Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is an emerging technology that shows great promise for various futuristic applications both for mass public and military. The sensing technology combined with processing power and wireless communication makes it lucrative for being exploited in abundance in future. They are very useful for military, environmental, and scientific applications to name a few. Routing is a very important phase in any type of communication. Moreover, Routing procedure consumes more power than any other phase. Therefore, if some changes are made in this phase, then drastic changes in energy consumption may be observed. LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) is designed in such a way that it consumes less energy comparatively. If still, changes are done then it can be improved. In this paper, LEACH protocol functioning is explained. In addition to this, variants of LEACH are discussed in brief.

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This experiment work is carried out study of “strengthening of preloaded RC beam containing small square opening located at shear zone by Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) and carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) sheets” in order to investigate the efficiency of external strengthening with GFRP and CFRP sheets. In this experimental work total eight beams were cast. All beams have dimensions of 150mm width, 250mm depth and 2000mm length. The first beam is solid beam and second beam is cast with opening but not strengthened referred as control beam. The loading has been carried out in two stages. In the first stage the solid beam and control beam are tested up to the ultimate load. The ultimate load of control beam is 80kN. The next three beams B1, B2, B3 are preloaded up to 30%, 45%, and 60% of ultimate load (i.e. 80kN) respectively. The last three beams B4, B5, B6 are also preloaded up to 30%, 45%, and 60% of 80 KN respectively. In the second stage the preloaded beams B1, B2, and B3 are strengthened with GFRP sheets and the preloaded beams B4, B5, and B6 are strengthened with CFRP sheets. All beams were tested in loading frame with two point loading up to failure. The test results revealed that the beams B1 to B6 strengthened with CFRP and GFRP sheets have shown percentage increase in load carrying capacity as compared to control beam. The control beam has shown a decrease in the load carrying capacity by 24% as compared to the solid beam. The increase in load carrying capacity of preloaded beams B1, B2, and B3 strengthened with GFRP sheets is 22.5%, 17.5% and 15% respectively as compared to the control beam, whereas in case of preloaded beams B4, B5, and B6 strengthened with CFRP sheets the increase in load carrying capacity observed is 32.5%, 27.5% and 22.5% respectively as compared to the control beam. The beams B1 and B4 strengthened with GFRP and CFRP sheets respectively and both preloaded to 30% have shown a higher load carrying capacity as compared to beams with higher preloading’s. In all the six beams, the percentage increase in load carrying capacity is more in case of beams strengthened with CFRP as compared to beams strengthened with GFRP. From the overall study it can be concluded that the application of CFRP and GFRP sheets reduces the excessive cracking and beam deflection and increases the ultimate load carrying capacity and stiffness of the beam. The use of CFRP and GFRP sheets wrapping with the designed strengthening configuration could significantly reduce excessive cracking, deflection and increases the ultimate capacity, stiffness of beam.

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Electromagnetic waves are very strong waves which are used for transmission of signals from one place to other place. The main concern for the transmission is the selection of waveguide and its physical structure, material and dimensions etc. Generally Rectangular and Circular waveguide are used for transmission of EM waves. In rectangular waveguide attenuation losses, return loss and insertion loss are present due to a small corner at the ends. Due to the presence of such losses, the transmission was not as expected and reflection may occur. Attenuation losses, Return loss and Insertion loss are less in dielectric circular waveguide compares Rectangular and Circular Waveguide. In this paper dielectric circular waveguide plays the important role in a waveguide to obtaining the desired results.

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This paper describes the design and fabrication technique of an inset fed rectangular microstrip patch antenna operating at 2.24GHz. All the designs have the substrate having dielectric constant (εr) 4.3, substrate thickness of 1.524 mm and loss tangent of 0.025. This paper is mostly focused on the designing of an inset fed patch antenna which has been carried out by using CST studio suite. The aim of this paper is on the measurement of return loss, VSWR and bandwidth of designed patch antenna.

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Space debris is non-functional man-made objects in earth’s orbit. Their number has increased tremendously and this can be attributed to the number of space launches in the last few decades. Their increasing growth has become a threat to the operational satellites and space crafts. This paper makes a survey of the threats posed by space debris and creates an urge to mitigate them. The paper also makes a review of the detection schemes employed to detect the space debris in order to build models to determine their orbits and to keep track of their population.

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Single phase induction motors are extensively used for smaller loads in industries and domestic purposes due to their various technical as well as economical advantages. Temperature rise due to heat dissipation caused by various losses inside the motor is a critical factor which degrades the dielectric properties of insulation and shortening the lifespan of motor. This paper presents the capillary based water cooling method of single phase squirrel cage induction motor. In this method, a jacket of capillaries made of jute and cotton is used as an outer cover for the motor casing. A small air gap passage is provided in between motor casing and inner surface of jacket. Natural Water Cooling Capillaries (NWCC) method is used to lower down the surrounding temperature of motor which reduces thermal limitations of motor. For this purpose we select a 0.37 kW single phase, 50Hz squirrel cage induction motor. Heat run test is performed to determine the total loss of energy dissipated as heat on single phase squirrel cage induction motor with and without adopting capillary based water cooling method. Comparison is done on the basis of experimental result which shows that the temperature withstanding capacity of induction motor will increase by 10.67 % after adopting capillary based water cooling method. This is an economical method and no external energy is required for cooling purpose.

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In today’s world due to industrialization number of cars on roadways increased which causes traffic problems and fuel consumption increases. Carpooling System helps to reduce these problems. Carpooling System is based on artificial intelligence and cloud computing .We are going to implement this system for reducing traffic congestion problem. It is also known as BlueNet which consist of two modules Mobile Client Module and Cloud Carpool Service Module. In Mobile Client Module we are using android based phones so users can submit the carpool request through the handheld devices. In Cloud Global Carpool Service module, we are using Genetic Based Carpool Route and Matching Algorithm to match the requests. This Genetic Based Carpool Route and Matching Algorithm require less time to match large number of users as compare to other systems. It operates with less computational complexity therefore required less computing time.

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Inpainting is the technique of filling the missing regions of an image using information from the surrounding area in a visually indistinguishable way. Image In-painting is very important and emerging field of research in image processing. Inpainting algorithm have numerous applications such as rebuilding of damaged photographs & films, heritage preservation, removal of superimposed text, removal/replacement of unwanted objects, red eye correction, image coding etc. There are numbers of method used for image inpainting. All methods have their own advantage and disadvantage. In this paper, we provide a detailed review on different techniques such as PDE based image inpainting, Exemplar based image inpainting, Texture synthesis based image inpainting, Hybrid inpainting ,Semi-automatic and Fast inpainting.

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A wireless mobile ad hoc network (MANETs) consists of number of nodes. During the communication they need to cooperate with each other. The main problem with the wireless networks is the security because of the open medium and no centralized base station. There are many security issues related to wireless network. The most of the wireless networks faces the problem of black-hole attacks and gray-hole attacks by the malicious nodes. Here a solution is provided to come out of these problems.

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In this paper we are going to discuss about the construction and analysis of large rolling shutter. The shutter is made up of plurality of slats inter-connected with each other. The shutter provides safety against weather conditions and burglary. The configuration of slat must be such that the rain water must not accumulate between two consecutive slats. The shutter curtain travels in the guide channels to open and close, provided at the either side of the shutter. The pulley system or direct mechanical mechanism can be installed for the opening and closing of shutter. If the size of the shutter is big then a motor can also be installed for the opening and closing of shutter. The wind load is to be considered for the designing of the shutter curtain since the load is mainly due to wind velocity. The curtain must with stand the high velocity wind. The nonlinear analysis of the shutter curtain is carried out because of the thin structure.

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Security of data in cloud storage against data loss is important, so adding algorithm for detection and correction for cloud storage, so in the cloud computing data integrity checking and recovery procedures, is critical. Regenerating codes splitting and verify the data in multiple servers using cryptographic algorithms and MAC verification. To implement the data integrity protection (DIP) scheme for some specific regenerating code to solve the problem of data loss, DIP scheme used some property that enables a client to verify the data in cloud storage system.

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Data collection and Aggregation is most important task in the large –density applications of wireless sensor network. In the existing system, a mobile-sink node visits Rendezvous Points (RPs), as opposed to all nodes for data collection. Due to processing overhead of Rendezvous point is not appropriate for large scale applications. To overcome this problem, the proposed method is a Clustering Based Weighted Rendezvous Planning (CBWRP) algorithm. The sensor nodes are organized into clusters and each Cluster Head (CH) has a responsibility for collecting data from each sensor node and transmits data to nearest Rendezvous Point. High Energy First (HEF) clustering algorithm is used for selecting node as CH which has more residual energy. The travelling path of Mobile Sink (MS) to visit all Rendezvous point which can be obtained by Weighted Rendezvous Planning (WRP) which can be calculating weight for each sensor node which can be computed by hop distance and number of packets forwarded. An NS2 simulation demonstrates CBWRP reduces energy consumption and increases network lifetime as compared with existing algorithms.

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Antimony substituted lithium ferrites with compositional formula [Li0.5+x Sbx Fe2.5-2x] O4 (where x = 0.0 to 0.5 insteps of 0.1) were prepared under standard ceramic method. The bulk and theoretical densities were determined. Bulk density is decreasing up to x=0.3 then increases with gradual increasing the concentration. Similarly theoretical density (dx) decreasing up to x=0.3 and then increases. From X-ray studies the spinel structure and belonging Fd3 m spce group is confirmed. The lattice parameter was found to be decreases up to =0.3 then it increases with increase in antimony substituent concentration. The other parameters like Oxygen positional parameters, tetrahedral and Octahedral bond lengths, tetrahedral edge, shared and unshared octahedral edge lengths were calculated and found to be increase with substituent concentration except for x=0.3 samples.

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Optimization of Combustion in pulverized coal fired boiler is more important to improve the performance of power plant. The objective of the work is to optimize the combustion in pulverized coal fired boiler in order to improve the boiler efficiency and reducing coal consumption and net heat rate heat of the plant. The study involves boiler performance testing by controlling secondary air supply using dampers & Air fuel ratio and improvement in boiler efficiency and reduction in consumption rate will be calculated.

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Nowadays in organizations information sharing has been increased via on-demand access. Information brokering systems (IBSs) have been proposed to connect large-scale loosely federated data sources via a brokering overlay, in which the brokers make routing decisions to direct client queries to the requested data servers. Some of existing IBSs assume that brokers are trusted and thus only adopt server-side access control for data confidentiality. However, privacy of data location and data consumer can still be inferred from metadata (such as query and access control rules) exchanged within the IBS, but little attention has been put on its protection. With this the privacy concerns arise, as brokers are no longer assumed fully trustable – they may be abused by insiders or compromised by outsiders. For overcoming this, a novel IBS, named Privacy Preserving Information Brokering (PPIB) has been proposed. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to preserve privacy of multiple stakeholders involved in the information brokering process. PPIB has three components: brokers, coordinators and central authority. We are among the first to formally define two privacy attacks, namely attribute-correlation attack and inference attack, and propose two countermeasure schemes automaton segmentation and query segment encryption to securely share the routing decision-making responsibility among a selected set of brokering servers. The PPIB scheme is improved by supporting site distribution and load balancing mechanism. Workloads of peers and each peer’s trust levels are integrated with the site distribution process. With the comprehensive analysis on scalable privacy and load balancing we show that the propose system can integrate security enforcement and query routing while preserving system wide privacy.

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Today we find that there are number of shopping web applications available on the internet like jbong.com, flipkart.com etc. More and more products are sold on the web also more and more people are buying products online. People from all over the globe use these websites and order using these websites. In order to improve the sales of a product and to enhance customer satisfaction, Most of the online sites give opportunity to customer to provide reviews on the products that they purchased and about service. As many users becoming comfortable with the Web, an increasing number of people are writing reviews. Hence, now a day the number of reviews that a product receives grows rapidly. Many popular products can get hundreds/thousands of reviews. Manual classification of such large number of reviews is practically impossible. Aim of Sentiment classification is to automatically predict sentiment polarity (positive or negative) of reviews provided by users. Traditional classification algorithms are also used to train sentiment classifiers from manually labeled text data, but the labeling work is time-consuming and expensive. Users often use some different words when they express opinion on the products that they have purchased. Different sentiments are expressed differently in different domains, and adding corpora for every possible domain of interest is costly. Applying a sentiment classifier trained for a particular domain to classify sentiment of user reviews on a different domain shows poor performance because words that occur in the train domain might not appear in the test domain. To overcome this problem we propose a method in cross-domain sentiment classification. We analyze the customer reviews according to polarity. Polarity can be given in 3 ways that is positive, negative and neutral. First of all our system checked, on which product or group of products, the customer give the reviews, then we find out a keyword and their attributes. As get the pair, we assign a polarity using sentiment classification. We will take the reviews from the customer in the form of checkboxes, textbox etc. Then, we will help the owner to determine a polarity of each product in a particular region.

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Porosity is the one of the defects most frequently encountered in ductile iron casting. Porosity formation cause costly scrap loss and limits the use of cast parts in critical high strength applications. The amount of porosity is closely related to sand casting processes parameters. A considerable reduction in porosity formation can be obtained using optimization technique in the sand casting process. Casting is a manufacturing process to make complex shapes of metal materials in mass production may experience many different defects such as gas porosity, pin holes, blow holes, shrinkages and incomplete filling. The Gating/riser system design play very important role for improving casting quality. Due to the lack of scientific procedures the design process is normally carried on a trial-and-error basis. The main objective of this paper is to redesign the components using Auto-CAST X1 simulation software and increases the product life. Many researchers reported that 90% of the defects in casting are obtained only because of wrong design of gating and feeding system and only 10% due to manufacturing problems. In this paper to study the solidification behavior of material, detection of hot spots, blow holes and removed such defects in the casting with the help of mentioned casting simulation software. The simulated results also compared with experimental results.

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Image processing is the way of making the digital image to resemble the original image. It can be achieved by identifying the pixels that are different from the original image and then correcting the pixels to the required intensity. It is observed that techniques which follow the two stage process of detection of noise and filtering of noisy pixels achieve better performance than others. Classification is used to separate uncorrupted pixels from corrupted pixels. Reconstruction involves replacing the corrupted pixels by certain approximation technique. The performance of the proposed Cloud Model Filter is measured using the Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) values. The PSNR values obtained for the restored image using the proposed filter is compared with the median filter. The performance of the filter is tested by taking various combinations of noisy images and varying the noise levels from 1percent to 100 percent. With any combination of noises, the proposed filter’s performance proved better than the median filter.

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In general the mobile device act as a client, because the conversion of IT and Mobile Computing domain the mobile device are also be viewed as a service hosting platform. Previously there is no any reason except the storage area for the mobile device to act as server because of less memory or less processing power, but due to the Smartphone’s are introduce in market the problem is no more. Now a day the mobile devices have that much storage space. We are proposing a mobile web server which is software that provides a mobile device such as a smart phone or tablet, the capability, to host web sites, web application, and web services. In this paper we are proposing a web server which can run on a mobile device such as a Smartphone. We are proposing an Android Application (App) through which it is very easy and convenient to host the web site. As a mobile phone contains quite a lot of personal data it is easy to semi- automatically generate a personal web site. The primary goal is to bring a full-fledged web server to Android and to make a web server running on a mobile phone accessible from the internet using any web browser.

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Presently Programming the robot is a becoming daunting task. Inaccurate, inconsistent and unexpected results may be occurred because of Direct Programming of the robots & also it may take lots of time for programming. Also due to the costs involved in the development and maintenance of robot programming technique, automatic programming techniques and Robot Programming by (Human) Demonstration (RPD) techniques are currently attracting a lot of interest. Paper aims to build a robotic arm, which is provided with the sensors to sense and record parameters and the motors to repeat an action that is demonstrated by the human, so that accurate and efficient program is being generated. RPD is an intuitive method to program a robot. A human demonstrator with his/her hand, teaches an action to the robot, by physically interacting with it to perform an action. This allows the measurement and recording of the human’s positional and other parameters that are relevant to perform the demonstrated action.

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This paper describes a method of implementing two factor authentication using mobile phones. The proposed method guarantees that authenticating to services, such as online banking or ATM machines, is done in a very secure manner. The proposed system involves using a mobile phone as a software token for One Time Password generation. The generated One Time Password is valid for only a short userdefined period of time and is generated by factors that are unique to both, the user and the mobile device itself. Additionally, an SMS-based mechanism is implemented as both a backup mechanism for retrieving the password and as a possible mean of synchronization. The proposed method has been implemented and tested. Initial results show the success of the proposed method.

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The solvent free microwave extraction (SFME) of essential oil from eucalyptus was optimized using a full factorial design in terms of oil yield to determine the optimum extraction conditions. Several experiments were carried out with varying parameters like, extraction time, microwave power and type of sample for two level of each. The mathematical model applied form a first order regression equation. The predicted values calculated by the regression model were in good agreement values. The results showed that the extraction time is most prominent factor followed by microwave power level and sample type for extraction process. An average of 0.97 % of eucalyptus oil can be extracted using existing setup. The optimum condition for the eucalyptus oil extraction using SFME, were the extraction time 30 minutes, microwave power level 640 watt and sample type cuts sample. SFME proves a green and promising technique for essential oil extraction.

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Shell and tube type heat exchanger is used as universal equipment in many industrial departments, such as chemical industry, oil refining process, power plant, food industry, and so on. Heat exchanger is playing an important role in product quality, energy utilization and system economic and reliable performance. In recent years, there have been significant researches on the performance of shell and tube heat exchanger especially on the effect of baffle inclination angle, space, types upon heat transfer and pressure drop. The objective of this paper is to present the different effect of baffle on the pressure drop, overall heat transfer coefficient and other parameter.

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Key exchange for providing network security in particular Data encryption standard (DES) is the core cryptographic mechanism. For key exchange over the cloud security and privacy both are required. In this paper we have developed a family of privacy preserving authenticated DES algorithm both in traditional PKI setting and in the identity based setting. The newly developed DES are of conceptual level and practical based efficiency. It provides very useful privacy protection to protocol participants and add a new value to the IKE standard. As per our information, the protocols are the secure DES protocols which provide the following privacy protection advantages: 1) concurrent non-malleable statistical, forward deniability. 2) The session key and session transcript can be generated that cannot be traced to the pair of protocol participants. 3) Exchanged messages do not reveal the users identity and do not explicitly reveal the plays role information.

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Three field experiments were conducted to study growth and dry matter production of shoots of tea cultivar TRI 2025. The study site was a smallholder tea farmer’s field at Hali Ela (South), 1178 m amsl. First experiment was carried out to study the changes in number of shoots in different growth stages (i.e. buds, bud with fish leaf, bud with one normal leaf, bud with two normal leaves, bud with three normal leaves and banjies) with time. Observations were taken for one year. In the second experiment, degree-days (thermal time) accumulated for producing different tea shoots in a plucking table of cultivar TRI 2025 were estimated. In the third experiment a mathematical model to predict the production of harvestable tea shoots was developed. There was a significant difference among the mean number of total shoots in the plucking table with time (i.e. month of a year) representing different growth stages (i.e. buds, bud with fish leaf, bud with one normal leaf, bud with two normal leaves, bud with three normal leaves). The highest number of total shoots was recorded in April 2014 (128.25±9.137) and lowest during the month of September 2013 (79.2±9.137) (P<0.05).The average leaf area (LA) (cm2) of shoots at different growth stages could be estimated as a function of cumulative thermal time (R2~1). Fresh weight of harvestable TRI 2025 tea shoots could be predicted with a high precision (R2=0.9).

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