With the binary number system, the computation speed is limited by formation and propagation of carry especially as the number of bits increases. Using a quaternary Signed Digit number system one may perform carry free addition, borrow free subtraction and multiplication. However the QSD number system requires a different set of prime modulo based logic elements for each arithmetic operation. A carry free arithmetic operation can be achieved using a higher radix number system such as Quaternary Signed Digit (QSD). In QSD, each digit can be represented by a number from -3 to 3. Carry free addition and other operations on a large number of digits such as 64, 128, or more can be implemented with constant delay and less complexity. Design is simulated & synthesized using Modelsim6.0, Microwind and Leonardo Spectrum.

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In this paper, various types of speed control methods for the single phase induction motor are described. Speed can be controlled to control the frequency or slip can be controlled to control the torque. Then flux and torque are also function of frequency and voltage. Various methods are used to control the flux and voltage. This paper is focused on sliding mode control technique for induction motor.

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Cascaded H-bridge Multilevel Inverter (MLI) is most efficient topology for medium and high voltage DC-AC conversion, having less output harmonics and less commutation losses. Disadvantages are their complexity, more number of power devices, passive components and a complex control circuitry. Here a Cascaded Hybrid Multilevel Inverter is used to produce a three phase 9-level output voltages. Now a day inverter is also know as a DC-AC converter, is one of the most popular part of electrical device. This proposed inverter widely used in industries application such as speed control of induction motor. This thesis focus on three phase 9-level bipolar and unipolar switching inverter with characteristics like output voltage boosting ability and also we discus about the bipolar and unipolar switching scheme along with capacitor voltage control. The modified topology uses Cascaded H-bridge (CHB) with bidirectional and unidirectional switches producing boost up output voltage. Here a hybrid Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) technique is applied to control the power devices. This modulation technique uses a sine wave and a repeating wave, these waves are combined and a complete reference wave is generated. There is comparative study between CHB and modified topology between number of power devices used and Total Harmonic Distortions (THD). THD of modified topology is reduced and analyzed by FFT window. The results are observed by MATLAB/SIMULINK software.

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Based on current manufacturing system of gelatin production, cleaner production opportunities are discussed considering aspect such as waste minimization, energy conservation, etc. Improving the utilization of inputs and minimizing the production of unwanted or low value outputs is fundamental to improving profitability. Adopting cleaner production also helps in awareness of consequences of environmental practices that are unfriendly and that are detrimental to the industry's bottom-line. Adopting cleaner production may require onetime investment or it can be done with zero cost. A few process changes and good housekeeping in production of gelatin may increase gelatin yield and reduces wastewater quantity. Process changes such as automatic handling of machines, direct packaging etc leads to environmental as well as financial benefits. Byproduct utilization and wastewater reuse are other benefits of cleaner production. This paper discuss about current process followed in gelatinization, suggestion of cleaner production opportunities throughout the process and cost benefit analysis for suggested cleaner production opportunities. Major advantages from cleaner production in gelatinization here is byproduct reuse and waste water reutilization.

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Gas turbines are of prime importance to aircrafts. The turbo machinery is a complex aspect of designing. Efficiency of turbo machinery is closely proportional to material selection and its performance. Each section of a turbo machinery deserves or has a different criteria of temperature dependency. As per this dependency turbine blades, nozzles and wheels are designed using different types of materials- alloys, which are highly resistant to temperature and light weight. This will lead to aircrafts which are very light and highly efficient. These materials are alloys which are very costly. And this high cost are making them difficult to be used abundantly. All these problems has made researchers to look around for material which is light, comparatively cheap and highly efficient as per turbine needs. This paper throws light on the existing materials used in turbine blades and a new compound which is a carbon allotrope which is capable of meeting all above needs perfectly.

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Routing is the process of selecting best paths in a network in terms of energy and distance. In adhoc it is critical to collect the information in an efficient manner as it has limitations in terms of centralized congestion. In such case to perform the effective communication there is the requirement of some such routing approach that can provide the routing with optimized path. In this work, ACO based routing approach is defined to generate the optimized path in comparison to DSDV over the network. The presented approach is implemented in matlab environment and obtained results shows the effective results in terms of optimized path.

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Voltage instability has been a major problem in all the emerging power systems across the world. Several instances of blackouts in North America, including the 1996 Western Interconnection and the 2003 North East US /Canada blackout are primarily due to voltage collapse. So Monitoring and maintaining voltage stability in real-time is extremely important for operating a power system reliably. In this paper Synchrophasor technology is introduced. Synchrophasor technology has the capability to monitor voltage stability over a wide area in real time. In this paper different methods are introduced for finding the voltage collapse point in the system and also one new method given for identification of voltage collapse point.

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Security is a branch of computer technology known as information security as applied to computers and networks. The objective of online security includes protection of information and property from theft, corruption, or threats attack, while allowing the information and property to remain accessible and productive to its intended users. The term online system security means the collective processes and mechanisms by which sensitive and valuable information and services are protected from publication, tampering or collapse by unauthorized activities or untrustworthy individuals and unplanned events respectively. The basic aim of this article is to Prevention against unauthorized security Attack and Threats.

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Land use and land cover(LULC) recently these days became a major component to handle natural resources and managing changes occurring in the environment.which is due to expansion of the urban area it has lead to critical losses of agriculture land,vegetation land and water bodies.followed by this the urban sprawl created a environmental issues. For example :decreased air quality and increase in the temperature etc. Land use and land cover change is driven by human actions and also drives changes that limit availability of products and services for human and animals, and it can undermine ecological wellbeing also. Land use and land cover is an important component in understanding various interactions of the human activities with the environment and thus it is necessary to be able to simulate changes. Therefore, this study was aimed at understanding land use and land cover change in Gulbarga city. In this work we took Gulbarga city to study the urban expansion and LULC change that took place in 2001 and 2012 to know the changes happened in the year 2012 by comparing with data of 2001.remote sensing methodology is used in this study which provides major coverage mapping & classification of land cover features such as vegetation,soil,water,forest etc. A wide range of environmental parameters can be measured including the land use, vegetation types, surface temperatures , soil types, precipitation, phytoplankton, turbidity, surface elevation and geology.satellite images of two different years i.e 2001 and 2012 are taken in to consideration.after image processing classification is done so as to classify images in to various different land use categories.

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Communication in any language between two or more persons is like a plaintext or simple text. That means any person knowing that language can easily understand this plain text until this plaintext is codified in some manner. So, it is important to implement the coding techniques to ensure that information is hidden from everyone for whom it is not intended. So, that only authenticated person will be allowed to access the information. Cryptography is the art and science of achieving security by the encoding of messages in an unreadable form. Cryptography derives from the Greek word; the word "crypto" comes from kruptos, which means "hidden" and graphy means "writing". Thus, Cryptography is the practice and study of the hiding messages. Today, the cryptography is considered as branch for both the Computer Science and mathematics, which will related to the information theory.

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Abstract— Mathematical modeling / Simulation is a process of designing a model of a real system and conducting experiments with it for the purpose of understanding the behavior of the system. It is widely used for analyzing mechanisms also. Investigations of the various stages of mechanism design like synthesis and analysis using mathematical model is an effective tool by high development of computing technique, which enables complicated problems to be solved with minimum number of assumptions. Four bar mechanisms are widely used in automobiles and industrial applications. The present work aims at developing a computational environment for synthesizing and analyzing the mechanism both kinematically and kinetically. This work presents a simple and good mathematical model for getting the relevant parameters like link lengths, their velocities, their accelerations and the forces acting on it with the input of output function. The computational environment for the model is developed using a ‘Ch’ language, an embeddable C/C++ interpreter. The effect of varying parameters like link lengths, output functions on displacement, velocity, acceleration and forces has been studied.

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Today’s Mechanical Engineering field is growing rapidly in designing techniques to manufacture Splines and Gears. Over the decades, numerous methods and manufacturing processes have been used in making the various kinds of Splines based on various criteria, including applications, reliability, life time, processing time and manufacturing cost. This work is also carried out with the same notion of reviewing of manufacturing an External Involute Spline cutting tool using Wire Electrical Discharge Machining process and Vertical Milling Machine. Wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) is an extremely accurate type of manufacturing process. This technique was commercially developed in the 1970s. Spline is a long flexible strip of metal/plastic/wood used to produce the curve through the known set of data points. The curved shape of strip is obtained by pulling it into the transverse direction using the lead weights or pegs.

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Productivity improvement is the one of the basic need of every manufacturing industry, so that Just in Time (JIT) is one of the quality tools that are help to improve the productivity. Just in Time (JIT) has been very popular strategy partly because of its success in Japanese manufacturing, Automobile industries. Analysis of wastages is one of the needs of every industry, so we are using the value mapping analysis to check each value-added and non-value-added activity. Just in Time (JIT) is a system that focuses on inventory control, set up time reduction, waste reduction and continuous improvement to achieve operational excellence. In this paper a single case study is doing in the manufacturing company (Towers making). The main objective of this paper to checking each and every activity to achieve the manufacturing time is less than customer order time. Take a pad and pencil and go out on the shop floor. Pick a product and follow it through the entire manufacturing process from raw materials to shipping. Note every activity performed on the product. Do not get a routing slip to see how the process is supposed to go, but accurately record the process including delays, transportation, inspection, storage, etc. After recording time to calculate Available operating time, performance factor, quality rate and overall equipment efficiency. After calculating overall equipment efficiency to compare with international standard and get suggestions to the case company.

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In construction industry cost is amongst the major considerations throughout the project management life cycle and thus can be regarded as one of the most important parameter of a project and the driving force of project success. Despite of its proven importance it is not uncommon to see a construction project failing to achieve its objectives within the specified cost. Cost overrun is a very frequent phenomenon and is almost associated with nearly all projects in the construction industry. In this paper different type of cost are enlisted and due to the effect of cost overruns enumerated in building projects. Effects Cost overruns are decrease in the building projects so, different methods are used the analysis cost overruns factors and give the top ten ranks.

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This paper modifies the LAEEBA protocol to enhance the performance of the protocol. Eight sensor nodes are deployed on a human body; having equal power and computation capabilities. Sink node is placed at waist. Different nodes are used to measure various activities like Glucose level etc. In the LAEEBA protocol all the nodes are active at every time, but the total usage period of few nodes is very less depending upon the disease covered. This leads to the wastage of the energy. This work uses the Sleep state to save the energy. The sink node will remain active all the times and the other node are in the sleep state. The node which gets selected for the transmission will change its state to the active state; other nodes will remain in the sleep state. The simulation results show that the proposed technique is better than the existing technique. The comparison is done by using the PDR, E2E Delay and throughput. The delay gets decreased and the throughput gets increased. The PDR in the proposed algorithm is greater than the existing algorithm so the proposed algorithm is better than the existing algorithm.

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Increased use of electronic communication has given birth to new ways of transmitting information securely. Steganography is a science of hiding information by embedding it in some other data called host message. Images are most known objects for steganography. The host message before steganography and stego message after steganography have the same characteristics. The given work is to be done by evaluating it on MATALAB. While evaluation one can calculate SNR, PSNR and BER for individual information Bit for conceal bit and analysis effect on results.

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Cellular networks are overloaded by mobile data traffic because of fast growth of mobile broadband services and the widespread use of smart phones. Application of smartphone, laptops internet etc. are increasing day by day. All this is causing congestion problem. Data revenue problem is a major problem for the network operators. One of the solutions to alleviate this problem is the offloading of mobile data traffic from the cellular access technology to the Wi-Fi access network. Wi-Fi access point is widely deployed by customers or by the operators so can be easily used for offloading technique. This paper reviews the models and architecture of offloading in between LTE network and Wi-Fi access network. Limitations of using Wi-Fi as alternative access network is also discussed in this paper and brief of ANDSF is provided in the paper.

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Construction industries play an important role in economic growth and development of any country. In the Construction industry cost overrun is the major problems occur because of some risky factors. Because of these factors the construction work cannot completed at stipulated time, within budget. To minimize the effect of that risk on cost overruns, we have to be aware of the fact that which risk affect the cost overruns in how much quantum so for that we have to give particular ranking pattern so we can easily reduce the effect of that risk and we can complete the project with our satisfactorily requirement. In this paper we shown that understanding of the project management constrain for the cost overruns and the studied one case study of identified most Risky factors causes of cost overrun in construction projects and their remedies.

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Rich-sensor Smartphones have made possible the recent birth of the mobile sensing research area as part of ubiquitous sensing which integrates other areas such as wireless sensor networks and web sensing. The object of sensing can be people-centered or environment-centered. The sensing domain can be home, urban, vehicular etc. Now there are barriers that limit the social acceptance of mobile sensing systems. Several technical barriers are phone energy savings and the variety of sensors and software for their management. In this article, we design and implement Sherlock technology, which captures a micro-environment through sensors and automatically records sensor hints and optimize the micro-environment of smartphones. We refer to such immediate surroundings as micro-environment, usually several to a dozen of centimeters, around a phone. The platform runs as a daemon process on a smartphone and provides finer-grained environment information to upper layer applications via programming interfaces. Sherlock is a unified framework covering the major cases of phone usage, placement, attitude, and interaction in practical uses with complicated user habits. The main objective is to save battery in mobile sensing systems and provides security.

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in rotating machinery, the damping of structure which supports the rotating shaft has significant effect in machine vibration. Therefore by controlling the lubricant properties, the dynamic behavior of the system can be controlled. The objective of this paper is to study the dynamic behavior of a rotor supported by a journal bearing and fed with Electro-rheological (ER) fluid. ER fluids can be used to create ‘smart’ journal bearings & vibration controllers can be constructed to control the Stability of the ER fluid lubricated bearings. The ER fluid behaves like a Bingham fluid with a higher viscosity when electric field is applied, and restores its property when the field is removed. A reversible change in viscosity occurs in milliseconds with the electric field applied.

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As the energy crisis is getting severe in the world it will be important to investigate alternative methods of generating power in ways different than, fossil fuels. In fact, one of the biggest sources of energy is all around us all of the time, the wind. Currently, horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT) dominate the wind energy market due to their large size and high power generation characteristics. However, vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT) are capable of producing a lot of power, and offer many advantages for small-scale and domestic applications. One drawback of DARRIEUS type VAWT is their inability to reliably self-start at low tip speed ratio. The details of different configurations and performance evaluation techniques along with the major findings of researchers on vertical axis wind turbines are reviewed in this paper. The main purpose of the study described here is to investigate effect of different design parameter on performance evaluation of VAWT.

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An Automotive engine cooling system takes out of excess heat produced during engine operation. An automobile cooling system regulates engine surface temperature for engine optimum efficiency. Recent advancement and development in engine for power forced engine cooling system to develop new strategies to improve its performance efficiency. Also to reduce fuel consumption along with controlling engine emission to mitigate environmental pollution norms. This paper throws light on parameters which influence radiator performance along with reviews some of the conventional and modern approaches to enhance radiator performance. This review paper Focus on the various research papers regarding experimental, CFD and Numerical analysis to improving automobile radiator efficiency.

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this paper describes how the Parametric Programming is applicable in CNC machining. Parametric programming has the potential to increase efficiency of CNC operations but still it is less frequently utilized features of CNC machines. Feature based parametric programming are beneficial to companies with manufacture of GT (group technology) where the parts with similar design undergoes in a machine cell. The advantages of blending the concept of group technology and parametric programming for CNC machining operations are illustrated with the help of a part family.

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Horseradish peroxidase was immobilized onto latex from three different plants viz. Calotropis procera, Euphorbia royleana and Alstonia scholaris with 0.51 ± 0.01, 0.37 ± 0.01, 0.46 ± 0.01 mg/cm2 conjugation yield and 62.07 ± 0.85, 66.1 ± 0.85, 71.24 ± 0.80 % retention of specific activity respectively. The support, before and after addition of peroxidase was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transmission infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR). Optimum pH, optimum temperature and changes in kinetic parameters (Ea, Km and Vmax) for immobilized peroxidases were studied and found to differ from that of free peroxidase. Alstonia scholaris latex was most effective in stabilizing the structure of peroxidase during storage at 4°C, whereas thermal stability and reusability of peroxidase was better on Calotropis procera latex. Analytical use of Calotropis procera latex bound peroxidase for determination of phenolic content of fruit juices has also been demonstrated.

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A sub-1-V CMOS band gap voltage reference requiring no low threshold voltage device is introduced in this paper. In a CMOS technology with vthn=vthp=0 9 V at 0 C, the minimum supply voltage of the proposed voltage reference is 0.98 V, and the maximum supply current is 18 A. A temperature coefficient of 15 ppm/ C from 0 C to 100 C is recorded after trimming. The active area of the circuit is about 0.24 mm2.

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