Adaptation algorithms that adjust the adaptive filters coefficients in order to minimized the associated error norm. In this paper we have discussed the two main adaptation algorithms least mean square (LMS) and recursive least square (RLS) algorithms. These two common algorithms that have found widespread application are least squares .LMS algorithm is a linear adaptive filtering algorithm which involves the automatic adjustment of the Parameter of the filter in accordance with estimation error. RLS algorithm is used in adaptive filters to find the filter coefficients that relate to recursively producing the least squares of the error signal and estimate the desired output results .These algorithms to reduce the mean square between the input signal and reference signal .we have also discussed formulation of the LMS algorithm, convergence and stability of the LMS algorithm and RLS algorithm.

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This work focuses on the design and simulation of a controller for a reverse-osmosis (RO) water desalination system to compensate for the set point changes in feed water supply. A PI controller is designed and its parameters are calculated to minimize the error and to produce an optimum response. This controller is then implemented on the RO system and its set-point tracking capabilities are evaluated.

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In today’s Era energy planners are aiming to increase the use of Oil, Gas, Nuclear and also Renewable Energy sources to meet the electricity demand in India. But till now coal-based thermal power plants are the major source of electricity generation and they will continue to dominate in the next few decades too. One of the major disadvantages of coal-based thermal power plants is the disposal problem of Fly Ash. It was earlier considered as a total waste and an environmental hazard, thus its use was limited, without much understanding. Fortunately, its useful properties have now begun to be known as raw material for various applications. Fly ash from the thermal plants is available in large quantities in fine and coarse form. Fine fly ash is used in construction industry in some amount and coarse fly ash is subsequently disposed over land in slurry forms. In India around 165 MT fly is produced and only around 40% of that is being utilized in different sectors. Balance fly ash is being disposed over land. It needs one acre of land for ash disposal to produce 1MW electricity from coal. Fly ash and pond ash utilization helps to reduce the consumption of natural resources. The fly ash became available in coal based thermal power station in the year 1930 in USA. For its gainful utilization, scientist started research activities and in the year 1937, R.E. Davis and his associates at university of California published research details on use of fly ash in cement concrete. This research had laid foundation for its specification, testing & usages. This study reports the potential use of pond-ash as a replacement for sand and fly-ash as cement in concrete mixes. The study investigated the effect of waste pond-ash as partial replacement of fine aggregates in various percentages, on concrete properties such as mechanical (compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength) and durability characteristics (rapid chloride penetration and deciding salt surface scaling) of the concrete. This paper deals with the review of literature for fly-ash and pond-ash as partial replacement of cement and fine aggregates in concrete.

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This paper deals with the development of software for optimizing spur gear design using three objectives namely pinion diameter minimization, pinion volume minimization and power maximization. The power development involves Buckingham dynamic load approach in addition to the AGMA approach. The optimization is done through developed software, which avoids the tedious procedure of repetitive mathematical calculations (iterations) in the gear design procedure.

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Delay-tolerant networking (DTN) is an approach to computer network architecture that seeks to address the technical issues in heterogeneous networks that may lack continuous network connectivity. Generally in networks the ability to transport, or route, data from a source to a destination is a fundamental ability all communication networks must have. Delay and disruption-tolerant networks (DTNs) are characterized by their lack of connectivity, resulting in a lack of instantaneous end-to-end paths. In this challenging environment we are able to effectively forward the packets from source to destination. When we need to transfer a large file from source to destination then here we are making all these packets available at source and then transfer as small packets. We are analyzing the performance of packets arriving at the source and then considering the linear blocks and rate less random linear coding to efficiently generate the redundancy as well as the energy constraint in the optimization. And then these small packets of large file are forward through the multiple paths to destination by using optimal user centric allocation and scheduling the packets at receiver side. We determine the conditions for optimality in terms of probability of successful delivery and mean delay and we devise optimal policies, so-called piecewise-threshold policies.

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This paper introduces the several load balancing algorithms for distributing Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) request to a cluster of SIP servers. Our load balancer algorithm Transaction Least Work Left is used to allocate work to least values of the servers. It is combine knowledge of the SIP. Two types of state exist in SIP. The first, session state, is created by the INVITE transaction and is destroyed by the BYE transaction. The session-oriented nature of SIP has important implications for load balancing. The SIP is a protocol of growing importance, with uses for VOIP, IPTV, audio conferencing, instant messaging. We Session-aware request assignment (SARA) is the process where a system assigns requests to servers such that sessions are properly recognized by that server, and subsequent requests corresponding to that same session are assigned to the same server. We compare our algorithms to several well-known approaches and present scalability results. Our algorithm, Transaction Least-Work-Left (TLWL), achieves its performance by integrating several features: dynamic estimates of back-end server load, knowledge of the SIP protocol, recognizing variability in call length, distinguishing transactions from calls and exploiting differences in processing costs for different SIP transaction.

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Mobile communication has enjoyed an incredible rise in quality throughout the last decade. Network dependability is most important concern in wireless Ad-hoc network. a serious challenge that lies in MANET (Mobile Ad-hoc network) is that the unlimited mobility and lots of frequent failure because of link breakage. Standard routing algorithms are insufficient for Ad-hoc networks. as a results of major drawback in MANET is limited power provide, dynamic networking. In MANET each node works as a router and autonomously performs mobile practicality. The link connectivity changes ceaselessly because of mobility to reflect this routing information additionally needs to get changed ceaselessly. AODV protocol is projected for this extraordinarily mobile network. In ancient AODV if any node fails in middle of transmission the method starts from the source node but in our propose scheme the transmission starts from the closest neighbor node therefore shows very important reduction in delay and improvement in packet delivery ratio are achieved. It also reduces the routing overhead by reducing the frequency of route discovery process.

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The migration of wired network into wireless network form has been a worldwide trend among the past few decades. A very attractive and promising category of wireless networks that has emerged is based on an Ad Hoc topology; these networks are called Wireless Ad Hoc Networks. The term wireless network implies a computer network in which the communication links are wireless. The term Ad Hoc comes from the fact that there is no fixed infrastructure for forwarding/ routing the packets. MANET does not need a set of network infrastructure; every single node works as each a transmitter and a receiver and they trust their neighbors to relay messages. Nodes communication directly with each other once they are in range intervals constant communication varies. The self-configuring ability of nodes in MANET created it modern among very important mission applications like military use or emergency recovery. In recent years, the security problems on MANET have become one of the primary concerns. MANET is more vulnerable to be attacked than a wired network. These vulnerabilities are nature of the MANET structure that can’t be retrieved. As a result, attacks with malicious intent have been and can be devised to exploit these vulnerabilities and to cripple the MANET operation. Attack prevention measures, such as authentication and encryption, are often used as the first line of defense for reducing the possibilities of attacks. But, these techniques have a limitation on the effects of prevention techniques in generally and that they are designed for a set of known attacks. They are unable to prevent newer attacks that are designed for circumventing the existing security measures. For this reason, there is a requirement of second mechanism to detect these newer attacks and which is none aside from intrusion detection system.

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Low density parity check (LDPC) codes are linear block codes used for error detection and correction mostly in high speed digital communication systems like digital broadcasting, optical fiber communications and wireless local area networks. LDPC codes have been subject to extensive research because of their significant performance in error correction. LDPC Code is a type of Block Error Correction code discovered and performance very close to Shannon’s limit .Good error correcting performance enables reliable communication. In this paper we have used a bit flipping algorithm to encode and decode the communication data. The input is a grayscale image and the output is verified using co-simulation between the MATLAB Simulink and QuestaSim. The FPGA implementation has done on the Xilinx 4 and the power consumption has calculated using Xilinx Power Analyzer.

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The amount of solar energy received is highly transient in nature, due to many meteorological conditions and needs to be analyzed for different applications like weather forecasting, resource assessment etc. The data captured using electronic data acquisition system is large, and thus there is a need to filter the data, to modify the data to be compact. Thus the data was filtered by using polynomial fitting method. This paper aims to fill the gaps of missing solar radiation data and to compare various wavelet transforms such as Haar wavelet, daubechies wavelet (D10) in compressing received solar radiation data.

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The paper proposes a method to implementing non-conventional source of energy for the generation of electricity. A vertical axis wind turbine is introduced by magnetic levitation technology to optimize the performance. The system utilize nature of permanent magnet as a replacement for ball bearings to levitate the turbine component and thus minimize energy losses while rotating, which is the major problem that faced by conventional wind turbine. Furthermore, the system can be suited in use for rural and urban areas of low wind speed regions. The selection of magnet materials in the design of wind turbine system will be discussed. A model of wind turbine is built to perform several tests such as starting wind speed, rotational speed at constant wind speed, and time taken to stop rotation completely. The results obtained will be compared with the model of conventional wind turbine. Power will then be generated with an axial flux generator, which incorporates the use of permanent magnets and a set of coils.

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Clustering is one of the most important techniques in machine learning and data mining tasks. Similar data grouping is performed using clustering techniques. In document vector each component indicates the value of the corresponding feature in the document. The feature value can be term frequency, relative term frequency. Similarity Measurement for Text Process (SMTP) is used to compute the similarity between two documents with respect to a feature. Presents and options of the features in both documents are used to estimate the similarity values. The SMTP is extended to estimate similarity between two set of documents. The SMTP scheme is used with text clustering and classification task.The system is designed to perform document clustering using Similarity Measurement for Text Process (SMTP). Spherical K means algorithm is used for the clustering process. Concept relationships are identified with the support of ontology. Dimensionality reduction functions are applied to minimize the features.

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Digital fuel indicator gives the exact quantity of fuel / gasoline in the fuel tank. In recent time, petrol bunk was very common. A number of petrol bunk in now a days manipulated in this way that it displays the fuel amount as filled, but in real sense the fuel filled quantity in the tank of the customer is very less than the value of displayed amount. This petrol bunks results in great profit for the petrol pump owner, but at same time customers are being cheated. In India about to all two wheelers vehicles are consists of ‘analog meters’. This analog meter does not help in precise quantity of fuel currently in the fuel tank of the vehicles, and in this way it does not help in cross- checking the amount of fuel filled at the petrol pump. But in this time in the world product are going to digitized for the purpose of benefits and friendliness of the customers. Therefore, we are going to discuss a project named as “Digital Fuel Indicator in Two Wheelers”. The digital fuel indicator displays the exact volume of the remaining fuel in the fuel tank.

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The peak generation of wind farms and peak load demands typically do not occurs at the same time due to the variations in speed of wind and gives a stochastic output. The main aim of this paper is to study a wind farm integrated with an energy storage device at turbine level in order to shift the wind power generation to peak demand period. In order to measure the effect of integration, actual profiles of load ,wind energy and other power source is studied and the effective load carrying capability for wind energy. The effective load carrying capability (ELCC) is calculated after and before adding the storage device (Battery). It results that the battery can make significant improvement in the ELCC of wind energy and also it gives a higher efficiency.

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Conveyor equipment selection is a complex, and sometimes, tedious task since there are literally hundreds of equipment types and manufacturers to choose from. The expert system approach to conveyor selection provides advantages of unbiased decision making, greater availability, faster response, and reduced cost as compared to human experts. Conveyor types are selected on the basis of a suitability score, which is a measure of the fulfillment of the material handling requirements by the characteristics of the conveyor. The computation of the score is performed through the Weighted Evaluation Method, and the Expected Value Criterion for decision making under risk. This paper discusses the work done by the different researchers for the development of conveyor system for industrial purpose.

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To develop an accelerometer based system to interpret the need of patient using gesture recognition .These accelerometers are being attached to the fingers of both the palms for capturing the movements. The prime focus was on the accelerometer which will start sending the analog value of the patient movement into the voltage form and the same analog voltage value will be converted into digital voltage value information of the necessity of the patient with the aid microcontroller and it will be displayed on the LCD display screen attached at the receiver side for respective voltage value information. It uses the microcontroller, RF module and accelerometer as its main components. This is to facilitate the doctors with the necessity of the patient while the patient is in non-communicative state, and has a very good range of application in Intensive Care Unit (ICU), CCU, and ICCU.

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Now a day’s concerns about methanol have increased from the viewpoints of environmental protection and versatility of fuels at a global scale. Energetic research on methanol-fueled automobile engines has been forwarded from the viewpoints of low environmental pollution and the use of alternate fuel since the oil crisis, and they are now being tested on vehicles in various countries in the world. Desire for saving of maintenance cost and labour prevails as well as the environmental problems in the field of marine engines. From these motives scientists have carried out research and development of a methanol fueled marine diesel engine which is quite different from automobile engines in the size, main particulars, working condition and durability. Although scientists have made a great use of invaluable knowledge from automotive technology, some special studies were necessary due to these differences. Ignition method is a typical one. Dual fuel injection system was tried for trouble-free ignition of methanol fuel. This system is thought to be the most favorable ignition method for marine diesel engines which have to withstand quick load change and accept no misfiring.

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This paper presents effectiveness of cut off frequency of a low pass filter of communication disturbance observer (CDOB). This compensation technique requires system model only and not time model. So we can apply this compensation technique to both constant and variable time delay. In this paper, the validity of compensation technique with simulated result has been shown.

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Energy saving, Efficiency and Environment friendliness of the refrigeration system is the main focus of the Refrigeration and Air conditioning industry. It is seen that there are different methods to use magnetic effect to produce lower temperatures. These different methods have different devices, different features as well as different working principles. At present day almost all these methods have potential to enter into the market. This review paper gives a list of methods of use of magnets in refrigeration. The aim of this paper is to provide a review on the methods used to produce lower temperatures using magnetic effect.

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Flow control in a conical tank is a highly nonlinear process due to variation of cross sectional area of tank with height. This is due to relationship between controlled variable, flow and manipulated variable, flow rate, which has a square root relationship. Conical tanks find wide applications in process industries. Their shape contributes to better dispersal of solids, when mixing and provide more complete drainage, especially for viscous liquids. This paper proposes different tuning methods of PID controller for a flow process. Four different controller tuning methods are taken. They are closed ZN method, modified ZN method [without overshoot], Internal Model Control Method and Model Predictive Control method. These four methods are compared and listed out in a table. Among these MPC method is the best tuning method of PID for a Flow process.

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Low power has emerged as a principal theme in today’s world of natural philosophy industries. Power dissipation has become a vital thought in terms of performance and space for VLSI Chip style. With shrinking technology, reducing power consumption and over all power management on chip area unit the key challenges below 100nm attributable to redoubled complexness. For several styles, improvement of power is vital as temporal arrangement attributable to the necessity to cut back package value and extended battery life. For power management leak current conjointly plays a vital role in low power VLSI styles. Leakage current is turning into an progressively vital fraction of the full power dissipation of integrated circuits. This paper describes regarding the assorted ways, methodologies and power management techniques for low power circuits and systems. A future challenge that has got to be met to style an occasional power high performance circuits are mentioned.

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Opinion Mining is a process of automatic extraction of knowledge from the opinion of others about some particular topic or problem. With the growing popularity of the Web 2.0, people are more and more provided with documents expressing opinions on different topics. In recent times, new research approaches were defined in order to automatically extract such opinions on the Internet. This review article focuses on the basics of Opinion Mining, analysis of data sources required for Opinion Mining. Further, machine learning techniques on the basis of their usage and importance for the analysis, tools, evaluation of Sentiment classifications and its various applications have also been overviewed.

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This paper presents a study of the behaviour of the brass/steel pair in the presence of friction and wear. A plan of experiments, based on the techniques of Taguchi, was performed on a pin-on-disc machine. The objective was to establish a correlation between load, sliding velocity and temperature in contact with the wear and coefficient of friction. In this study we investigated the wear behaviour of brass and gun metal-based bearing materials in dry sliding conditions. The parameters such as load, sliding speed and sliding distance were identified will affecting wear rate. The design of experiments (DOE) approach using taguchi method was employed to analyze the wear behaviour of hybrid composites. Signal-to-noise ratio and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to investigate the influence of parameters on the wear rate.

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The paper project purpose dwells on the implementation of an alternate configuration of a wind turbine for power generation purposes.. A vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) is introduced by magnetic levitation technology to optimize the performance. The system utilize nature of permanent magnet as a replacement for ball bearings to levitate the turbine component and thus minimize energy losses while rotating, which is the major problem that faced by conventional wind turbine. The Maglev Wind Turbine is expected to bring wind power technology to the next level. Furthermore, the system can be suited in use for rural and urban areas of low wind speed regions. The selection of magnet materials in the design of wind turbine system will be discussed. A model of wind turbine is built to perform several tests such as starting wind speed, rotational speed at constant wind speed, and time taken to stop rotation completely. The results obtained will be compared with the model of conventional wind turbine. Power will then be generated with an axial flux generator, which incorporates the use of permanent magnets and a set of coils.

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In last decade medical image quality improvement most popular topic for research. There are many methods are present for improving medical images. In the field of medical image processing, digital images very often get corrupted by several kinds of noise during the process of image acquisition. In this paper, we will present a new method for removal of impulse noise with edge preservation and enhancing quality. The method is based on eliminating impulse noise from MR, X- Ray images. A mean median-based method to remove impulse noise from digital MRI images has been developed. The method is adjusted in order to decide whether the median operation can be applied on a pixel. In this research, to suppress this deficiency, noisy pixels are initially detected, and then the filtering operation is applied on them. The proposed decision based un-symmetric mean median method (DBUMM) is simple and leads to fast filtering. The results are more accurate than other conventional filters. DBUMM detection stage a more powerful here we have use an alpha trimmed median filter for removal of noisy pixels. As a considerable advantage, some unnecessary median operations are eliminated and the number of median operations reduces drastically by using DBUMM. Decision based un-symmetric mean median filtering method leads to more acceptable results in scenarios with high noise density gives better peak signal noise ratio (PSNR) and better image quality. Furthermore, the proposed method reduces the probability of detecting noise-free pixels as noisy pixels and vice versa.

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