As Increase in WSN Application there also increased research in WSN. Routing is core Technology in WSN because it is concerned with other technologies like Security, Positioning, Network Discovery, Controlling, Communication, Tasking and Querying. WSN routing Algorithm is different than general routing algorithm. Because, Sensor node is come up with limited amount of battery power which is non-rechargeable or non-replaceable & The Life Cycle of WSN is dependent on the battery power of Sensor node. So, the design of routing algorithm is mainly focused on Energy Consumption of Sensor node. Energy-Efficient Routing is required for WSN. Many protocols like LEACH, PEGASIS, TEEN and ECHERP are used for WSN routing. Some of these algorithms are described & compared in this paper.

Read More...

The typical undergraduate student of today is accustomed to receive information on a daily basis in a variety of formats provided through multimedia channels. This paper provides an updated overview of research on the use of multimedia via workstation operating system (used to handle data, different processes, memory manipulation, audio and video devices etc), its application areas (manufacturing, education, business, entertainment, medical), multimedia file system(data must be presented before a deadline, data on disk should be organized in such a way that it efficiently uses the limited storage, a multimedia system must support multiple data at one time), multimedia information representation(All types of multimedia information are stored and processed within a computer in a digital form, they can be integrated together and transmitted over a single communications network), intelligent multimedia system(understands different types of input, converts one format to another format, uses the Intelligence with Knowledge performs the searching of text and object, provides the flexibility, provides different expression to understand the format of input). The Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) standard addresses compression of video signals, it is a generic standard and is independent of any particular applications and loss(do not guarantee to reproduce the original input) and lossless(used when it is important that the original and the decompressed data be identical) compression algorithms.

Read More...

Due to the presence of speckles in ultrasound or CT images, the enhancement of these images is extremely difficult, especially in images of the liver and kidney whose underlying structures are too small to be resolved by large wavelength ultrasound. Speckles significantly increase the difficulty in discriminating fine details in images during diagnostic examinations. They also complicate further image processing, such as segmentation and edge detection. The problem is to remove the noise without losing valuable image features. For diagnostic US imaging, the detection of focal lesions of varying size and contrast from surrounding tissues is a feature of prime importance. We have proposed a technique to improve visibility of these images which is combination of wavelet filtering followed by morphological operations. It enhances the images and locates the infected portion in the image.

Read More...

In this paper we designed the circuit, using that circuit we can communicate with our neighbors wirelessly. Instead of RF signals, light from an IR LED is used as the carrier in the circuit. The laser torch can transmit light up to a distance of about 500 meters. The phototransistor of the receiver must be accurately oriented towards the beam from the LED. If there is any obstruction in the path of the beam, no sound will be heard from the receiver. The transmitter circuit comprises of condenser microphone transistor amplifier BC548 followed by an op amp stage built around µA741. The gain of the op-amp can be controlled with the help of 1-mega-ohm potentiometer VR1.The AF output from IC1 is coupled to the base of transistor BD139 (T2), which, in turn, modulates the beam. The transmitter uses 9V power supply. The receiver circuit uses an NPN phototransistor as the light sensor is followed by a two-stage transistor preamplifier and LM386-based audio Power amplifier. The receiver does not need any complicated alignment. Just keep the phototransistor oriented towards the remote transmitters beam. The phototransistor is kept away from AC light sources such as bulbs. The reflected sunlight, however, does not cause any problem. But the sensor should not directly face the sun.

Read More...

As technology grows day by day, the study of power system has shifted to power electronics to produce the most efficient energy conversion. Power electronic is the study of processing and controlling the flow of electric energy by supplying voltages and currents which is suited for user loads. Power electronics are used to obtain the benefit of lower cost and high energy efficiency. Twelve pulse topology commonly found in adjustable speed drives. It is expensive but produces least input current harmonics. Application like heating, ventilating, air conditioning due to its less input current harmonic. Rectifier is the power processor which gives dc output voltages with minimum amount of harmonics. When poly phase is rectified which produce smoother dc output than single phase dc rectifier. When three phase input Is available, rectifiers can come in a variety of pulses such as six pulse and twelve pulse. If the no of pulses increases the input characteristic improves.

Read More...

Most real-world databases have at least some missing data. Today, users of such databases are “on their own” in terms of how they manage the incompleteness. The existing system deals with the general concept of partial information policy (PIP) operator to handle incompleteness in relational databases. PIP operators build upon preference frameworks for incomplete information, but accommodate different types of incomplete data (e.g., a value exists but is not known; a value does not exist; a value may or may not exist). Different users in the real world have different ways to handle incompleteness - PIP operators allow them to specify a policy that matches their attitude to risk and their knowledge of the application and how the data was collected. It results in longer time for updating and incompleteness cannot be eliminated completely. The proposed system with the help of Expectation Maximization Algorithm and Multiple Imputation Algorithms eliminates the incompleteness and predicts the missing values without the user interaction by relating the missing attributes with the supporting tables. The proposed method is evaluated with a large particular database and the result demonstrates that the proposed approach is better than the existing algorithms and root mean square error (RMSE) at different missing ratios.

Read More...

The FEA is a numerical procedure for analysing structure of complicated shapes to apply complex loading condition and predict stress lavel.it works on the principle of divide the rule that is transformed a physical system having infinite unknowns into small finite elements having finite number of unknowns. It’s called meshing. Accuracy of the FEA result will depends on the quality of mesh. Selection of meshing method, element size and element shape are most crucial steps in the FEA analysis. More number of elements more accurate is the results; however this also increases the calculation required for the solution. An acceptance criterion of result is to check convergence error for each iteration. Order of element is also important is also important for the stress prediction in complex loading condition. This paper represents the successful attempt to give detailed guideline about the selection of meshing method, element size meshing quality, meshing refinement and effect of it on the accuracy of the FEA analysis result.

Read More...

Network Simulators are used by the research community to evaluate new theories and hypotheses. It allows research questions and prototypes to be explored at relatively lesser cost and time than that required to experiment with real implementations and networks. It provides a virtual environment for an assortment of desirable features such as modelling a network based on a specific criteria and analyzing its performance under different scenarios. The primary purpose of this paper is to review NS-3 simulators, as well as find its advantages in the field of research and how it is different from NS-2.

Read More...

The aim of the project is to make weather monitoring system to measure temperature, humidity, air velocity and day & night stages. Our system monitors parameters and store them to Raspberry pi. This design is mainly based on Raspberry pi, RTUs and RS485. The RS485 is an important communication interface during computer and external communication devices, which is widely used in monitor-control system and project application. Since RS485 Serial Port has the advantage of far distance communication and anti-jamming, it is very popular in industry fields. RTU is Slave made of LPC2148 board with sensors and 16x2 LCD. The value of sensors are not only be displayed on 16x2 LCD, but also can be sent and displayed to raspberry pi using RS485 interface. A multithreaded protocol is used for the transmission of device data between the Raspberry pi and the Boards. The project has three areas in which focus is aimed. The first area is the creation of a Raspberry pi program that will control devices throughout the RS485 network. The second aim is giving each RTU the ability to take input from the sensors as well as collect and send data from attached devices. Lastly the construction of network adapters that will allow multiple devices to communicate with raspberry pi on one seamless network. The sole purpose of this project is to make the RTU for weather monitoring system which can work effectively over long distance.

Read More...

This research paper deals With respect to global issues of sustainable energy and reduction in greenhouse gases, biomass energy as one of the key sources of renewable energy is getting increased attention as a potential source of energy in India. This work has been carried out to develop, design and fabricate an applicable for the production of producer gas using locally available biomass fuel rice husk. Gasifier design based on rice husk as a biomass. Factors effects design of gasifier are: Fuel feed rate, air flow rate, time for cooking, item used for cooking, Gasifier reactor having an internal diameters of 15cm was designed and fabricated, operating period of 25-30min, and amount of biomass fuel consumed of 1kg. Traces of producer gases were found and flame was found to be blue.

Read More...

Traditionally automotive suspension designs have been a compromise between three conflicting criteria of road holding, load carrying and passenger comfort. The suspension system must support the vehicle, provide directional control during handling maneuvers and provide effective isolation of passenger payload from road disturbances. Good ride comfort requires a soft suspension whereas insensitivity to applied load requires stiff suspension. Good handling requires a suspension setting somewhere between the two. The objective of this paper is to develop an active control law for the suspension system , for this only a quarter model of the vehicle suspension system with two degree of freedom is conceived and then effect of various types of input (Step, impulse) on the passive quarter model is evaluated followed by application of various control algorithms like PID control, Active force control using Crude approximation and Iterative learning method, Fuzzy logic is applied on the quarter model and the results are tabulated. The effect of inputs on different control laws is found and the results are compared which gives the relative significance of various control algorithms. The software utilized is MATLAB version 2009.

Read More...

In the Food Industry there are various food stuffs in the form of grains having particular importance of wheat. The ability of identification of characteristics is required. With increased expectation for food products with high quality and high standards, the need for accurate, fast and objective quality determination of these food characteristics in food products continue to grow. Basic problem for quality evaluation of wheat industry is that it is done manually by human inspectors. Machine Vision in food has broaden its range of applications from cereals, grains, vegetables to fruits including processed products in which there is a high degree of quality is achieved as compare to human vision inspection. Machine vision provides one alternative for non- destructive, automated and cost-effective technique.

Read More...

The current scenario of Digital world is different than as it was before 5 years. Cyber Crime activities are at its high and hence IT security field has really picked up. Almost every week, you will hear at-least one report of intrusion on database of any company. IT security experts and forensic Investigators have found it very complex when attack is on any SQL server database. When the security of an SQL server database is compromised, In few case forensic investigators are unable to qualify or assess the scope of the intrusion. In such cases, they have to publicly report the damage. This is difficult not only for customers but for companies as well, who have to risk their reputation and brand image. To avoid this type of accident, the best way is to master specialized skills required to deeply investigate intrusions on SQL Server. There are many existing technologies are there to analyze and investigate the compromised SQL Server Database. In this Dissertation, I will present very effective and novel approach of Digital Forensic Investigation, which will present that how to gather and preserve database artifacts security and without any disruption. Then I will be proposing model to perform in-depth analysis to verify and analyze any database intrusions very effectively. This model will expose the activities of the intruder in database server. This model will be used to determine unauthorized data access or modification as well as to collect information required for database recovery by restoring to an earlier state.

Read More...

The world is being modernized and industrialized day by day. As a result vehicles and engines are increasing. But energy sources used in these engines are limited and decreasing gradually. The rapidly depleting conventional petroleum resources have promoted research for alternative fuels for diesel engines. There is an urgent need for suitable alternative fuels for use in diesel engines. Vegetable oil is a promising alternative because it has several advantages; it is renewable, environmentally friendly. But major disadvantage of vegetable oil is its viscosity, which is higher than that of mineral diesel. Hence neat vegetable oil does not give better performance. In the present paper transesterified jatropha oil and its blend with diesel has been introduced as an alternative fuel to overcome the above problems. The literature results suggest that transesterified jatropha oil can be used as a substitute for diesel fuel without any significant modification in engine.

Read More...

Power quality is an issue that is becoming increasingly important to electricity consumer at all levels of usage. Non linear loads are now more commonplace in both the industrial and commercial sectors and domestic environment. So now days harmonic is an important power quality issue that an industry faces today. In industry mostly 6 pulse drive is used. In this paper by taking a Industrial data 6 pulse simulation model is made in MATLAB and also up to 54 pulse model is developed to reduce the THD in industrial adjustable speed drive.

Read More...

In this paper an effort is made to review the investigations that have been made on the “Stress Analysis of an Infinite Plate with Two Square or Rectangular Cutouts in Composite Materials”. To reduce the weight of the system, different cutout shapes are required to make in structural elements. These discontinuities are weakening agent for the structure or machine. The presence of a cutout complicates the stress distribution in the plate so stress field around such hole must be known under different loading conditions. A number of analytical and experimental techniques are available for stress analysis around the different types of cut-outs for different condition in an infinite plate, made up of different materials under different loading condition has been reported in this article. The methods compared are tabulated with their findings. Singularities of square and rectangular hole in rectangular plate are considered in present study.

Read More...

The paper presents a fuzzy logic speed control system based on fuzzy logic approach for an indirect vector controlled induction motor drive for high performance. The analysis, design and simulation of the fuzzy logic controller for indirect vector control induction motor are carried out based on fuzzy set theory. The result demonstrates the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed fuzzy controller for high performance of induction motor drive system. In this paper a fuzzy logic controller is developed in such a way that it can provide high performance while using lesser rule. The drive is simulated successfully using Simulink/MATLAB. The performance of the drive has been examined under various rigorous working conditions. The Simulation results show that the proposed fuzzy logic controller (FLC) works satisfactorily making the drive more suitable for high performance applications.

Read More...

The power transfer capability of electric transmission lines are usually limited by large signals ability. Economic factors such as the high cost of long lines and revenue from the delivery of additional power gives strong intensive to explore all economically and technically feasible means of raising the stability limit. On the other hand, the development of effective ways to use transmission systems at their maximum thermal capability. Fast progression in the field of power electronics has already started to influence the power industry. This is one direct outcome of the concept of FACTS aspects, which has become feasible due to the improvement realized in power electronic devices in principle the FACTS devices should provide fast control of active and reactive power through a transmission line. The UPFC is a member of the FACTS family with very attractive features. This device can independently control many parameters. This device offers an alternative mean to mitigate transmission system oscillations. It is an important question is the selection of the input signals and the adopted control strategy for this device in order to damp power oscillations in an effective and robust manner. The UPFC parameters can be controlled in order to achieve the maximal desire effect in solving first swing stability problem. This problem appears for bulky power transmission systems with long transmission lines. In this paper a MATLAB Simulink Model is considered with UPFC device to evaluate the performance of Electrical Transmission System. The main aim of this review paper is to study various researches done in past to reduce transmission line losses by UPFC.

Read More...

Voltage stability in distribution line plays a vital role in Power System area. This paper investigates the voltage stability Enhancement using STATCOM and UPFC under different loading condition. The FACTS devices improve the reactive power handling capacity of the system. In this paper, the effects of FACTS controller on voltage stability improvement have been studied. Continuation Power Flow (CPF) analysis is done using Power System Analysis Toolbox (PSAT) software. Based on a voltage-sourced converter (VSC), the STATCOM regulates system voltage by absorbing or generating reactive power.

Read More...

The Aim Of The Research Focused On The Experimental Heat Transfer Study Of The Damping Fluid In Shock Absorber Operation. The Objective Of This Study Is To Analysis The Heat Transfer Rate At Surface Absorber Body. The Shock Absorber Test Rig Was Developed To Collect Experimental Data. This Test Rig Also Useful To Test And Indicates The Condition Of Shock Absorber. A New And Modify Shock Absorber Twin Tube Type Will Be Used For This Experiment. Ethylene Glycol, Propylene Glycol Are Using As Alternative Substance For Damping Fluid To Improve The Air Gap Between The Internal And Outside Body. Ten Cycles Of Bounce And Jounce Shock Absorber Operation Before Heat Transfer Were Measured. The Problem Of Overheating Will Be Effect Of Damping Fluid Characteristics And Decrease Shock Absorber Performance. However, Using Additive On Damping Fluid With Ethylene Glycol, Propylene Glycol Will Be Good Substance To Improve Heat Transfer Inside The Shock Absorber. Propylene Glycol As A Substance Can Be Increased Heat Transfer Inside Absorber Up To 39%. Furthermore, Ethylene Glycol Has A Higher Thermal Conductivity And Increasing Heat Transfer Rate Better Than Propylene Glycol; The Result Shows That Using Ethylene Glycol The Can Increased The Rate Of Heat Transfer Up To 52%. Finally, Additive With Higher Thermal Conductivity As The Substance Should Give Better Heat Transfer Rate From Inside Absorber To Surroundings.

Read More...

This paper surveys the various VLSI architectures recently developed to implement lifting based scheme of DWT. The basic principle behind the lifting scheme DWT is it decomposes the finite impulse response filters in wavelet transform into a finite sequence of simple filtering steps. The main hazards faced in image processing are speed, computational complexities and memory requirements. This paper tries to obtain such an architecture which focuses all three tradeoffs i.e., speed, memory requirement and computational complexities. The architecture proposed in this paper includes lifting based scheme DWT which is implemented using Direct Mapped Architecture and then it is reconfigured so that same RM(Reconfigurable Module) of FPGA will be occupied by Reconfigurable IDWT module. Digital Watermarking is achieved using Alpha Blending Technique.

Read More...

The Indian Ocean is the most likely source area for future destructive tsunamis (Jordan, 2008, Rastogi, 2006, Singh et. al. 2011) [1] [2]. It is noticed that the almost all of the recorded tsunamis along the Arabian Peninsula have occurred on its eastern and southern edge. The Makran coast is extremely vulnerable to tsunamis and earthquakes due to the presence of three very active tectonic plates namely, the Arabian, Eurasian and Indian plates. On 28 November 1945 at 21:56 UTC (03:26 IST), a massive Makran earthquake generated a destructive tsunami in the Indian Ocean. In India, the tsunami reached a height of about 11-11.5m in Gulf of Kachchh, Gujarat (Pararas Carayannis 2006) [3]. Seismic gap area along the subduction zone of Makran is possible site of future great earthquake, which could generate tsunamigenic condition along western Indian coast. There for this region should be closely monitored.

Read More...

A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a self-organizing and dynamically configurable wireless network without having fixed infrastructures. Mobile ad hoc networks (MANET’s) consist of nodes which move arbitrarily and form dynamic topologies. MANET’s exhibit characteristics like limited bandwidth, energy constraints, mobility, scalability and limited security. The main issue is energy constraint of nodes in mobile adhoc network. The primary goal of a routing protocol is efficient route establishment between a pair of nodes. Because of limited battery of nodes links failure can be possible. First basic routing protocols’ results are compared. Then here we don’t consider the total energy of route, means which route use less energy will select, This concept is not applied here. Here we consider the remaining batter power of the nodes. So the route which has more total energy is better. Then no of nodes and concept of mobility is also considered. According to these parameters the efficient route will be selected so the failure would be less because of the route has more remaining energy. And here we also apply the different scenario; environment and mobility on the network to analyze the performance.

Read More...

Image registration is the process of overlaying images (two or more) of the same scene taken at different times, from different viewpoints, and/or by different sensors. The Hough transform is a method for detecting curves by exploiting the duality between points on a curve and parameters of that curve. Hough transform theory images by generating the peak point from gray scale images, and seek for the effect caused by the distance and the angles. Lines will appear on the edge of images, which has been processed edge detection theorem. The input to a Hough transform is normally an image that has been edge detected with a Robert, Sobel or Canny edge detector, for instance. To simplify the computation, the parameter can be divided into distance and angles parameters where both parameter to achieve the enhancement of straight line detection using Hough Transform. In this case it is more like a pattern matcher. Even though that the Hough transform is invariant to rotation. Finally, the input images are registered using the estimated rotation parameter.

Read More...

This paper presents new method for robotic area sensing system developed for industrial manufacturing in assembly of the equipments & other objects. This will remove the need for humans to work in hazardous or unsafe environments, as well as environmental benefits, in the form of more energy efficient production processes. Robot sensors are now days widely used in different field of works. For example, some industrial robots which are used for transportation of the goods. Robots are flexible in that they can easily change their function in order to meet the demands of the manufacturer or the client. In doing so, robots essentially perform three tasks, as they “sense” by drawing, then “think” by using pre-set algorithms and finally “act”, using the robots’ to pick up and place an objects. Today, robotics affects a broad sector of economic activities from automotive and electronics industries. Our project concerns with the uses of such sensors in larger fields of automation, transportation, etc. In this we deal with the uses of robots with sensors for transporting entities from place to place in automotive industry or fixing the machine parts in the industry. It also shows that use of robot in the industry reduce the human efforts & time of completion of a task.

Read More...