Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technology is becoming increasingly popular, particularly as applied to a variety of monitoring and tracking applications. Recent developments and advances in both information processing and wireless sensor technologies have provided environmental management systems with capabilities of real-time remote location monitoring. WSN enables monitoring and management of a large set of environmental data including climatic, atmospheric, plant and soil parameters that influence cropland growing environments. Real-time sensor data collection is used for accurate illustrations of current conditions while forecasting future conditions and risks. The real time information from the fields can provide a solid base for farmers to adjust strategies at any time. Instead of making decisions based in some hypothetical average condition, which may not exist anywhere in the reality, a precision farming approach recognizes differences and adjusts management actions accordingly. The prototype sensor network was built on Arduino open source hardware with a seamlessly integrated ZigBee RF module and configured to operate within the ZigBee mesh network standard. This paper provides the implementation of monitoring and controlling of temperature, humidity and flammable gas using ZigBee.

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The present investigation was on occurrence on different Parasite founds in 38 different cat fishes of River Siang. The present study on helminth parasite of cat fisheswith respect to length and weight revealed that Cestode infection was the highest in all fish sample of the fish species. The high worm burden was located in the gut mainly the intestine of the fish. Also some eggs were detected in the liver of two host fishes. In this study 38 specimen fishes were examined which contained both male and female specimens. Wallagoattuspecimen shows highest prevalence of about 100% than the other cat fishes specimens.

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Cement concrete is the most widely used construction material in many infrastructure projects. The development and use of mineral admixture for cement replacement is growing in construction industry mainly due to the consideration of cost saving, energy saving, environmental production and conservation of resources. Present study is aimed at replacing cement in concrete with activated fly ash. The paper highlights the chemical activation of low calcium fly ash. Today activation of fly ash is playing an important role for enhancing the effectiveness of fly ash and accelerating the pozzolanic properties of fly ash. Activated fly ash certainly improves the early age strength and durability of concrete and corrosion tolerance. Many methods such as mechanical (physical), thermal and chemical activation are in use to activate the fly ash. The chemical activation is one of the easiest methods where fly ash can be activated by alkaline activators (i.e. alkaline solutions of high alkaline concentration chemicals like gypsum, sodium silicate and calcium oxide, KOH, etc.), which enhances the effectiveness of fly ash by disintegrating the glassy layer of fly ash molecules in cement concrete, thereby increasing its corrosion resistance. In the present dissertation, quality of fly ash is improved by chemical treatment by using chemical activators. The mechanical properties like compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength of activated fly ash concrete and flexural strength of activated fly ash reinforced concrete beams are studied. For this project work, the chemicals like sodium silicate, calcium oxide are used to activate the fly ash in the ratio 1:8.

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Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth from an ore-body, lode, vein, seam or reef, which forms the mineralized package of economic interest to the miner. The mining industry in India is a major economic activity which contributes significantly to the economy of India. The GDP contribution of the mining industry varies from 2.2% to 2.5% only but going by the GDP of the total industrial sector it contributes around 10% to 11%. Even mining done on small scale contributes 6% to the entire cost of mineral production. Indian mining industry provides job opportunities to around 700,000 individuals. India’s minerals range from both metallic and non-metallic types. The metallic minerals comprise ferrous and non-ferrous minerals, while the non-metallic minerals comprise of mineral fuels, precious stones, among others. Mining is a process through which we can utilise natural resources in the form of copper, flour, steel, jewellery, coal etc. all these we use in our daily life for different purposes. The nature of mining processes creates a potential negative impact on the environment both during the mining operations and for the years after the mine is closed. Due to unsystematic way of mining and to access large amount of benefits causes negative impact on environment. Negative impact may leads to deforestation, landslides, sinking of water table, earthquakes, etc. In this paper there is summarization of mining, types of mining, major problems caused in area due to mining and their negative influence in Mussoorie Division and how we can reduce the negative effects of mining.

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Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) applications have increased in recent times in fields such as environmental sensing, area monitoring, air pollution monitoring, forest res detection, machine health monitoring, and landslide detection. In such applications, there is a high need of secure communication among sensor nodes. There are different techniques to secure network data transmissions, but due to power constraints of WSN, group key based mechanism is the most preferred one. Hence, to implement scalable energy efficient secure group communication, the best approach would be hierarchical based like Clustering. In most of the WSN designs based on clustering, Base Station (BS) is the central point of contact to the outside world and in case of its failure; it may lead to total disconnection in the communication. Critical applications like these cannot afford to have BS failure as it is a gateway from sensor networks to the outside world. In order to provide better fault tolerant immediate action, a new BS at some other physical location will have to take the charge. This may lead to a total change in the hierarchical network topology, which in turn leads to re-clustering the entire network and in turn formation of new security keys. Therefore, there is a need to find a suitable algorithm which clusters sensor nodes in such a way that when a BS fails and a new BS takes the charge, new group key gets established with minimum computation and less energy consumption.

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Masonry infilled RC frames are the most common type of structures used for multi-storeyed constructions in the developing countries, even in those which are located in seismically active regions also. Masonry infill walls are mainly used to increase the stiffness and strength of R C framed buildings. R C framed building with open first storey is known as soft storey, which performs poorly during earthquakes. A similar soft storey effect can also appear top storey level if it is used as service storey. The soft storey located in the upper part of the multistorey building does not significantly affect. To observe the effect of masonry infill panel, it is modeled as an equivalent double diagonal strut. In this study 7 models are taken were analyzed with two different techniques of modelling of masonry infill wall with L type of shear wall when subjected to earthquake loading. The results of masonry infill show more stiffness than the strut modeling technique. It is observed that, providing infill wall and shear wall improves earthquake resistant behavior of the structure and also the effect of water pressure, an attempt is made to develop relationship between strength and stiffness ratios for linear trend line.

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fly ash is a noncombustible material obtained from the various thermal power plants. Since fly ash is available in large scale, it is disposed of in rivers and landfills and ponds by thermal industries which are posing danger to environment. Due to high pozzolanic activity of fly ash, efforts are being made to use it as a cement replacement material. GeoPolymer concrete makes 100 percent utilization of fly ash in concrete along with alkaline solutions, as a binder. The cube specimens and beams are casted for 2% and 4% super plasticizers and alkaline to fly ash ratio of 0.35. The compressive strength of cubes is compared to that of conventional cubes at 7, 14 and 28 days .it is observed that GeoPolymer concrete is economical as compared to normal concrete from compressive strength point of view.

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Continuous rise in the conventional fuel prices and shortage of its supply have increased the interest in the field of the alternative sources for petroleum fuels. Biodiesel is one such alternative source which provides advantage of pollution control. In the present work, experimentation is carried out to study the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of Jatropha biodiesel and diesel. In this experiment a multi cylinder, four stroke, naturally aspired, direct injection, water cooled, eddy current dynamometer, TATA Indica V2 diesel engine is used at very low load condition. Crude oil is converted into biodiesel and characterization have been done. The experiment is conducted at low load condition. The engine performance parameters studied were brake power, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency. The emission characteristics studied are CO, HC, UBHC, mean gas temperature, exhaust gas temperature and smoke opacity. The combustion characteristics studied are cylinder pressure, mass fraction burned, net heat release rate, cumulative heat release rate and rate of pressure rise. These results are compared to those of pure diesel. These results are again compared to the corresponding results of the diesel. From the graph it has been observed that, there is a reduction in performance, combustion characteristics and emission characteristics compare to the diesel. This is mainly due to lower calorific value, higher viscosity, lower mean gas temperature and delayed combustion process. The present experimental results show that Jatropha biodiesel can be used as an alternative fuel in diesel engine.

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This paper presents a laboratory investigation on optimum level of Fly ash and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) as a partial replacement of cement to study the strength characteristics of concrete. Portland cement was partially replaced by 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10% of GGBS and Fly ash by 20%, 40%, 60% respectively. The water to cementations materials ratio was maintained at 0.45 for all mixes. The strength characteristics of the concrete were evaluated by conducting Compressive strength test, Splitting Tensile strength test and Flexural strength test. The compression strength test were conducted for 7days and 28days of curing and split tensile strength test and flexural strength test were conducted for 28days of curing on a M25 grade concrete. The mix proportion M25 was found to be 1:1.36:2.71.The test results proved that the compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength of concrete mixtures containing GGBS and Fly ash increases as the amount of GGBS and Fly ash increase. After an optimum point, at around 9% of GGBS and 40% of Fly ash of the total binder content, the further addition of GGBS and fly ash does not improve the compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength.

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3D printing is a process of making three dimensional solid objects from a digital model. 3D printing is achieved using additive processes, where an object is created by laying down successive layers of material. This work investigates surface finish improvement techniques used with 3D printed metal parts during the infiltration treatment. The goal is to produce an acceptable surface quality without performing a secondary machining process. Such a surface would be categorized as a D-series surface under the surface finish standards the injection molding process.

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This paper investigates the wear behavior of magnesium (Mg)-based metal–matrix composites (MMCs) reinforced with silicon carbide and aluminium oxide particulates (SiCp) during dry sliding. Experiments were conducted using a pin-on-disc configuration against a hardened tool-steel counter face under load of 3kg, and with disc rpm 500, wear track diameter 60mm, time 5min..Two samples were tested on pin on disc wear and friction monitor. The results showed that an alloy similar to the commercially available composition of AZ61 reinforced with 3% SiC&1% Al2O3 exhibit superior wear resistance as compared to magnesium alloy AZ61 reinforced with 1% SiC&3%Al2O3.Fabrication of metal matrix composites were done using stirr casting technique.

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Aluminum alloys are used in engineering design for their light weight, high strength-to weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and relatively low cost. Aluminum is available in various compositions, including “pure” metal, alloys for casting, and alloys for the manufacture of wrought products wrought Alloys. Most aluminum alloys used for wrought products contain Less than 7 percent of alloying elements. By the regulation of the amount and type of elements added, the properties of the aluminum can be enhanced and its working characteristics improved. In this welding process we have study that two pieces of aluminum alloy (6063) were welded with the help of friction stir welding process and here in this welding process we have found that the microstructure of weld zone was characterized by dynamic recrastallization producing fine grain structure. The vickers hardness testing results obtained for welded specimens and we have observed that the hardness is increases and decreases on different parameters like tool rotation speed. But we have obtained that as the tool rotating speed is increases the hardness will aslo increases. Finally we obtained the max. hardness(Hv-40) on max. Tool rotation speed of (rpm-1800).

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Nowadays the typical desktop computer processors have four or more independent CPU core, which are called as multi-core processors to execute instructions. So parallel programming language come into play to execute instructions concurrently for multi core architecture using openMP. Users prefer cryptographic algorithms to encrypt and decrypt data in order to send it securely over an unsafe environment like the internet. This paper describes the implementation and test results of Caesar cipher and RSA cryptographic algorithms in parallelization are done using OpenMP API 3.1 Standard and performance Analysis. According to our test results, the parallel design approach for security algorithm exhibits improved performance over the sequential approach in terms of execution of time

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In this present investigation deccan hemp oil,a non-edible vegetable oil is selected for the on a diesel engine and its suitability as an alternate fuel is examined. The viscosity of deccan hemp oil is reduced first by blending with diesel in 10/90%, 20/80%, 30/70%, 100/0% on volume basis. Performance parameters of brake thermal efficiency, exhaust gas temperature and were determined at various values of brake power (BP) Investigations were carried out to evaluate the performance of a low heat rejection (LHR) diesel engine consisting of air gap insulated piston with 3-mm air gap, with superni (an alloy of nickel) crown and air gap insulated liner with superni insert with different operating conditions of deccan hemp oil based bio diesel with varied injection timing and injection pressure. The effect of void ratio, temperature of catalyst, space velocity on the reduction of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) in the exhaust of the engines was studied. Exhaust emissions of smoke and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) were determined at various values. For ascertaining the validity of result obtained, pure deccan hemp oil from investigation it has been established that, upto 20% of blend of deccan hemp oil without heating and any engine modification.

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The present investigation carried out on concrete due to the effect of silica fume with and without steel fibers on ordinary Portland cement. In this study we used concrete mixes with Silica Fume of 0%, 4%, 8%and 12%, with addition of crimped steel fibers of diameter 0.5 mm Ø with a aspect ratio of 60, at various percentages as 0%, 0.5 %, 1.0 % and 1.5 % by the volume of concrete on M30 grade of concrete. The effect of mineral admixture (silica fume) as cement replacement material with and without steel fibers on mechanical properties were analyzed and compared with normal concrete. In comparison, with normal concrete the replacement of 4%, 8% and12% cement by silica fume showed 7.27%, 15.64%, 12.79% increase in compressive strength in 28 days of curing. . In comparison, with normal concrete the replacement of 4%, 8% and12% cement by silica fume showed 6.21%, 6.52%,6.36% increase in split tensile strength in 28 days of curing. In comparison, with normal concrete the replacement of 4%, 8% and12% cement by silica fume showed 14.59%,20.43%,19.70% increase in flexural strength in 28 days of curing. Present study aimed to conclusion that, in comparison with 0%, 4%, 8%and 12% of silica fume and 0%, 0.5 %, 1.0 % and 1.5 % steel fibers ,8% silica fume and 1.5% steel fibers was recognized as the best for both economical and strength aspects.

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Background: In obesity, as excessive adipose tissue accumulates, an altered metabolic profile occurs along with a variety of adaptations/alterations in the cardiac structure and function even in the absence of co-morbidities. Objective: To compare pre prandial and post prandial heart rate variability between young healthy non obese and obese females aged 18-25 years. Methods: 50 obese and 50 non obese young healthy females aged 18-25 years were selected based on body mass index (BMI). Heart rate variability was recorded in both pre prandial and post prandial state using ECG V: 52 (HRV) power spectral analysis to identify separate frequency components, i.e., total power (TP), low-frequency power (LF), high frequency power (HF) and low frequency to high frequency ratio. Results: All the statistical methods were carried out using the SPSS software for Windows (version 16.0) and Minitab (version 11.0). The Paired-Samples T Test procedure was done to compare the means of two variables for a single group. The Independent-Samples T Test procedure was done to compare the means for two groups of cases. P value less than or equal to 0.001 was considered statistically significant. HRV analysis found significantly lower (p≤0.001) values of TP, LF(ms2), HF(ms2) and HF (n.u.) and significantly higher values (p≤0.001) of LF (n.u.) and LF/HF ratio among the obese group in both pre prandial and post prandial state respectively compared to non obese group. Conclusion : Our data indicate that obese subjects have decreased parasympathetic activity as evidenced by decrease in TP, LF(ms2), HF(ms2) and HF (n.u.) and increase in sympathetic activity as evidenced by increase in LF (n.u.) and LF/HF in both pre prandial and post prandial state.

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Smart laser theft alarm is a one in which LED is focused by a laser which alarms sound when it is disturbed .When alarm rings, automatically CCTV camera starts recording. Smartness of this laser theft alarm is that camera starts recording only when the alarm sounds. GSM is connected parallel to the alarm and nearby police station number is coded in it .When the alarm rings automatically call is connected to the phone number coded to it. Where in the previous version of this technology the camera is switched on 24 x 7.

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the importance behind this work is the development of intelligent, accurate diagnosis of heart rate using blood pressure. BP is the parameter which does not abide by a single range, but it depends upon the factors like age, family history. By using blood pressure system, heart rate of a person is measured. At the present situation the mortality rate has been increased due to rise in blood pressure and heart malfunctions. A Biosensor is used in forth to detect the range of heart rate. Intelligent system used here is fuzzy system which takes age, gender, BMI for the verification. Lab view is other end of the project which is used to connect the hardware to show the progress of measurement. Parameters such as Smoke detection, Temperature measurement, unauthorized entry were are included for additional facilities.

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This research paper is based on extensive research work on success factors and framework of knowledge management in competency building of business organization. In this research paper the researcher analyzed the success factors, which are enablers towards decision making process and explore the knowledge management in every phases of the organizational decision making process. The researcher is also tried to optimize the decision making capabilities in competency building on decision making platform towards business optimization. This paper is also emphasized the success factors which directly affected to decision making capabilities in competency building of business organization.

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Multilevel inverters provide a staircase output voltage from DC voltage sources. Demanding large number of semiconductor power switches is main disadvantage of multilevel inverters. The multilevel inverters can be divided in two groups: symmetric and asymmetric inverter. The asymmetric multilevel inverters produce a great number of output steps without increased the number of DC voltage sources and components. In this thesis, a novel technique for multilevel inverter is proposed used cascaded sub-multilevel Cells. This sub-multilevel inverter can provide five levels of voltage. Here a level shifted Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) technique is applied to control the power devices. This modulation technique uses a sine wave and a repeating wave, these waves are combined and a complete reference wave is generated. Four Comparative study (5, 7, 9 & 11 level inverter) and algorithms for determining the DC voltage sources magnitudes have been presented. Finally, in order to verify the theoretical issues, simulation is presented in MATLAB/SIMULINK Software.

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A proposed FPGA-based implementation of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm is presented in this paper. This implementation is compared with other works to show the efficiency. The design uses an iterative looping approach with block and key size of 128 bits, lookup table implementation of S -box. This gives low complexity architecture and easily achieves low latency as well as high throughput. Simulation results, performance results are presented and compared with previous reported designs.

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The standard penetration test (SPT) is the most widely used in in-situ test. This test involve hammer impact on penetration rods, and resulting penetration resistance or blow counts is strongly influenced by the amount of hammer energy actually transferred into the rods. Research has shown that the energy transfer to the rod is lesser than the actual energy generated by the blows of hammer, so the direct approach of determining the transferred energy, based on force and acceleration measurements near the top of the drill rods, should be adopted. The proposed approach provides a unified method of measuring transferred energy in the SPT. The measured energy data can be used in a consistent manner to correct the recorded blow counts to a reference energy level for each test and allow reliable correlation of the same in assessment of liquefaction potential evaluation.

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Brushless Direct Current Motors (BLDC) are used in many applications for their low cost, high performance , ease of control, less maintenance because of absence of commutators and brushes and high efficiency. These advantages of BLDC motors have led to their wide spread use in variable speed drives. The main objective of this paper is to develop a drive system for BLDC motor with reduced switches and minimum hardware. The proposed work is based on, the dsPIC controlled four switch three phase inverter fed BLDC motor drive. The advantage of this inverter that uses four switches instead of conventional six switches is lesser switching losses, lower electromagnetic interference (EMI), less complexity and reduced interference circuit. dsPIC30F4011 digital controller is used to generate the switching pulses for Four Switch Three Phase Inverter consists of MOSFET Switches to drive the BLDC motor. Simulation and experimental work are carried out and results are presented. A simulation is carried out using MATLAB/SIMULINK and in the experimental work a prototype model is constructed to verify the simulation results.

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Heat transfer is the key to several processes in industrial application. In a present days maximum efficient heat transfer equipment are in demand due to increasing energy cost. For achieving maximum heat transfer, the engineers are continuously upgrading their knowledge and skills by their past experience. Present work is a skip in the direction of demonstrating the use of the computational technique as a tool to substitute experimental techniques. For this purpose an experimental set up has been designed and developed. Analysis of heat transfer in spiral plate heat exchanger is performed and same Analysis of heat transfer in spiral plate heat exchanger can be done by commercially procurable computational fluid dynamic (CFD) using ANSYS CFX and validated based on this forecasting. Analysis has been carried out in parallel and counter flow with inward and outward direction for achieving maximum possible heat transfer. In this problem of heat transfer involved the condition where Reynolds number again and again varies as the fluid traverses inside the section of flow from inlet to exit, mass flow rate of working fluid is been modified with time. By more and more analysis and experimentation and systematic data degradation leads to the conclusion that the maximum heat transfer rates is obtained in case of the inward parallel flow configuration compared to all other counterparts, which observed to vary with small difference in each section. Furthermore, for the increase heat transfer rate in spiral plate heat exchanger is obtain by cascading system.

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Embedded System based submersible motor control to prevent it from over load, dry run and single phasing using GSM for Agriculture Irrigation is the work done in this project which can be used to control and monitor the submersible motor used for agriculture irrigation using GSM network. This project provides the development of mobile phone as remote control application for submersible motor pump which is used in agriculture irrigation. The motor connections depends upon its horse power, it may be Direct on line or Star Delta. The motor is controlled by the micro controller and the present status of motor is sensed and it is automatically controlled by itself and the information is transmitted to the corresponding person through GSM network. The GSM mobile phone is used as an alternative to turn on and off the motor through a message or a missed call and also to send message to the owner about the following three faults. A micro controller is used to detect the three types of fault which cause damage to the motor. The first one is single phase absence fault detection and if it occurs the micro controller will automatically turn of the motor. The micro controller also includes the protection against over current or over load and also from dry running. It is expected that this application will be comfortable for the farmers and this provides easy access of motor to a greater extent. All these control process are achieved by using a PIC microcontroller, GSM and Different interfacing and control circuits.

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