A low power 2GHz CSVCO is presented in this paper for PLL Frequency synthesizer. The current starve VCO is used to decrease power consumption and to improve noise characteristic of the synthesizer. The proposed VCO achieves low phase noise and wide tuning range and consume low power. The measured phase noise is – 44.77dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset. The operating frequency can be tuned from 5.231MHz-5.098GHz with the supply voltage varying from 0.1 V to 1V step of 0.5mV. Therefore, wide the tuning range is achieved. The canter frequency of VCO is 2GHZ at 0.5V approximately. The VCO circuit, dissipated 47.874µW power under a 1V supply voltage. The VCO is design and simulated on Tanner EDA Tool using 45nm CMOS process technology with supply voltage 1 V.

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Geospatial data is data about the geographic location of earth surface features and boundaries on Earth. Nowadays spatial data is used in every field of society and due to the advancements in spatial data acquisition technologies, such as the advancements in the satellite sensor technologies, high precision digital cameras used in the capturing of photogram metric images and high precision land surveys are producing mass high precision spatial data. Due to these issues nowadays sensitivity of spatial data has increased too many folds. To store such high precision data onto the database is a big challenge today. Major security concerns of the geospatial data are based on authorization, authentication, access control, integrity, security and secure transmission of spatial data over the network and transmission media. In this paper the major security concerns of geospatial data are analyzed. Spatial data and access control methods developed to provide secure access over the spatial database are analyzed and studied. The data models and access control some issues to be resolved for spatial data security are found. In this paper a secure access control method is developed. In this method security over geospatial data on two levels is provided. In first level we provide authorization to every user so that a user can access only that part of spatial database, over which he/she has authority to access. In second level we control access over an image; based on the location over which a user wants to access data and provide access to only that part of an image, so that a significant amount of access time can be saved and quick access to the data can be provided.

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with the help of online voting system author can manage election easily and securely. In this paper, we provide security to online voting system with secure user authentication by providing biometric as well as password security to voter accounts. System will decide whether voter is genuine or not. Firstly, system will capture facial image of voter and then take fingerprint impression of voter and after that fuse them. After fusion, we get an image which is taken as cover image and then we embed voter secret data into cover image using Steganography. This method produce stegno image which is quite same as cover image. Extraction of stegno image is take place at server side to perform the voter authentication. Correct use of this procedure decrease threat factor in online voting system the proposed work is to enhance security in online voting system with multimodal biometrics along with steganography concept.

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Data Mining is the process of extracting or mining the patterns from very large amount of biological datasets. In recent years, rapid developments in genomics and proteomics have generated a large amount of biological data. So a critical problem in biological data analysis is to classify the biological sequences and structures based on their critical features and functions. From the literature, various algorithms have been employed in generating frequent patterns for distinct application. This algorithm has been lost of frequent produce. So it’s meaningless. Here my approach is to compare the frequent pattern using two algorithms and optimise the data. So it’s very useful for us. Our approach aims at extracting the hidden and the most dominating amino acids among the infected protein sequence which causes some infections in human. We handle this problem by predicting patterns apply strong association rules along with apriori algorithm and genetic algorithm. Also apply the fuzzy logic to optimise data and interesting frequent pattern get form the protein sequence database. This Frequent Pattern is very useful to drug design, drug discovery etc

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Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of communication devices or nodes that wish to communicate without any fixed infrastructure and pre-determined organization of available links. The nodes in MANET themselves are responsible for dynamically discovering other nodes to communicate. Ad hoc Networks more vulnerable due to various security attacks which affects many performance parameter like PDR, Throughput and Delay. To accomplish our goal, we have develop virtual currency based approach to improve perfomance by detecting attack and remove its effect and multiple blackhole node affect more in perfomance.

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The main aim of this paper is to damp out power system oscillations and transient stability improvement, which has been recognized as one of the major concerns in power system operation. A Static Synchronous Series compensator (SSSC) is used to investigate the effect of this device in controlling active and reactive powers as well as damping power system oscillations in transient mode. The transient stability and damping oscillations of two machine power system during faulty conditions to be improved by injecting the voltage in series with ANN controller based SSSC.Simulations have been done in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment

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The traffic of an urban roads increases rapidly due to the growth in prosperity and vehicle ownership of urban population. The problems occurred due to this increased traffic have also become more and more complex. The urban roads of India generally carry the heterogeneous traffic which is the combination of various vehicles like Cars, Buses, Trucks, Motor cycles, Light goods vehicles, Auto Rickshaws, Pedal Cycles, Hand drawn carts, Animal drawn carts etc. These all vehicles have different speeds, size, Load carrying capacities or passenger capacities etc. which affect the urban heterogeneous traffic flow. The non-uniform carriageway width along the road is common especially in developing countries. Due to change in carriageway width, the traffic stream speed also encounters more congestion level along the length of link. Traffic composition is most important factor which directly affects the traffic stream behavior (i.e., speed, flow and density). In case of homogeneous traffic the characteristics of traffic does not change abruptly, as the traffic composition mainly consisting of same types of vehicle. When the traffic composition has maximum number of two wheelers it gives higher speed value and higher flow values. This is due to the reason that two wheelers occupy less space as compare to car and bus and trucks. Also standstill distance required is very less, as two wheelers can be easily stopped with compare to bus and heavy trucks. Speed is also more when two wheelers are driven on urban streets.

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Minimal work has been done in the past on calibration of the parameters for saturation flow rate used in traffic control of signalized intersections. This paper discusses a saturation flow study conducted in Ahmedabad city, the commercial city of Gujarat, which lies in the west of India. Using linear regression analysis, of saturation flow rate for four signalized intersections has been studied. Base saturation flow rate have been calculated. The results confirm that the methodology for saturation flow rates, put forward by highway capacity manual (HCM) can also be used in India. However, parameters should be systematically calibrated, based upon widespread study, before they can be used effectively in the practice of traffic control in India.

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Machining of medium SS410 is very difficult. There are a number of parameters like cutting speed, feed and depth of cut etc. which must be given consideration during the machining of SS 410. The prediction of optimal machining conditions for good surface roughness and material removal rate plays a very important role in process planning. This study optimizes the process parameters for surface roughness and Material Removal Rate (MRR) in turning of SS 410 round bars on CNC machine. The experimentation was carried out with PVD-coated (WNMG) cutting tools; a first order mathematical model in terms of machining parameters was developed for surface roughness and material removal rate prediction using RSM. The multi response optimization problems i.e. Optimization of SR and MRR are solved by using Genetic Algorithm (GA). The optimization is done using twenty seven experimental runs based on L’27 orthogonal array. Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA) is also used to analyze the influence of cutting parameters during machining. Result outcomes from the ANOVA for surface roughness are that the Feed rate is found the most significant effect on surface roughness. Increase in feed rate, value of surface roughness is increase. for material removal rate is that the Feed and Depth of cut are found the most significant effect on material removal rate. Increase in feed and depth of cut, value of material removal rate is increase.

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Image inpainting is a art of missing value or a data in an image. The purpose of image inpainting is to reconstruct missing regions which is visibal for human eyes. Image inpainting is the process of reconstructing lost part of images based on the background information. Image inpainting is a technique for restoring damaged old photographs and removing undesired objects from an image. The basic idea behind the technique is to automatically fill in lost or missing parts of an image using information from the surrounding area. It is used for restoration of old films and object removal in digital photographs. It is also applied to red-eye correction, stamped data from photograps, dust spot in film, removing objects to creative effect etc. The main goal of the Inpainting algorithm is to modify the damaged region in an image. In this paper we provide a review of different techniques used for image Inpainting. We discuss tecture synthesis method and inpaint the image using masking.

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The advancementof concrete technology can reduce the consumption of natural resources and energy sources and lessen the burden of pollutants on environment. Presently large amounts of fly ash and glass powder are generated in thermal and glass industries with an important impact on environment and humans. In recent years, many researchers have established that the use of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) like glass powder, fly ash (FA), blast furnace slag, silica fume, and rice husk ash (RHA), etc. can, not only improve the various properties of concrete - both in its fresh and hardened state, but also can contribute to economy in construction costs. This research work describes the feasibility of using such industrial waste in concrete production as partial replacement of cement. The use of glass powder and fly ash in concrete formulations as a supplementary cementatious material was tested as an alternative to traditional concrete. The cement has been replaced by glass powder and fly ash accordingly in the range of 0% (without fly ash), 10%, 20%, 30% & 40% by weight of cement for M-25 mix. Concrete mixtures were produced, tested and compared in terms of compressive and split strength with the conventional concrete. These tests were carried out to evaluate the mechanical properties for the test results for compressive strength up to 21 and 28 days. The aim of the present work was to replace cement by glass powder and fly ash as a admixture to assess the pozzolanic activity in concrete and compare its performance with plain concrete. It was found that compressive and tensile strength of the concretes increased as fineness increased. It was concluded that fineness of fly ash have positive impact on mechanical properties of concrete and cement motar.

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A VLSI system plays an important role among all other system and Verification plays important and a huge role in a VLSI life cycle. SOC is now a days very popular due to its reusability. So this paper gives a guidance related to SOC Verification and practical approach for SOC Verification which includes fusion of verification Environment with a mix C tests for debugging embedded processor and Verilog test bench for monitors and checkers. This paper gives an idea of how a SOC is going to verify covering all its functionality using verification methodology’s parameter such as functional coverage and code coverage. Using Verification Techniques and verification approach we can verify system level SOC.

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The aim of this paper is to analyze the different schemes of data fusion techniques. The data will be generated for different sensors and fused together to generate or deduce an output. The different schemes for data fusion technologies are mentioned in the text. For our analysis we will consider KFA, XXX YYY techniques. The output will be shown with the help of graphs. These schemes are applicable for multi sensor data fusion where the data is generated or collected via different sensors. DF (Data fusion) or multisensory data fusion (MSDF) is the process of combining or integrating measured or pre-processed data or information originating from different active or passive sensors or sources to produce a more specific, comprehensive, and unified dataset or world model about an entity or event of interest that has been observed. Sensor data fusion has wide number of applications from telecommunications, radar, satellite communication to data networks. The tracking of moving objects includes targets, mobile robots, and other vehicles which uses measurements from sensors is of considerable interest in many military and civil applications that use radar, sonar systems, and electro-optical tracking systems (EOTs) for tracking flight testing of aircrafts, such as missiles, unmanned aerial vehicles, micro- or mini-air vehicles, and rotorcrafts. It is also useful in nonmilitary applications such as robotics, air traffi c control and management, air surveillance, and ground vehicle tracking. In practice, scenarios for target tracking could include manoeuvring, crossing, and splitting (meeting and separating) targets. Various algorithms are available to achieve target tracking for such scenarios. The selection of the algorithms is generally application dependent and is also based on the merits of the algorithm, complexity of the problem (data corrupted by ground clutter, noise processes, and so on), and computational burden. Target tracking comprises estimation of the current state of a target, usually based on noisy measurements. The problem is complex even for single target tracking because of uncertainties in the target’s mathematical model, especially for manoeuvring targets (which need more than one model and one transition model, and so on), and process/state and measurement noises. The complexity of the tracking problem increases for multiple-targets using measurements from multiple sensors.

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Now a day, there are different kinds of videos available on internet like sports video, entertainment video, news video etc. Many researchers have done research on the video processing. Video abstraction, content searching, video summarization becomes crucial term for the development of the advanced digital video system. Key frame is the frame which contains the salient feature of the video so it is very useful for the video abstraction, summarization and content searching. In this paper, three techniques are discussed for the detection of shot boundary and key frame extraction for uncompressed video stream briefly and also compare these techniques. The three techniques here discussed are X2 based Histogram Method, Edge Change Ratio and Pixel Based Differences.

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Globally more than 60% of population lives in monsoon regions. Agriculture is the dominating occupation in India on which most of the economy depends. Due to shortage of water supply for irrigation, agriculture works mostly depends upon other source of water like rainfall so; early prediction of rainfall is necessary for those countries where agriculture plays an important role in economy. Prediction of rainfall is a complex task as it is depends upon various factors. Various techniques are available in literature for early prediction of rainfall. Data mining can also be used for rainfall prediction This paper gives a review of various data mining techniques for rainfall prediction. The mainly used techniques are artificial neural network, Regression, Clustering etc. All of these provide solution for early prediction of rainfall. This paper also encourages additional research and provides suggestion for further research.

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Burnishing is a cold working process in which plastic deformation occurs by applying a pressure through a very hard and smooth ball or roller on metallic surfaces. It is a finishing and strengthening process. Improvements in surface finish and surface hardness is major concern in industries for achieving competitive advantage. Roller burnishing is a cold working process which produces a fine surface finish by the planetary rotation of hardened roils over a bored or turned metal surface.[1] The quality of burnishing machined parts is significantly affected by various parameters used in the process. The aim of present work is to study the four important process parameters of the roller burnishing process such as burnishing speed, feed, burnishing force and number of passes are consider. Their influence on surface roughness of the test specimens are study. The response surface methodology is applied for design of experiments. Response Surface method is used to examine the relationship between one or more response variables and a set of quantitative experimental variables or factors. These methods are often employed after identified the important controllable factors and to find the factor selection that optimizes the response.

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The Algorithm for Iris recognition was developed by Dr.John Daugman,University Of Cambridge.The iris tests have been tested on over 6 million people with no false results. The recognition principle is the failure of a test of statistical independence on iris phase structure encoded by multi-scale quadrature wavelets.This paper explains the iris recognition algorithm that is being used today in various fields.

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Performance study of the existing wastewater treatment plant of the Lifeline Feeds Pvt.Ltd and the treatability study of the wastewater were conducted from Feb 10th to April 21st, wastewater samples were collected for the present study from 6 predetermined stations. These samples were analyzed for water quality parameters. For the characterization of the incoming wastewater to the existing treatment plant, influent samples were collected from the existing treatment plant. The study revealed that approximately 100KL/day of wastewater is entering into the treatment plant every day and its pH is maintained in the beginning only. Its average composition for BOD, COD, TDS, TSS and Cl was found to be 320.69mg/L,790.48mg/L,1169.72mg/L,807.33mg/L,242.16mg/L respectively, it has been reduced to 31.4mg/L, 145.576mg/L, 421.366mg/L,86.99mg/L, and 194.67mg/L respectively. The maximum reduction 98.78% was observed in COD followed by BOD, TSS, TDS and then Cl which is 93.48%, 92.27%, 83.73%, 34.38% respectively. Above reduction indicates that removal efficiency ranges between 34.38 % to 98.78 % which is quite high.

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The recent trend is towards the deregulation in power markets around the world, transfer capability computation emerges as a key issue in running power system smoothly with multiple transactions and reactive power sources. Total Transfer Capability (TTC) is usually limited by overloaded transmission lines and voltage limits imposed at buses. This paper presents the procedure of ATC calculation and enhancement using powerful power world simulator software considering both thermal limits and voltage limits and enhancement using capacitor placement.

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This paper Concerns with an Experimental and Computational vibration analysis of piezo-laminated cantilever beam. Since vibration is an important parameter is need to consider will design an structural component specially in turbo machinery and automobile sector where main structure such as wings of aircraft, naval vessel etc are subjected to static as well as dynamic loads if these loads are not counter balance this may leads to catastrophic failure. In this analysis a rectangular aluminum beam and there surface is bounded with piezoelectric patches. The bean is subjected to CFFF boundary condition because the cantilever position governs this B.C is modeled with the help of ANSYS 14.5. The obtained result shows good agreement with the experimental result.

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Steering system is used to steer the front wheels in response to driver inputs in order to provide overall directional control of the vehicle. Thus, Steering system plays very important role in vehicle handling characteristics. Vehicle drift i.e. deviation of vehicle path from straight line during braking is related various parameters of Suspension, Steering, Tires, Wheel alignment etc. Analysis of steering characteristics such as Brake and bump steer which affects vehicle drift plays an important role. Modeling and analysis of vehicle have been performed in a multi body dynamics environment based on actual vehicle data for Bump and Brake Steer. Different steering linkage concepts have been proposed to reduce brake and bump steer. Further optimization of hard points is done to reduce bump and brake steer within packaging constraints. It is found out that drag link ball joint position plays an important role in brake and bump steer.

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Today’s organizations are wrestling with a number of common issues. These issues include Productivity Improvement in every area of organizations. Any small change which lead to improve productivity in the organization will directly affects it’s growth. While the attention to the technology aspect is critical, equally important is an attention to the change issues affecting people and the activities they perform, which are their processes and practices. The simple idea of increasing productivity will increase profits may not always be right. If a firm wants to increase its profits, it should increase productivity but at the same time taking quality of output into consideration. In any manufacturing or Production industry, main challenge in for production engineer is productivity. This paper attempts to cover some factors which are influencing Productivity of Manufacturing Sector and Organizational productivity.

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Adaptive control proves to be a useful solution for problems involving system uncertainties and modelled inaccuracies .In the presence of uncertainties in the manipulator dynamics and model ,due to incorrect parameter values and changes while the manipulator is being operated fixed controllers cannot be implemented accurately. Adaptive laws in manipulator control (by altering the control signal) accounts for changes in manipulator dynamics and for this reason adaptive control of manipulators has become one of the most active research areas during the last few years. This paper presents a novel yet simple technique that combines the adaptive laws with conventionally robust Sliding Mode Control technique. The stability and convergence of the robotic manipulator control system are guaranteed by applying the Lyapunov stability theorem.

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Grid computing is the major resource environment. Security and authentication is the important factor in the grid environment. Recently, Authentication protocol has been recognized as an important factor for grid computing security. This system proposes a new simple and efficient Grid authentication technique providing user anonymity. The system is based on hash function, and mobile users only do symmetric encryption and decryption. In this system, it takes only one round of messages exchange between the mobile user and the visited network, and one round of message exchange between the visited network and the corresponding home network. The system is designed as three applications such as authentication server terminal proxy and grid node. The grid user application is designed to handle user management and authentication process. The terminal proxy is an intermediate application to carry out authentication under the current coverage. The grid node application is designed to communicate the authentication server and terminal proxy with mobility operations. The user id, password and session key values are used for the authentication process. The proposed architecture possesses several desirable emerging properties that enable it to provide an improved level of security for grid computing systems. The one way hash function and time stamp mechanisms are used to perform the user authentication operation under the home network and visited network environment.

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Since the rise of the internet one of the most important factors of information technology and communication has been the security of information. Cryptography was created as a new method or technique for securing the secrecy of communication and many different methods have been developed to encrypt and decrypt data in order to keep the message secret. But it is not enough to keep the contents of a message secret, it is also important to keep the existence of the information secret. The technique which provides this features, is called steganography. Steganography is the art and science of invisible communication. This accomplished through hiding information in other medium, thus hiding the existence of the information which is communicated. The word steganography is comes from the Greek words “stegos” meaning “cover” and “grafia” meaning “writing” defining it as “covered writing”[6]. In image hiding using steganography the information is hidden exclusively in images.

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