to measure trustworthiness in providing services and giving recommendations. Interactions and recommendations are evaluated based on importance, recentness, and peer satisfaction parameters. Additionally, recommender’s trustworthiness and confidence about a recommendation are considered while evaluating recommendations. Simulation experiments on a file sharing application show that the proposed model can mitigate attacks on 16 different malicious behavior models. In the experiments, good peers were able to form trust relationships in their proximity and isolate malicious peers.

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This paper describes a variety of fundamental research of laser welding of dissimilar material which the authors have recently performed. Laser welding will be a vital joining technique for dissimilar material with their increasing applications in aerospace, aircraft, automotive, electronics and other industries. In this review the research and progress in laser welding of dissimilar material are critically reviewed from different perspectives. Basically two types of industrial lasers, carbon dioxide (CO2) and neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd: YAG). Some important laser processing parameters and their effects on weld quality are discussed. This paper deals with the review of papers by authors.

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A novel approach of optimized routing which is based on Genetic Algorithm has been introduced. It finds out the optimum and the most suitable path which qualifies Objective Function criteria. Optimization Approaches have been applied to various real life issues in communication and networking. The path which is best fitted in the population is considered as the optimal path. It is obtained after qualifying the fitness function measuring criteria. The fitness function measures the best fitted path based on constraints; bandwidth, delay, link utilization and hop count. Population is composition of valid and invalid paths. In this research work we proposed a new genetic algorithm for network path optimization. Network path selection is based upon the fitness function measuring average packet delay for a network path. The population comprises of all chromosomes of variable length, so that the algorithm can perform efficiently in all scenarios. Rank-based selection is used for cross-over operation. Mutation operation is used for maintaining the population diversity. The results prove our assertion that our proposed algorithm finds the optimized shortest path between source nodes to destination node more efficiently than existing algorithms.

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The main focus of this paper is to design an advanced Electrocardiogram (ECG) signal monitoring and analysis design. Heart is an important part of the human body. Heart diseases are the important factor which cause of death in the world. An electrocardiogram is a device which graphically records the electrical activity of the heart. It is used to identify normal and abnormal heartbeats. Noise filtering is the next step of the QRS detection. In filtering of signal, we have used one band stop filter and a low pass filter. These filters are used to remove 60 Hz power line and 0.5 Hz baseline wander noises. QRS detection is the final step of the ECG processing. A new method is used to detect the QRS wave which includes the heart rate calculation and R-R time interval. Several analyses performed for the detection of ECG signal verify that Co-simulation is a suitable method to check the HDL module for real time systems.

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5G will be the fifth generation of wireless networks, which is expected to dominate the current generations in the next decades. In today’s technology of mobile networks and wireless systems, the most users are using 4G, which is the 4th generation of mobile networks and almost every single user is enjoying this wonderful wireless technology, but a true confess is that the most users are already waiting for the next generation of mobile networks, which is called for 5G. This paper gathers and reviews the emerging 5G wireless technology which is coined as Worldwide Wireless Web (wwww)

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The human perception has the capability to acquire, integrate, arid interpret all this abundant visual information around us. It is challenging to impart such capabilities to a machine in order to interpret the visual information embedded in still images, graphics, and video or moving images in our sensory world. Disparate as they may seem, these many applications share one common thread in all such applications, the demand is high for accurate estimates of motion requiring minimal computational cost. In this, a new technique called estimating the difference between two frames of image using Pixel motion estimation technique is proposed. The proposed technique attempts to decreasethe computation time between the current frame and the next frame.The displacement of each picture element in each frame forms the displacement vector field (DVF) and its estimation can be done using at least two successive frames. The pixel based approaches depend upon intensity of image and its performance is affected by presence of noise. In this, it also proposes real time motion estimation and enhancement based difference of frames. The PSNR and MSE are also calculated. All simulations are done in MATLAB 8.1.

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Lung cancer is the most acute type of cancer among all the cancers with less survival rate. It is very difficult to analyze the cancer at its early stage. itsIn the past few years, many Computer aided systems have been designed to detect the lung cancer at its early stage. The most of work is implemented on the Computer Tomography (CT) scan images because of better clarity, low noise and distortion. In this paper, various techniques have been discussed for the detection of lung cancer and to classify whether it is benign or malignant.

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The purpose of this thesis is to first conduct a literature review regarding the technical specifications and design parametres required to design a working Micro Hydro Power System MHS (Micro Hydropower System). After review of the theory and principles of Micro Hydro System design; these principles are applied to the real case of Lamaya Khola Micro Hydro Project in Pangrang Village Development Committee (VDC) of Hilly Area. The field data required to design the civil components of the micro hydro project were derived from secondary data sources such as the study conducted by the village development committe as well as other independent project surveys. The micro hydro designed in this thesis was of "run-of-the river" type. Similarly, system components designed in this thesis are intake structure, headrace canal to divert the water from the source, forebay tank, sedimentation basin and the penstock assembly. Owing to the complexity and lengthy process of designing all of the system components; only these specific civil structures are designed in this study.

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Mussoorie Landslides constitute one of the major natural disasters. The fragile terrain often faces significant problems of geo-environmental imbalance due to landslides. The term landslide includes all varieties of mass movements of hill slopes and can be defined as the downward and outward movement of slope forming materials composed of rocks, soils, artificial fills or combination of all these materials along surfaces of separation by falling, sliding and flowing, either slowly or quickly from one place to another. Mussoorie steep terrains also face problem of Landslides. After the terrain evaluation and Landslide hazard assessment, the mitigation measures have to be taken up. These are to stabilize the various soil and rock slope, which are prone to Landslides. The method or model is used are: stability of natural slope which depends upon the terrain and material parameters. Remedial Measures are apply after the proper analysis of soil parameters, slope stability and Geomorphologic condition of study area and select the cost effective remedial measures.

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Flash memory is used at high speed as storage of personal information utilities, ubiquitous computing environments, mobile phones, electronic goods, etc. This is because flash memory has the characteristics of low electronic power, non-volatile storage, high performance, physical stability, portability, & so on. To improve the overall performance & service life of the flash memory, a new type of file management algorithm for flash memory has been designed. A new linear ordering function is added to the traditional file management system. Its function is to balance the used frequency of every port in the flash memory. The new file should be stored in the space whose writing times are smaller, thus improving the overall efficiency, extending the service life of flash memory. The capability of the management system designed is better than the traditional one, especially in the case of being operated more times. Phase_ change nonvolatile semiconductor memory technology is based on an electrically initiated, reversible rapid amorphous-to-crystalline phase-change process in multicomponent chalcagenide alloy materials similar to those used in rewriteable optical disks. Flash memory controller is interfaced with flash memory. It handles all signals required by the flash memory. With the required signals different types of commands are also sent through flash memory controller to the flash memory. Flash memory- based solid- state disks are fast becoming the dominant, form of end- user storage devices, partty even replacing the traditional hard- disks.

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Underwater sensor networks (UWSN) resemble terrestrial sensor networks in many aspects. However, the high propagation delay and limited bandwidth make terrestrial sensor network’s protocols unsuitable for UWSN. Underwater sensor nodes are powered by batteries which are even difficult to recharge. So, energy efficiency is major concern for underwater routing. In this paper, based on VBF, we provide a new routing protocol, efficient VBF. In this paper we discuss the some fundamental about underwater sensor network, issue relating to routing, related work, our proposed protocol and result analysis and conclusion.

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Biomass typically contains approx. 70 % volatile matter and 30 % fixed carbon on dry mass basis. During the torrefaction process, solid biomass is heated in the absence of oxygen at a temperature of approx. 200-350 °C, leading to a loss of moisture and partial loss of the volatile matter in the biomass. With the partial removal of the volatile matter (about 25%), the characteristics of the original biomass are drastically changed. Torrefaction is different from steam explosion, and results in different product characteristics.

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