This paper describes a variety of fundamental research of laser engraving of different materials which the authors have recently performed. Laser engraving is machining process where material is engraved by laser process. In this review the research and progress in laser engraving of different materials are critically reviewed from different perspectives. Basically many types of industrial lasers like, carbon dioxide (CO2) laser and neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd: YAG) laser, fiber laser, semiconductor laser which are used for laser engraving process. Some important laser processing parameters and their effects on MRR and surface roughness are discussed. This paper deals with the review of papers by authors.

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With the introduction of nanotechnology, energy industries envisage a potential revolutionary change in the field of exploration, development and production. Research by universities into such areas as nanosensors, nanomarkers and nanobots to provide valuable data regarding the reservoir are of great focus due to their large potential return on investment, but have yet to yield substantive products. By contrast, efforts into drilling applications of nanotechnology such as drilling fluids are less known. Nanotechnology can revolutionize the additive properties by tuning particle characteristics to meet certain environmental, operational and technical requirements. Nano-technology produces nanomaterials that are ultra-fines in nature, usually smaller than ordinary micro particles and thus has very high specific surface area with enormous area of interactions. Recent research has indicated that nanomaterials have unique properties for a broad range of applications in the field of oilfield exploration and drilling , where fluid loss control, borehole stability, cementing quality of a well, remediation of damaged reservoirs, hydrocarbon recovery efficiency, oilfield wastewater treatment, high-temperature tolerance and viscosity modification are of interest. This paper presents an extensive literature review of assessing the applications of nanotechnology and nanomaterials in the field of oilfield exploration and drilling, investigating the existing problems in the application of nanomaterials in oilfield exploration and drilling , and evaluating the potential technical and economic benefits that nanotechnology and nanomaterials might provide to petroleum development and production. This paper will also discuss results from projects which utilize carbon nanotubes (CNT), nanosilica and other nanochemistries to achieve and enhance the performance of drilling fluids.

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Have you ever imagine a bank without security or even lockers? With the prompt extension of the information age, electronic movements of many kinds are becoming more common now days. Recent work in security has illustrated security attacks are unlikely to result in robust cyberspace. With the increasing cost and volume of data breaches, cyber security is quickly moving from being considered by business leaders as a purely technical issue to a larger business risk. This analysis will also discuss the barriers that hamper cyber insurance’s development into a mature market. Lastly, this paper will illustrate the prospective for collaboration between the private sector and academia and suggest a research agenda for the setting of cyber insurance policy premiums.

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The study of the condensation heat transfer coefficient inside microchannels and minichannel is still somewhat difficult task, particularly when studied within single minichannel. The application of minichannel in industrial cooling, electronic cooling, compact heat exchanger, space cooling, railway cooling, etc. The heat transfer coefficient h is a measure of the effectiveness, and important to determine the value of it in the two-phase condensation area in a tube condenser. The local heat transfer coefficient will be measured and analysed during condensation of different refrigerant with 0.3 to 3 mm diameter circular minichannel and will be compared versus different correlations. Tests are carried out at mass fluxes ranging between 100 and 800 kg/m2 s. The volume of fluid (VOF) is used to track the vapour-liquid interface, with the effect of shear stress, gravity and shear tension taken into account. Experimental and CFD data analyzed to show the influence of saturation temperature, mass velocities, vapour quality and fluid properties in heat transfer rate.

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For years, many research studies have focused on real estate projects for the risk reduction and increase the output from the real estate industry with the help of following complete risk management. However, Real estate industry is having projects which are very intricate in nature, where uncertainties & risks raise from different sources. In this article I consider the presence of risk in real estate industry two scenario, one is Optimistic Scenario and other is Pessimistic Scenario of seasonal type that affects some of the activities that comprise the project. I discuss how the project risk can be affected by such uncertainty, depending on the start date of the project. An effective and efficient risk management approach requires a proper and systematic methodology and, more importantly, knowledge and experience. This paper addresses the problems of risk management in construction projects using a knowledge-based approach, and proposes a methodology based on a three-fold arrangement that includes the modeling of the risk management function, its evaluation, and the availability of a best practices model. A major preliminary conclusion of this research is the fact that risk management in construction projects is still very ineffective and that the main cause of this situation is the lack of knowledge. It is expected that the application of the proposed approach will allow clients and contractors to develop a project’s risk management function based on best practices, and also to improve the performance of this function

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The main objective of this project is to provide data security and high superiority data service in data cloud environment .Many persons have addressed to provide data security and searching the data in the cloud. Still there are lot of drawbacks like leakage and low level security in the cloud atmosphere .To overcome the above said drawbacks we are proposing a method called two-round searchable encryption (TRSE) with ElGamal algorithm to encrypt and decrypt the data, that support top-k multi keyword retrieval and also it uses vector space model and homomorphic encryption is employed for making index . Our proposed method eliminates information leakage and best security is ensured.

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Vibration is omnipotent, universal and multifaceted phenomena. It is an interdisciplinary field where physicist, mathematician and engineer interact in a closed loop. Vibration absorption is a method of adding a tuned spring-mass absorber to a system to create anti-resonance at a resonance of the original system. Most real-world phenomena exhibit nonlinear behavior. In these paper overviews of various works are done. This paper tries to give an idea about the previous researches and their finding about study of nonlinearity in spring, Variable Stiffness vibration absorbers and study related to vibration absorber and its application.

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Enhancing the heat transfer by the use of helical coils has been studied and researched by many researchers because the fluid dynamics inside the pipes of a heat exchangers offer certain advantages over a straight tubes, shell and tube heat exchanger, in terms of better heat transfer and mass transfer coefficients After validating the methodology of CFD analysis of a heat exchanger against the numerical results available in literature, the effect of considering the actual fluid properties instead of a constant value is established. The characteristics of heat transfer inside a helical coil for different boundary conditions are compared. The flow field through the helically coiled tube is simulated by solving the appropriate governing equations: conservation of mass, momentum and energy. The turbulence is taken by Shear Stress Transport (SST) k-ε of closure.SST k-ε has a blending function which acts as a standard k-ε in main stream flow and as standard k-ε near the boundary layer where the gradient is much steeper. It is observed that the specification of a constant temperature or constant heat flux boundary condition for an actual heat exchanger does not yield proper modelling. Hence, conjugate heat transfer and temperature dependent properties of heat transport media are considered for the analysis of the heat exchanger. The CFD calculation results are obtained using the CFD package FLUENT 14.0.Since the above work necessitates the knowledge in CFD package FLUENT, a sample model of the helical coil heat exchanger is made using FLUENT before taking up the abovementioned project. The present report summarizes few of the studies thus made. The report also mentions the work performed with regard to the project problem

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High quality and productivity are two important but major criteria in several machining operations. Vertical End Milling Machining process operated by CNC is a widely accepted material removal process used to manufacture components with complicated shapes and profiles. In the End milling process, the material is removed by parent material from the end mill cutter. The effects of numerous parameters of end milling process like cutting speed (35 to 75), depth of cut (0.12 to 0.21 mm/teeth), feed rate(0.5 to 2.7 mm) have been examined to reveal their Impact on surface finish using Taguchi Methodology. Experimental plan is performed by way of Standard Orthogonal Array. The graph of S-N Ratio indicates the superlative setting of the machining parameter which provides the optimum value of surface finish. The superlative set of process parameters has also been predicted to maximize the surface finish. In this project we're describing milling possibilities of nickel alloy Inconel 718. In the beginning is described the application of nickel alloys in industry and also division of nickel alloys. Inconel 718, within this material we make all our own tests of machinability. Cutters with exchangeable sintered carbide blade plates had been used as cutting. Main aim was investigate durability and wear of indexable cutting inserts with regard to different cutting procedures. It is mainly about different combinations regarding used cutting speeds, feed and depth of cut. Three machining process parameter are chosen cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut. The analysis prepare was created using by Taguchi’s L9 Orthogonal Array (OA) and Minitab 17.0 statistical software is employed. Optimal values of process parameter with regard to desired performance characteristic are received by Taguchi design of experiment.

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Due to huge development in electronic industries, there should be challenge to direct heat transfer investigations for thermal management of high performance chips and again in industries, electronics field always demands robust and promising cooling devices. For this reason, pulsating heat pipe is best option due to simple structure, reliability, and low manufacturing and operating cost. Moreover, working fluid play an important role in PHP's performance. Nanofluids, having high thermal conductivity, are outstanding substitutes for PHP’s over conventional working fluids. Focusing on recent advances on nanofluidic PHPs, this paper reviews operating principles and conducted experiments in this field. Furthermore, unsolved concerns regarding this field are mentioned.

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Anti-roll bar is a suspension component used at the front, rear, or at both ends of a car that reduces body roll by resisting any uneven vertical motion between the pair of wheels, to which it is connected. Most real-world phenomena exhibit nonlinear behavior. In these paper overviews of various works are done. This paper tries to give an idea about the previous researches & their finding about study of anti-roll bar (stabilizer bar), Static analysis of anti-roll bar and study related to vibration absorber and its application.

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Evolution of carbon nanotube based transistors is playing a vital role in today’s shrinking technology and offers various advantages such as high channel mobility and improved gate capacitance against gate voltage. These devices have highly favorable characteristics in submicron regime in comparison with conventional MOSFETs and yields higher performance when considered for SoC design. This paper focuses on study of CNTFET transistors and examines the performance of CNTFET characteristics with respect to variation in tube length and chirality.

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The method of wave energy conversion utilizes an oscillating water column (OWC). The OWC converts wave energy into low-pressure pneumatic energy in the form of bi-directional airflow. Wells has been used to convert this pneumatic power into uni-directional mechanical shaft power. But a Wells turbine has inherent disadvantages like lower efficiency and poorer starting characteristics. This paper provides current status of wells turbine and reviews various researches done to improve starting and running characteristics of wells turbine.

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Differential casing is an important component of an automobile. It is first casted with sand casting and then two machining process (i.e.) milling and turning are carried out on it. In this project the machine development process is introduced. In which the milling and turning operation are combined together to form a same differential. As a result of which the production will be increased, reduce loading/unloading time, reduce lead time, increase surface finish and reduce cost per component of differential case.For this combined machining operation a new design of fixture is designed for the ATM machine with same operational sequence with turning and milling machining operations which results in optimum machining time. Compare the old machining cycle time with the new developed machining cycle time.

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Transportation is an important part of any nation’s economy. Marine transport are critically important to the transportation of people and goods throughout the world. But there is also some problem regarding collision between ships and jetty or another ships during berthing operation. The study shows the effect of fender system during collision between vessel or boat that berth against jetty or another vessel.

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India’s software exporting industry is one of the world’s successful information technology industries. Begun in 1974, it employed 2.5million persons in 2014 and earned revenue of $130 billion, equal to 17.6% of global software services spending. This paper’s object is to explain the industry’s origins, growth and sustainability. The "We have seen a significant increase in global technology spending this year, creating opportunities for the Indian software services sector to post double digit growth again in export as well as in the domestic markets," a top industry representative said. Software purchasing today involves much more in the way of investments. There are many techniques developed to purchasing software like ERP, Web service, HTML. In today’s competitive world it has become imperative for companies around the world to keep a track on what a consumer wants from the various products and services offered to him. We also need to keep track on the fact that the product features and services are being perceived the way they were meant to be, and are being used accordingly. It is also necessary for us to keep a tab on the changing needs of the consumers so that we may align our products and services accordingly to meet the customer expectations. This is especially true of financial services sector because of the keen competition involved and because of the intangible nature of the service provided. The attitude and perception of customer play a very important role in determining the success of any financial product or services. Hence keeping a tab on the changing perceptions and attitudes of the customer towards product and institution is also a very important job for any organization.

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The wireless communications channel constitutes the basic physical link between the transmitter and the receiver antennas. Its modelling has been and continues to be a tantalizing issue, while being one of the most fundamental components based on which transmitters and receivers are designed and optimized. The ultimate performance limits of any communication system are determined by the channel and their operating environment like fading, multipath propagation, type of terrains, and mobility (Doppler shift). Realistic channel models are thus of utmost importance for system design and testing. In this paper an effort has been made to evaluate the performance of mobile wireless communication channel in terms of number of taps mobile Velocity and Doppler Spectrum.

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Electrical Discharge Machining (µEDM) appears to be very promising as a future micromachining technique since in many areas of applications it offers several advantages. Brass (500µm) electrode is used as tool and Ti-6Al-4V is used as work piece. Different parameters, such as the Current, Pulse on time and Pulse off time are used to get the aperture’s size. Dielectric is De-ionized water. In µEDM setup, the dielectric flow circulating system is essential and must be considered carefully, otherwise the dirty dielectric will flow into the machining chamber again and cause second discharging of the work piece and infect the aperture’s sizes. Because the Brass electrode is too small, a use current passing will destroy the Brass electrode. Analysis indicates the most effective zone of predominant process parameters such as Current, Pulse on time and Pulse off time which give the appreciable amount of Material Removal Rate (MRR) with less Over Cut (OC). The experimental results and analysis on µEDM will open up more application possibilities for µEDM. This result shows the Current play an important part in the MEMS.

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Missing values, common in epidemiologic studies, are a major issue in obtaining valid estimates. Missing data are often a problem in social science data. Imputation methods fill in the missing responses and lead, under certain conditions, to valid inference. Simulation studies have suggested that multiple imputation is an attractive method for imputing missing values, but it is relatively complex and requires specialized software. This article reviews several imputation methods used in the social sciences and discusses advantages and disadvantages of these methods in practice. Simpler imputation methods as well as more advanced methods, such as fractional and multiple imputation, are discussed. The paper introduces the implementation in either multiple or fractional imputation approaches. Software packages for using imputation methods in practice are reviewed highlighting newer developments. The paper discusses an example from the social sciences in detail, applying several imputation methods to a missing earnings variable. The objective is to illustrate how to choose between methods in a real data example. A simulation study evaluates various imputation methods, including predictive mean matching, fractional and multiple imputation. This article reviews various imputation methods used within the social sciences to compensate for item-nonresponse bias, and provides the best result in using Multiple Imputation.

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During this century, economic development for a better standard of living has been instrumental in deteriorating the environment. Indians are now consuming more resources than ever and polluting the earth with waste products. Environmental stability is an important issue that receives much attention today.Solar photovoltaic cells are an active system in which small panels faced with semiconducting material turn sunlight into electricity. In the present work, solar photovoltaic based low load stepper motor and medium load 1KWh power supply for home utilities, have been designed and fabricated for various electromechanical applications. Its technical and economical viability was tested. It consumed power from sun and hence it is cheaper and environmental friendly. The paper stresses the utility of solar powered motor.

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This paper summarizes some of the major aspects of precision ultrasonic thickness gauging. Ultrasonic nondestructive testing (NDT) characterizing material thickness, integrity, or other physical properties by means of high-frequency sound waves has become a widely used technique for quality control. In thickness gauging, ultrasonic techniques permit quick and reliable measurement of thickness without requiring access to both sides of a part. During the thickness measurement of any corrode plate, the reading of ultrasonic equipment gives many different reading for each time of inspection at same position due to there non uniform surfaces. Any material whose thickness is lower than the low limit of the probe due to corrosion of metal piece will cause Measurement errors. Sometimes the displayed reading is twice as big as the actual thickness. To prevent these errors, the critical thin Materials should be measured repeatedly for verification. This paper looks at the root causes of poor performance with ultrasonic and suggests some methods to improve the situation.

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The wireless communications channel constitutes the basic physical link between the transmitter and the receiver antennas. Its modelling has been and continues to be a tantalizing issue, while being one of the most fundamental components based on which transmitters and receivers are designed and optimized. The ultimate performance limits of any communication system are determined by the channel and their operating environment like fading, multipath propagation, type of terrains, and mobility (Doppler shift). Realistic channel models are thus of utmost importance for system design and testing. In this paper an effort has been made to evaluate the performance of mobile wireless communication channel in terms of number of taps mobile Velocity and Doppler Spectrum.

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Carpooling is the sharing of car journeys so that more than one person travels in a car. By having more people using one vehicle, carpooling reduces each person's travel costs such as fuel costs, tolls, and the stress of driving.This method is very useful as it has great value and great use in normal life. People can travel together and can use this method in a great way. In this carpooling method, it has a nomal method and our proposed method. We are going to use the heuristic method in our proposed system as this will decide the exact time and delay of the vehicles in which the people are going to travel. The heuristic method is done by carrying out the case study based on suitable assumptions and real-time data and the same can be useful in practice.

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A study was undertaken to assess the characteristics like physical and chemical analysis of the wastewater of Gulbarga city. The characteristics involves the analysis of total solids, suspended solids, dissolved solids, volatile solids, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, phosphates, ammonical nitrogen, nitrites, nitrates. The study was carried out for 6 different sources of discharge in the Gulbarga city comprising residential, commercial and educational institutional areas. After analyzing the physico chemical characteristics suitable interpretation analysis is carried out by statistical calculation viz. mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, correlation coefficient, rate of reaction and regression analysis are worked out. The present study shows the waste water is organic in nature having average values of BOD of 444 mg/l, COD of 815 mg/l, total solids of 1401 mg/l, dissolved solids of 1146 mg/l and suspended solids of 255 mg/l. Since BOD/COD ratio of all the sampling points lies near the the range of generally accepted ratio of 0.6, the average ratio of 0.55 for A1 to A6 are found, hence it is concluded that sewage is organic in nature and waste can be treated biologically.

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Hairpin Filter is one of the most popular microwave frequency filters because of it is compact and does not require grounding. The filter is designed at center frequency of 5.8 GHz with a fractional bandwidth of 3.45%. This frequency is presenting for wireless LAN application and operates in the ISM band (Industrial, Scientific and Medical) application. There are several step to design this filter that including by determine filter specification, order of filter, low pass filter prototype elements, low pass to band pass transformation, physical dimension (width, spacing, length) and wavelength guide. The simulation of the filter will be done using IE3D and fabricate on FR4 substrate by using etching process. Improvement technique will be introduced to get better response for scattering parameter.

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