This paper presents different image filtering methods to productively expel the noise from digital images. Noise in digital images may cause numerous issues for vision applications. So removing the noise in productive way has discovered to be significant region of exploration. This paper has reviewed different systems to expel diverse sort of noises from digital images. Different average based image filtering strategies are additionally considered in this paper. It has been discovered that the a large portion of the current strategies are productive for low density of noise yet not for high intensity. This paper has wind up with the different short comings of the different filtering strategies.

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The behavior of building during Earthquake depends critically on its overall shape, size and geometry. The Seismic performance of building is available and new design methods should account for the building ability to dissipate energy and the effect of the lateral deformation. These aspects involve both plan and structural configuration of building. This paper presents structural and seismic behavior of buildings. The purpose is to outline the criteria loading on structure of building during strong earthquake. Building are the complex system and multiple configuration have to be considered at the moment of designing them. That's why at the planning stage of building, architects and structural Engineers must work together to ensure that the unfavorable features are avoided and good configuration is chosen.The Indian standard code IS 1893 (part I: 2002) guideline & methodology are used to analyze the problem.

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This paper represents an investigation on optimization of effect of cutting parameters on work piece surface roughness by using other edge turning boring bar & other edge of CNMG 120408 insert. This size is mainly used in industry for turning operations. CNMG is a negative insert having angle 80 & its four edges are used .But other edges are not used which are available in insert. Therefor we use other edge boring bar, which is prepared according to size of CNMG insert for this experiment. In this work we optimize the effect of this other edge tool & insert on the surface of work piece .This is the economical machining process , because mostly in industry the inserts are dispose off after usage of four edges , but we can use other four edges . Therefore we are able to use the eight edges of insert ,which is beneficial .By using other edges of inserts we can able to reduce the tooling cost as well as per piece cost . In this experimental work we use the other edges of PVD coated carbide turning insert due to its properties &characteristics .The design of experiment is prepared by using taguchimethodlogy .In this experiment EN8 steel material is used. In this, we analyses the effect of Surface Roughness and Material Removal Rate (MRR) due to cutting parameters by using Taguchi method. The optimization is done using twenty seven experimental runs based on L'27 orthogonal array of the Taguchi method, and are performed to derive objective functions to be optimized within the experimental domain.

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There are over 120 types of brain and central nervous system tumors. Brain tumor is one of the major causes of death among people. It is evident that the chances of survival can be increased if the tumor is detected and classified correctly at its early stage. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is currently an indispensable diagnostic imaging technique in the study of the human brain. A brain tumor is defined as an abnormal growth of cells within the brain or the central spinal canal. So tumor detection needs to be fast enough as the patient cannot recover if the damage is more than 50%. For detecting this tumor CT or MRI scan is done. This CT or MRI scan images are taken for this project to process it. This paper presents the artificial neural network approach namely Back propagation network (BPNs) and probabilistic neural network (PNN). It is used to classify the type of tumor in CT or MRI images of different patients with Astrocytoma type of brain tumor. K-means clustering method have been developed for detection of the tumor in the CT or MRI images. Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) is used to achieve the feature extraction. The whole system worked in two modes firstly Training/Learning mode and secondly Testing/Recognition mode finally gets a classified output.

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The latest trend setters in the cloud technology are public clouds which offer a tremendous help to businesses in terms of elasticity, agility and economical benefits. Such type of technology when there was a need for sharing and managing of resources within areas of different geographical conditions and time zones, so, the need for deploying such type of clouds through which one can share and manage resources around the world in no time and also consists of properties like elasticity, agility etc. the public cloud came into existence. This paper dealt the basic go through about public clouds and their related issues which surround their usability. This paper also discusses some of the properties of public cloud which has made it famous around the cloud computing world.

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The composite plate material have found widespread applications in various fields of engineering such as aerospace, marine, automobile and mechanical applications. The effect of fiber orientation in a rectangular composite lamina under transverse static loading by using the finite element method. The results are obtained with the help of four different boundary conditions, three different materials and five different angle of orientation.

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With the advent of popular bandwidth-hungry applications such as High-Definition (HD) Video and high-speed Internet, future wireless systems must offer data speeds exceeding 1 Gbps. Because of limited frequency spectra at low frequencies, coupled with congestion caused by the large number of consumer products sharing the frequency spectra, it will be necessary to utilize higher carrier frequencies in the future, including mm-waves, to achieve much faster wireless communication at multi-gigabit-per-second speeds. For the sake of reducing infrastructure cost and antenna site complexity in the access architecture of the emerging high-capacity wireless access networks, the benefits of a transparent radio-over-fiber distribution antenna system which enables the access control, generation and processing of radio signals at a centralized control station, and their distribution to simplified antenna stations via optical fiber has been long recognized. The link between the base station (BS) and the antenna is an optical fiber cable makes the physical deployment of the hardware, much easier. Radio over Fiber technology (RoF), it is an integration of wireless and fiber optic networks.

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Cognitive Radio is the wireless technology which allows the effective spectrum utilization among unlicensed users. Basically spectrum resource management is a tough task in present world because of the allocated spectrum to a primary user gets unutilized. In order to avoid the spectrum band unutilization among the users we use cognitive radio technology. The proposed methodology consists of Improved Energy Detector which is used in sensing of spectrum hole. The cognitive radio users utilize the improved energy detector statistics for making a binary decision on presence/absence of primary user signal in the licensed spectrum band. By using the multiple antennas at each cognitive radio, the probability of spectrum utilization is maximized and the probability of detection of primary user signal is high under low SNR.

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Unlimited number of replicas of the original content can be made from unprotected digital content. Billions of bits of data is created in every fraction of a second. Also, with the advent of internet, creation and delivery of digital data (images, video and audio files, digital repositories and libraries, web publishing) has grown many fold. Since copying a digital data is very easy and fast too so, issues like, protection of rights of the content and proving ownership, arises. Digital watermarking came as a technique and a tool to overcome shortcomings of current copyright laws for digital data. The specialty of watermark is that it remains intact to the cover work even if it is copied. So to prove ownership or copyrights of data watermark is extracted and tested. It is very difficult for counterfeiters to remove or alter watermark. As such the real owner can always have his data safe and secure. The focus of this dissertation is the watermarking of grayscale images. Different watermarking techniques exists, in spacial (pixel) and frequency (signal) domain, which are resistant to all types of attack, scalar or geometric. In this work, a method for watermarking of grayscale images in frequency domain is proposal. The standard method of Fast Fourier Transform based image watermarking is augmented with cost function based on watermark strength and similarity factor. Mathematical techniques are presented which embeds watermark in frequency domain, while at the same time, maintaining the robustness or watermark under various attacks. The simulation is done using MATLAB and results are compared with existing techniques of DFT based watermarking. Comparison of the results are presented which shows a considerable improvement in Peak Signal to Noise Ratio.

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Fuzzy Logic is a Multi-valued logic that deals mathematically with imprecise and uncertain information provided by humans. The word 'fuzzy' means 'unclear'. The term 'fuzzy logic' was introduced by Lofti A. Zadeh in 1965. Fuzzy logic has been used by many people involved in various fields such as research and development, software developers, business analysts, engineers and many more. This paper presents a review of some significant work in area of robotics in which simulation results of wall following robot is presented. Simulation is done by implementing fuzzy rules in MATLAB.

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The micro strip antenna has become a rapidly growing area of research with their potential application like mobiles and satellite communication. The antenna exhibits wideband characteristics that depends on various parameters such as U slot dimensions, coupling slot feed etc. In this project, the proposed antenna design shows the measured return loss within acceptable range throughout band (3.15 GHz-3.6 GHz). Feeding technique adapted in aperture coupled. This design is simulated using CST microwave studio software. The main aim of this project is to optimize the gain of 2 dB using a superstreet layer i.e. Lambda/2 distance from ground level and thickness of layer is Lambda/4. The computer simulated results showing VSWR value below 2 in middle frequency band range of WIMAX enhances the adoption of this antenna for WIMAX application. The results are analyzed, estimated and discussed in terms of VSWR and radiation pattern.

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Compression is one of the most important applications of wavelets. The compression procedure contains three steps. First is Decompose in which Choose a wavelet, choose a level N. Compute the wavelet decomposition of the signal at level N. Second is Threshold detail coefficients where For each level from 1 to N, a threshold is selected and hard thresholding is applied to the detail coefficients. The third one is Reconstruct which Compute wavelet reconstruction using the original approximation coefficients of level N and the modified detail coefficients of levels from 1 to N. Second approach Vector quantization (VQ) is a lossy data compression method based on the principle of block coding. It is a fixed-to-fixed length algorithm. In the earlier days, the design of a vector quantizer (VQ) was considered to be a challenging problem due to the need for multi-dimensional integration. In 1980, Linde, Buzo, and Gray (LBG) proposed a VQ design algorithm based on a training sequence. The use of a training sequence bypasses the need for multi-dimensional integration. A VQ that is designed using this algorithm are referred to in the literature as an LBG-VQ. This paper presents a review of existing digital image compression techniques.

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For wireless sensor networks, data aggregation scheme that reduces a large amount of transmission is the most practical technique. In previous studies, homomorphic encryptions have been applied to conceal communication during aggregation such that enciphered data can be aggregated algebraically without decryption. Since aggregators collect data without decryption, adversaries are not able to forge aggregated results by compromising them. However, these schemes are not satisfy multi-application environments. Second, these schemes become insecure in case some sensor nodes are compromised. Third, these schemes do not provide secure counting; thus, they may suffer unauthorized aggregation attacks. Therefore, we propose a new concealed data aggregation scheme extended from homomorphic public encryption system. Main objective of this project to aggregate for multi application data and provide security using PH.

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The effect of carbon steel fibers and polypropylene fibers on self compacting concrete was studied in this paper. The self compacting concrete is a concrete that can be placed and compacted by its own weight. Self compacting concrete provides several economic and technical benefits and the use of fibers in self compacting concrete extents its possibility. Various researchers were performed the slump flow test, compressive strength test and flexural strength test to study the effect of fibers on fresh and harden properties of self compacting concrete. Polypropylene- carbon steel fiber reinforce self compacting concrete shows 29.36 % increase in compressive strength when compared to the control mix because it obtain benefits from both fibers. Maximum flexure strength with use of both fibers in self compacting concrete can be achieve at 0.1 % use of polypropylene fibers and 1.0% carbon steel fibers as 71.58 %.

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The term Cybe tech refers to a "cybernetic organism", which characterizes the combination of a living organism and a machine parts. The Cyborg works as a both inputs from the living sense and from the machine interface, which acts as a enhancement module. the clear difference between the human and the computerized technology in human-cyber interaction, which differs from cybe acts out of human function. Webriefly summarize this journal how exactly the cyborg is activated and the future aspects and prospects?. In which I should explains here,cyborgs generation of the society and what happens when a man get merged with a computer? But now let us understand what cyborgs are all about?

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In this paper, a space vector pulse width amplitude modulation (SVPWAM) technique has been developed for a Buck-Boost Converter based voltage/ current source Inverter. The switching loss is reduced by 87%, compared to conventional sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique for a Voltage source Inverter, and the switching loss is reduced by 60% for Current source Inverter. The power density is increased by a factor of 2 to 3 in both cases. In addition it is also proved that the output harmonics distortion of SVPWAM is lower than SPWM, by using one third switching frequency of the latter one. The maximum overall system efficiency 96.7% has been achieved at full power rating .As a result ,it is economical to use SVPWAM to make the Buck-Boost converter based Inverter suitable for application that require high efficiency, high power density ,high temperature ,and low cost.

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The project explores the use of WEBRTC module to implement real time Audio/Video communication over web in mobile devices without using any additional applications or plug-in. Most Mobile devices use QT as an application development framework to create various applications. Similarly QT web kit is the most popular web browser for mobile devices for connecting and accessing internet and websites. However, till now it does not have any inherent support for real time audio/video communication support to communicate with people over internet in real time. Hence, people have to use third party separate plug-in or applications such as Facebook or Skype for this purpose. This has lot of drawbacks and the overall efficiency, quality and speed is less. On the other side the world is shifting towards open source software development platform. WEBRTC is one such open source software module which provides real time audio/video capabilities in to the browsers so that the users can communicate with other people on internet without using any third party application or plug-in. The aim of this project is to use this open-source software module and integrate it with QT web kit browser so that mobile device users can communicate with each other in real time without the need of any additional third party application or plug-in. This is much more efficient and speedy and the quality of the real time communication is also much better.

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Different materials with pozzolanic properties such as fly ash. Condensed silica fume, blast furnace slag and rice husk ash have played an important role in the production of high performance concrete. During the late 20th century, there has been an increment in the use of mineral admixture by the cement and concrete industries.The increasing need for cement and concrete is filled by the partial replacement for energy intensive Portland cement. Pozzolanic materials have long proven their strength in developing high performance concrete. Artificial pozzolanas such as supplementary cementing material in many sections of the globe.This work evaluates the compressive strength of rice husk ash (RHA) as a partial replacement for PPC in concrete.The main objective of this study is to find the optimum % (0, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16) of (RHA) as partial replacement of cement for M35 grade of concrete. And also effect of super plasticizer on mechanical properties. In addition, results show that RHA as an artificial pozzolanic material has enhanced the durability of RHA concrete.

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There is an explosion of data exchange on the Internet and the extensive use of digital media. Consequently, digital data owners can quickly and massively transfer multimedia documents through the Internet. It has aroused intense interest in multimedia security and multimedia copyright protection, and this has become a critical issue in the modern digital era. The problem is severe in case of digital video as several copies of duplicate videos can be made on optical disks even with cheap commodity computers. This results in recording, editing and replication of multimedia contents, thereby providing revenue losses. Digital watermarking technique is the process of embedding noise-tolerant signal in the carrier signal. This dissertation focuses on the embedding of watermark bits into the video frames. A given video sample is spilt into frames for watermark embedding. A frame is first transformed into frequency domain using Discrete Fourier Transform. A watermark, modulated with PN sequence is transformed and added to the Fourier coefficients and then the inverse is obtained of modified Fourier Coefficients to get watermarked frame. This process is repeated to the entire length of video to get watermarked video. The video watermarking algorithm proposed is robust against the attacks of frame dropping, averaging and statistical analysis. Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) is used as the quality metric for watermarking scheme. Mathematical techniques are presented and simulation are carried out using MATLAB.

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Text mining is a process of extracting knowledge from large text documents. There are various methods of text mining that are classification, clustering, association and regression. Classification is finding models that analyze and classify a data item into several predefined classes. Models with the help of which data items are classified called classifiers. There are various types of classifiers. Documents are grouped in such a way that there may be the fast retrieval. The main task of classification is mapping a data item into one of several predefined classes.

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Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is an leading technology for development of digital logic circuits in the field of nanotechnology, and is an potential alternative for designing high performance computers over existing transistor-based technology. The basic logic in QCA represents the binary state by polarization of electrons in quantum cells unlike the CMOS devices that represent logic levels using voltages. Clocking is used in QCA circuit to synchronize and control the information flow and to provide the power to run the circuit. One of the main differences between circuit design in QCA and in conventional CMOS technologies and devices is that QCA based circuit has no control over the clocks that is information is transmitted through each cell and not retained. Each cell erases its own state every cycle of the clock. Quantum cell is basic building block of QCA. These cells are used to design majority gate, using which all classical logic gates can be implemented. QCA Designer (QCAD) is software used for design and simulation of QCA-based circuits. In this paper, 3-bit binary-to-gray and 3-bit gray-to-binary code converters have been implemented using QCAD software.

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In this modern mobile and wireless communication era, the demand of smaller and compact antenna has been increasing. The printed monopole antennas are popular for these applications and also applicable for body centric communication because of its low cost and process simplicity. Here the proposed antenna is a rectangular ring antenna operating at 2.45GHz. In this configuration the rectangular slot cut inside the patch resulting the ring and in this ring cut the C-shape slot. so simple and compact micro strip-fed printed monopole antenna is proposed in this design. The size of partial ground plane is 20x9mm and the dimension of substrate FR4 used is 20x40mm with thickness 1.6mm, dielectric permittivity is 4.7 and tangent loss is 0.019.The size of patch is 12x26 with ring width of 2mm and width of C-shape slot is 1mm.HFSS 13.0 is used for simulation and after he simulation it is found that the antenna operates well at 2.45GHz.The antenna covers bandwidth from 2.28GHz to 2.78GHz which is 20.40%.

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Mobile Ad hoc networks (MANET) have multihop wireless connectivity, infrastructure less environment and frequently changing topology. The nodes work as router and communicate to each other. This paper aims to provide a means of understanding the issues and protocol (OSPF, DSR, AODV, TORA, OLSR, DSDV) of MANET and investigating behavior of DSR, AODV,TORA protocol using metrics Throughput and Network Load. The Behavior analysis has been done by using simulation tool opnet14.5 which is the main simulator.

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High-speed train traction power supply system causes serious negative current problem. Railway power conditioner (RPC) is efficient in negative sequence compensation. A novel power quality collaboration compensation system and strategy based on RPC is proposed in this paper. The minimum capacity conducted is 1/3 smaller than traditional single station compensation. Simulation results have confirmed that the collaboration compensation system proposed can achieve a good performance at the negative sequence compensation with capacity and cost efficient.

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A maximum power point tracker (MPPT) has important role in photovoltaic systems, because they increase the efficiency of photovoltaic system by increasing power output. Solar cell has non-linear voltage –current characteristic with a unique point where power produced is maximum. The output power of solar cell changes with solar irradiance, temperature and so on. To increase the power obtained from soar cell, it is necessary to operate solar panel at maximum power point .Thus maximum power can be obtained at all operating points with MPPT controllers. MPPT controller drives the electronic dc-dc converter to provide higher power output by adjusting duty cycle of boost converter. This paper presents simulation and design of solar system using boost converter and incremental conductance maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm for resistive load.MATLB simulation has been used for solar panel output power with MPPT and without MPPT controller.

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