With the wide use of computers and consequently need for large scale storage and transmission of data efficient ways of storing of data have become necessary. With the growth of technology and entrance into the Digital Age the world has found itself amid a vast amount of information. Dealing with such enormous information can often present difficulties. Image compression is minimizing the size in bytes of a graphics file without degrading the quality of the image to an unacceptable level. The reduction in file size allows more images to be stored in a given amount of disk or memory space. It also reduces the time required for images to be sent over the Internet or downloaded from Web pages.JPEG and JPEG 2000 are two important techniques used for image compression. Both are Lossy compression scheme that are often used to compress information such as digital images. Image processing is the latest field of research now days. Image Compression is the field of Image processing which includes the compression of Images and is chosen for the thesis work. JPEG 2000 image compression standard makes use of DWT (Discrete Wavelet Transform). DWT can be used to reduce the image size without losing much of the resolutions computed and values less than a pre-specified threshold are discarded. Thus it reduces the amount of memory required to represent given image. Recently discrete wavelet transform has emerged as popular techniques for image compression. The wavelet transform is one of the major processing components of image compression. For image compression, it is desirable that the selection of transform should be responsible for reducing the size of resultant data set as compared to source data set. This thesis is focused on parameter related to image such as compression ratio, PSNR, MSE, Global thresholding and SSIM.

Read More...

This thesis work presents a new harmonic suppression technique for microstrip patch antennas. Harmonic suppression in active integrated antennas is known as an effective method to improve the efficiency of amplifiers in transmitter side. In the proposed design, the antenna works as the radiating element and, at the same time, as the tuning load for the amplifier circuit that is directly matched to the antenna. The proposed active antenna architecture is easy to fabricate and is symmetric, so it can be conveniently mass-produced and designed to have circular polarization, which is preferred in many applications such as satellite communications. The antenna simulations were performed using High Frequency System Simulator (HFSS). Based on the success in the single element active antenna design, the thesis also presents a feasibility of applying the active integrated antenna in array configuration, in particular, in scanning array design to yield a low-profile, low-cost alternative to the parabolic atenna transmitter of satellite communication systems

Read More...

In this paper, The Design and Implementation of Successive Approximation Register (SAR) Analog to Digital Convertor (ADC) in 45 nm technology using TANNER TOOL, V15 is presented. The simulation results show the transient analysis waveforms of different blocks of SAR ADC and also the result of 6-bit SAR ADC. The mainly four blocks are in the SAR ADC. The blocks are Sample and Hold, Dynamic Comparator, SAR Logic and DAC Logic. Here the DAC logic is used for the feedback to comparator and its made from the charge scaling capacitor. This design is for low power and low area consumption in chip or circuit design and compared with each other. These SAR ADC is high speed switching and low power consumption with compares to any other ADC.

Read More...

Digital images are noisy due to ecological disturbances and it is degrade the quality of images. Data sets collected by image sensors are generally infected by noise and it is due to imperfect instruments. The noise is characterized by its pattern and by its probabilistic characteristics. There is a wide variety of noise types while we focus on the most important types of noises and comparative analysis of denoising techniques for corrupted images to enhance image quality is discussed in this paper. There have been several published algorithms and each approach has its assumptions, advantages and limitations. This paper presents a review of some significant work in the area of image denoising in terms of PSNR and ENL with different noise level.

Read More...

Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) is a widely practiced maintenance and repair activity for decreasing equipment downtime. In this paper we conduct an investigative case study on engine maintenance and repair hub, located in the coal mines of Eastern India, wherein breakdown maintenance was still practice. A thorough research was conducted into the causes of failure of all engines which came to the workshop during a three year period and also the various spare parts used in each type of failure, followed by classification of the various spare parts on the basis of their reliability. With the help of this failure data, reliability analysis of the various engine models was conducted using Reliasoft’s Weibull++ and Mean Time To Failure (MTTF) was calculated. Based on these estimations, we scheduled a maintenance program and implemented it for six months and compared the resulting failure trends to the previous data. The results of the case study clearly show that RCM can lead to cost effective Spare Parts Management.

Read More...

Solid dielectric materials are used in all kind of electrical apparatus and devices to insulate one current carrying part from another when they operate at different voltages. But it is found that most of the insulators are manufactured without avoided a small amount of impurity inside the insulator. The impurity of such insulating material is in the form of solid, gas or liquid. During the manufacturing process it is found that most of the solid insulation has impurity in the form of air bubbles (void) which creates a small weak zone inside the insulator. In high voltage power equipments, the insulation failure takes place is due to presence of PDs inside the void enclosed model. Due to above reason PD detection and measurement is necessary for prediction and reliable operation and increase the life time of insulation for HV power apparatus. Accurate simulating of PD is more important for insulation study. In this paper, the mechanism of PD has been simulated by using MATLAB.

Read More...

Microstrip patch antennas have been widely used in a various useful applications, due to their low weight and low profile, conformability, easy and cheap realization. A low profile patch antenna for wireless application is proposed in this paper. This proposed antenna is made by using the probe feeding methods. The antenna is designed for some improvement in the performance of directivity, gain, return loss and size of circuit area. The compact antenna is expected to improve the cost of production due to the size reduction in the overall circuit area especially in a mass production. IE 3D simulator is used to compute the gain, power, radiation pattern, and S-parameters of the antenna. Changing the parameters like substance’s thickness, material, tangent loss and dielectric constant affect the gain performance of the antenna.

Read More...

In Mobile Ad hoc networks (MANETs), portable mobile nodes communicate directly with each other without any central infrastructure. In the absence of central infrastructure, a node establishes communication network and act as router as well. Nodes are battery operated and mobile hence network topology changes frequently. In MANET, resources are limited. Battery power of the node is one of the important resources. Ad hoc On demand Distance Vector AODV is a reactive protocol which establishes the network connection when needed. When any node has some data for communication, AODV protocol will establish the route. In AODV, route breaks when nodes run out of battery power. Purpose of this work is to maximize the network lifetime by avoiding the routing through nodes with less battery power. Routing will be through the nodes with sufficient battery power. Power aware routing algorithm is developed and simulated using NS-2. Further more we have compared the results with conventional AODV and demonstrated that remaining battery energy of the nodes increases.

Read More...

This paper presents a complex full adder design having higher computing speed, lower operating voltage and low power consumption as these all are requirements of a VLSI design system. The proposed full adder design makes use of low power designs such as XOR and AND gates pass transistors and transmission gates. The simulation results are matched with the conventional cell by standard implementation. In this circuit design power consumption is done upto 40% by an addition. As the word length of the adder decreases the power consumption decreases significantly. We describe that how efficiently XOR and AND gates are realized to a general full adder circuit based on a pass transistor logic. The simulation results are compared with the standard simulation of the tool proposed in the project.

Read More...

In this paper we have implemented a high speed flash ADC with low power by using threshold inverter quantization technique. The main benefit of the TIQ based CMOS flash ADC design is a simpler comparator design. The proposal is to use digital inverters as analog voltage comparators. This eliminates the requirement of high-gain differential input voltage comparators that are inherently more compound and slower than the digital inverters. The TIQ flash ADC also eliminates the need of reference voltages, which require a resistor ladder circuit. This simplicity in the comparator part provides both high speed and lower power consumption at the same time.

Read More...

Single sign-on (shortly called as SSO) is an authentication mechanism that enables a legal user with a single credential to be authenticated by multiple service providers in a distributed computer network. Recently, Chang and Lee proposed a new SSO scheme and claimed its security by providing well-organized security arguments. In another attack, an outsider without any credential may be able to enjoy network services freely by impersonating any legal user or a nonexistent user. We identify the flaws in their security arguments to explain why attacks are possible against their SSO scheme. Our attacks also apply to another SSO scheme proposed by Hsu and Chuang, which inspired the design of the Chang–Lee scheme. In our proposed work we use Elliptic Curve Cryptography (shortly ECC) for high efficiency with smaller key sizes useful for security arguments that has limited power .In the proposed system using ECC the cryptographic operations will be performed with fewer processor cycles and operation can be performed much faster and providing well-organized security arguments in distributed computer network.

Read More...

A scheduling algorithm & technique for managing multi-job map reduce workloads that rely on the ability to dynamically build performance models of the executing workloads, and use these models to provide dynamic performance management. Sometime the server based workloads may happen due to status of the receiver which is not in online. This may cause the data not to be delivered to the receiver. So, the server storage is too high (overloaded). In this paper to overcome the overloading problem, a subserver is used which is related to the main server. If the receiver node take too much of time to come online, then the sub server send the file to receiver using mail account with encrypted data. The data can be decrypted only when the receiver uses the sender mentioned IP address. If the system IP address does not match to the sender defined IP address the file cannot open.

Read More...

Wireless sensor networks need accurate time synchronization for data consistency and coordination. Although the existing algorithms for time synchronization offer very good accuracy, their energy consumption is high, and distant nodes are poorly synchronized. We propose a Recursive Time Synchronization Protocol (shortly called as RTSP) which accurately synchronizes all the nodes in a network to a global clock using multi-hop architecture in an energy-efficient way. It achieves better performance due to the MAC-layer time-stamping based on Start of Frame Delimiter byte, infrequent broadcasts by a dynamically elected reference node, compensation of the propagation delay and adjustment of the timestamps at each hop, estimation of the relative skew and offset using least square linear regression on two data points adaptive re-synchronization interval, aggregation of the synchronization requests, and energy awareness. A detailed analysis of the sources of errors is also provided. Simulation results show that the RTSP can achieve an average accuracy of 0.3 microseconds in a large multi-hop flat network while using five-times lesser energy than that of FTSP in the long run and performs even better in a clustered network where it can achieve an average accuracy of 0.23 microseconds while using seven-times lesser energy.

Read More...

In this paper the author have discussed the trade-off between current CMOS technology scaling and static power consumption issues. This power consumption is an important concern for designing a low power integrated circuit. This paper has discussed different approaches for a low power integrated circuit design using leakage power reduction techniques. The main focus is on dual stack power gating approach which reduces the leakage power near about 75% in comparison to base design without the power gating structure at 90 nm technology

Read More...

In this paper, we have designed a model of an all-digital phase-locked loop (ADPLL) which is discrete in nature. The design is carried out in simulink and then the code of the main blocks i.e. DDS and Hilbert is written and verified in VHDL. The basic components of the ADPLL are the phase detector, the loop filter and voltage controlled oscillator which is realized as the direct digital synthesizer (DDS).The phase detection is realized by using the Hilbert transform and then the phase is calculated using CORDIC algorithm. The linear range of the ADPLL is increased by using the phase-unwrap block. All equations to design this ADPLL are derived by using the relations of time continuous PLL. The time continuous model is simulated first by using matlab-simulink and all equations are analyzed. By using these equations all the relations to design an all-digital PLL are obtained.

Read More...

Transport is a vital infrastructure for rapid economic growth of the country. Speedy transportation of natural resources (such as raw materials), finished goods and perishable materials to all parts of the country including the points of export outlets are basic inputs to economic growth. In India flexible pavement (bitumen) is most common f or both national and state highways. Majority of roads are also built with conventional bitumen pavements considering its lower initial cost, though the life cycle cost of these pavements are very high compared to rigid pavements due to frequent repairs and also need for complete resurfacing at interval of 4-5 years. Further fuel consumption of vehicles is much higher on this type of pavement than that on rigid pavement. In advanced countries rigid pavement is increasingly being used due to large number of benefits it offers. Continuously reinforced concrete pavement, (CRCP) eliminates the need for transverse joints (other than at bridges and other structures) and keep cracks tight, resulting in a continuous, smooth-riding surface that is virtually maintenance free.

Read More...

In Today’s Fast Life Every One Wants To Save Time And Money, Even Small Scale Industrialist Wants To Earn More Profits With Given Limited Resources .Due To The Globalisation The Competation Is Increasing Day By Day, Especially Micro Industries Is Facing Lot Of Trouble To Sustain In Throat Cutting Competation. So We Came Up With An Idea Of Saving Money By Desginning And Fabritacting A Multi-Purpose Tool Post Which Can Save Money Of Small Industrialist By Avoiding The Subcontarction Of Works Which May Required Specail Machines .

Read More...

This Research deals with the Performance Evaluation of stationary IC engine Using Biofuels (Diesel, Biodiesel, and Biogas) and its Blends. The various Blends of Diesel, Palm Biodiesel and Biogas are used and conducted the test on Stationary IC Engine. The experiment results were analyzed for the selection of better Blend of Diesel, Biodiesel and Biogas for IC Engine for better performance with reduced pollution.

Read More...

Web data extraction has been an important part for many Web data analysis applications. This paper formulates the data extraction such as the image retrieval using advanced techniques. I propose an unsupervised, page-level data extraction approach to deduce the schema and templates for each individual Deep Website that contains either singleton or multiple data records in one Webpage. FiVaTech applies tree matching, tree alignment, and advanced techniques to achieve the challenging task. In experiments, FiVaTech has much higher precision than EXALG and is comparable with other record level extraction systems like ViPER and MSE. The experiments show an encouraging result for the test pages used in many state-of-the-art Web data extraction works. Since the term has been widely used to describe the process of retrieving desired images from a large collection on the basis of features such as image that can be automatically extracted from the data themselves. The features used for retrieval can be either primitive or semantic, but the extraction process must be pre dominantly automatic. Retrieval of images by manually-assigned keywords is definitely CBIR as the term is generally understood – even if the keywords describe image content.

Read More...

In services computing domain, Web service reputation is usually calculated using ratings given by service users. However, the existing of malicious ratings and different preferences of different service users often lead to a chance towards positive or negative ratings. In this paper, we propose a novel reputation measure method for Web services. The proposed method detects malicious rating and adjusts rating to enhance the reputation measure accuracy. Here we detect malicious user ratings by cumulative sum method and reduce the negative effect of unfair ratings.

Read More...

Cloud computing transforms the way information technology (IT) is consumed and managed, promising improved cost efficiencies, accelerated innovation, faster time-to-market, and the ability to scale applications on demand However, cloud Computing presents an added level of risk because essential services are often outsourced to a third party, which makes it harder to maintain data security and privacy, support data and service availability, and demonstrate compliance. Cloud Computing leverages many technologies With the growing adoption of cloud computing as a viable business proposition to reduce both infrastructure and operational costs, an essential requirement is to provide guidance on how to manage information security risks in the cloud. Security is one of the major issues which hamper the growth of cloud. The idea of handing over important data to another company is worrisome; such that the consumers need to be vigilant in understanding the risks of data breaches in this new environment. This paper introduces a detailed analysis of the cloud computing security issues and challenges

Read More...

As the commitment to reduce environmental impact and power consumption are becoming increasingly important objectives for organizations, architecture leaders are now proactively considering environmental resource. The biggest challenge facing the environment today is global warming, caused by carbon emissions. About 98 percent of CO2 emissions (or 87 percent of all CO2–equivalent emissions from all greenhouse gases) can be directly attributed to energy consumption, according to a report by the Energy Information Administration. Many organizations today are speaking openly about a desire to operate in a “green” manner, publishing principles for environmental practices and sustainability on their corporate Web. In addition, many companies are now paying (or will pay in the near future) some kind of carbon tax for the resources they consume and the environmental impact of the products and services they produce, so a reduction in energy consumed can have a real financial payback. Green computing, also called green technology, is the environmentally sustainable to use of computers and related resources like - monitors, printer, storage devices, networking and communication systems - efficiently and effectively with minimal or no impact on the environment. The evaluation, analysis and optimization of the workload demands and IT infrastructures are required to determine the present and future energy consumption needs. Therefore the primary motivation behind this green approach is cost saving and also at the same time there are lots of money savings and eco-friendly.

Read More...

In mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), tasks are conducted based on the cooperation of nodes in the networks. However, since the nodes are usually constrained by limited computation resources, selfish nodes may refuse to be cooperative. Reputation systems and price-based systems are two main solutions to the node non co-operation problem. A reputation system evaluates node behaviours by reputation values and uses a reputation threshold to distinguish trustworthy nodes and untrustworthy nodes. A price-based system uses virtual cash to control the transactions of a packet forwarding service. Although these two kinds of systems have been widely used, very little research has been devoted to investigating the effectiveness of the node cooperation incentives provided by the systems. In this project, we use game theory to analyze the cooperation incentives provided by these two systems and by a system with no cooperation incentive strategy. We find that the strategies of using a threshold to determine the trustworthiness of a node in the reputation system and of rewarding cooperative nodes in the price-based system may be manipulated by clever or wealthy but selfish nodes. We further enhance the system by addressing the security issues of cooperative nodes. This provides security by encrypting the packet in sender and then it forwards to the intermediate node. And the packets are decrypted by the receiver node. Obviously the packets are not lost during data transmission

Read More...

In recent years the evaluation of Application Programming interfaces (API’s) increases for web-based applications. It describes how few components of software interacted with one another. It is a collection of functions that perform a specified task to interact for components of software it can be defined as standard library and it can be considered as specification of Remote Calls. In this API we are maintaining the data for longer period of time and with security based mechanism using java which provides authentication also. In this API the data can be taken from transactional and relation databases. In this additionally packages of security can be added for data to maintain the data over un-trusted parties. In this API the queries can be handled and maintained accurately with the Google App’s Engine.

Read More...

Now-a-days security is one of the major issues for home environment. Smart home security is important as the intrusion is increasing very drastically for home. Safeties from theft, damage to resources and leakage to sensitive information are to be handled in a very smart and secure way. The traditional security system uses some form of an alarm signal to detect the intrusion. In recent times, companies have invested considerable amount into home security systems. To handle this problem we propose and implement alarm systems involving light dependent resistors as the main component. In this paper, a circuit has been developed and tested using a light dependent resistor

Read More...