As the internet usage increases in day to day activities, there is an inherent corresponding increase in usage of communication through it with email being the mainstay or rather in the forefront of modern day communication methodologies for businesses and general persons as well. This has led to get customer attention in the form of unwanted and unsolicited bombarding of the customers mail accounts with advertisements, offers, phishing activities, viruses, worms, trojans, generating hate crimes, making the customer to part with sensitive information like passwords, and other media as well which is known as spam. Spam is mass mailing or flooding of mail account servers with unwanted trash data causing damage some times. Spam filters have been in use from the time such mail flooding happens. Most of the spam filters are manual meaning which the user after identifying a mail in his account blocks the sender and henceforth the system will not allow mails to the inbox from such addresses. However the spammers are resilient and send spam mails from different identities and flood the inboxes. This study focuses on algorithms and data mining techniques used to unearth spam mails. They filter the inbox mails as they arrive at the server depending on certain rules which are already defined known as supervised learning methods. Such technologies are known as knowledge engineering techniques. Here a decision classifier is used to train such mails with varying words to filter and identify the words in the mail as spam. The Decision Tree model is used to analyze the mails and identify spam mails and block them. The number of mails sent, content, subject, type whether reply or forward, language etc. are identified using the decision classifier like Naves Bayes and analyzed accordingly to filter the emails.

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Hydro power is known as the source of renewable energy, which is pollution free, economical and environmentally benign. Small and mini hydro power projects have the potential to provide electrical power in inaccessible and mountainous region where supply of power by grid system is uneconomical and difficult. 19% of the total planet’s electricity is provided by the hydro power plants. Small-scale hydro is in most cases “run-of-river”, with no dam or water storage. Small hydro power is most cost-effective and environmental friendly technology of energy for both the hilly and rural areas of the maximum country of the world. Energy produced by the falling water in hydro power plant can provide a high sustainable, non polluting alternative to fossil fuels, along with other types of renewable sources of energy, such as solar, wind and geothermal energy. Among all the sources of renewable energy, small hydropower is considered as one of the most successful energy. Much of small hydro potential is in the remote, hilly and inaccessible regions of India, where generation from other sources or transmission of power up to long distance would not be feasible. In India, the development of Micro, Mini and Small Hydro Power (SHPs) Projects started in the year 1897. In the hilly areas, there are a large number of rivers and canals which provides a bright future in hydro-power energy. All hydropower falls in category of clean energy, but the small hydro power projects provide more significant contribution as SHPs require minimal rehabilitation, submergence and minimal impact to the environment. Therefore in the SHPs, there are more scope for harnessing sustainable hydro energy.

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Using advanced wireless local area network technologies, vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have become viable and valuable for their wide variety of novel applications, such as road safety, multimedia content sharing, commerce on wheels, etc., currently, geographic routing protocols are widely adopted for VANETs as they do not require route construction and route maintenance phases. Again, with connectivity awareness, they perform well in terms of reliable delivery. Further, in the case of sparse and void regions, frequent use of the recovery strategy elevates hop count. Some geographic routing protocols adopt the minimum weighted algorithm based on distance or connectivity to select intermediate intersections. However, the shortest path or the path with higher connectivity may include numerous intermediate intersections. As a result, these protocols yield routing paths with higher hop count. In this paper, we propose a hop greedy routing scheme that yields a routing path with the minimum number of intermediate intersection nodes while taking connectivity into consideration. Moreover, we introduce back-bone nodes that play a key role in providing connectivity status around an intersection. Apart from this, by tracking the movement of source as well as destination, the back-bone nodes enable a packet to be forwarded in the changed direction. Simulation results signify the benefits of the proposed routing strategy in terms of high packet delivery ratio and shorter end-to-end delay.

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The present study is to determine flow field in the three-dimensional scramjet engine combustor with coupled implicit NS equations, the standard k-ε turbulence model are used and the finite-rate/eddy-dissipation reaction model has to be applied to simulate numerically for the flow field of the hydrogen, diesel and methane fueled scramjet combustor with a planer strut flame holder under two different working conditions, the working condition include the cold flow and engine ignition. ANSYS Fluent software is used to solve the analysis, with hot and cold inlet velocities, the mach number for air and fluids are 2 and 1 respectively, inflow fluids are varied as hydrogen, diesel and methane. Due to combustion the recirculation region behind the wedge becomes larger as compared to mixing case and it acts as a flame holder for the methane (CH4), hydrogen (H2) and diesel (C10H22) diffusion. It is also evident from the simulation studies; the combustion affects the flow field significantly. The leading edge shock reflected off the upper and lower combustor walls facilitates on setting of combustion when it hits the wake in a region where large portions of the injected fuel have been mixed up with the air. The pressure, velocity and temperature distributions along the geometry are estimated and discussed.

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The aim of this study is to evaluate the mechanical properties of PET fiber reinforced concrete using alccofine. In this study PET fiber are used with 0%, 0.5%, 1.5% and 3% by weight of cement with Alccofine (GGBS) percentage of 0%, 3%, 6% and 9% which replacing cement for M30 grade concrete. All of the mixes are tasted to find the compressive strength test and flexural strength test for 7 days 28 days. The results from all of the tests are to be compared with control concrete mix.

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Snow avalanche are a significant hazard in mountainous environments around the world. Snow avalanches pose a significant hazard to human populations and infrastructure in mountainous regions. Avalanche forecasting and hazard reduction methods rely heavily on the evaluation of snowpack information collected in the field. Hence understanding the spatial patterns of snowpack instabilities and their environment determinants is crucial. Avalanche impacts in India, include fatilities, and are summarize for public and residential area like ski areas, roads, and resource industries. Avalanche hazard methods, in which zoning, explosive control, forecasting. Problems of current avalanche hazard is solving these problem is identified with resources industries, backcountry recreation and residential areas. Snow avalanches are a significant natural hazard that impact roads, structures and threaten human lives in mountain terrain. Snow avalanche is not only the snow cover over the mountain side but also the later snowfall intensity. In this case study, we quantify the spatial patterns of the thickness and strength of an observed buried surface hoar layer and test for associations with spatial estimates of incoming radiation during the surface hoar formation period. In India, is attempt using terrain and satellite images and terrain characteristics with meteorology information. Contributory factors in retaining the snowfall a change and snow pack characteristics were rank and assign weightage the avalanche initiate based on the event in the region. Spatial distribution of snow accumulation zone, Snow fall area and snow pack stability assessment criteria was developed. Snowfall, temperature and wind are three factors that quickly change avalanche conditions.

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To meet up the needs of large-scale multi-tenant data centres and clouds, data center and cloud architectures are continuously forming modifications. These needs are primarily focused around seven dimensions: scalability in computing, storage, and bandwidth, scalability in network services, efficiency in resource utilization, agility in service creation, cost efficiency, service reliability, and security. This article focuses on the first five dimensions as they are related to networking. . Large data centers are handling thousands of servers, exabytes of storage, terabits per second of traffic, and tens of thousands of tenants. Data centres are interconnected across the wide area network via routing and transport technologies to provide a pool of resources, known as the cloud. High-capacity transport intra- and inter-datacentre are being achieved by High-speed optical interfaces and dense wavelength-division multiplexing optical transport. This paper presents data centre resource analysis based on region

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Now days the works are focuses on Smart fluid technology which is an emerging field of research and that has lead to the introduction of Ferro fluids, they are smart materials whose rheological properties (viscosity, yield stress, shear modulus etc.) can be readily controlled on appliance of an magnetic field. Recent studies show that there is an increasing interest in designing hydro dynamically lubricated bearings using electro-rheological fluids (ERFs) or magneto rheological fluids (MRFs). Both smart fluids behave like Bingham fluids, and thus the Bingham plastic model is used to describe the grease and the electro-rheological (ER) and magneto-rheological (MR) fluids behavior of the non-Newtonian fluid flow. This work is concerned with the Computational fluid Dynamics of the hydrodynamic journal bearings lubricated with Ferro fluid and comparison of magneto rheological fluid. .. The solution renders the bearing performance characteristics, namely, load carrying capacity, attitude angle, frictional force at the journal surface, friction Coefficient and bearing side leakage. Ferro fluids can solve many difficult sealing, lubricating, detection, heat transfer and damping problems. Design of smart journal-bearing systems is an important issue that opens up the possibility for semi active dynamic control of bearing behavior using smart fluid technology.

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A continuously variable transmission (CVT) is a transmission which better fuel efficiency, quieter operation, and a lower mass. Current efforts to reduce the vehicles, fuel consumption in order to protect the environment and save fuel have seen a recent resurgence in CVT research, especially in the automotive allow a continuous variation of the output velocity by adjusting its geometrical configuration. This offers several advantages over traditional transmissions such as industry. The torque of the continuously variable transmission system with friction drive mechanism is transmitted by contacting roller with input and output disks. For the higher transmitted torque, it is necessary to apply large load in order to get higher friction force, which in turn generates severe high stress on the contact surfaces of roller and disks. The 'Toroidal' type CVT system has simple component arrays. This work documents a successfully developed experimental model of a 'Toroidal' continuously variable transmission (CVT) by adjusting its geometrical configuration of CVT design and compared the experimental results of speed, torque and power delivered at the output disc with those obtained by a theoretical.

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Digital system design in a remarkable and emerging field now days. Users are using digital devices for almost each and everything in daily life like calculator for calculation, Digital cameras for photo shot and video recording, Mobiles for communication, Computer to connect all over the world etc. In fact, increasing demand for manageable digital electronics products for computing and communication, as well as for other applications, has necessitated longer battery life, lower weight, high speed and lower power consumption. However, the two design criteria are often in conflict by improving one particular aspect of the design constrains the other. The demand for high speed processing has been increasing as a result of expanding computer and signal processing applications. In majority of digital signal processing (DSP) applications, multiplication and accumulation are the most critical operations.

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Se90-xSb10Bix (x=0, 2, 4, 6, 8 & 10) chalcogenide glasses were prepared by well-established melt quenching technique. The glassy nature was verified by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Thin films of these samples were deposited on glass substrate using thermal evaporation technique at room temperature. The transmission spectra of thin films have been taken using UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometer (Varian Cary 500) in the wavelength range 200 nm to 1500 nm. The refractive index and film thickness are calculated by using envelope method proposed by Swanepoel. The results indicate that n increases with the increasing Bi content which is related to the increased polarizability of the larger Bi atomic radius 1.46 Å compared with the Se atomic radius 1.16 Å. The value of absorption coefficient (α) and hence extinction coefficient (k) has been determined from transmission spectra. Optical band gap (Eg) is estimated using Tauc's extrapolation and is found to decrease from 1.46eV to 1.24 eV with the Bi addition. This behavior of optical band gap is interpreted in terms of electronegativity difference of the atoms involved and cohesive energy of the system. The variation of optical band gap with Bi content has been studied. This study is aiming to examine such structures if they are employed as photonic devices such as photo-detectors, LED's and optical switches.

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Brand Recall is the extent to which a brand name is recalled as a member of a brand, product or service class, as distinct from brand recognition. Common market research usage is that pure brand recall requires "unaided recall". Brand awareness is the probability that consumers are familiar about the life and availability of the product. It is the degree to which consumers precisely associate the brand with the specific product. It is measured as ratio of niche market that has former knowledge of brand. Brand awareness includes both brand recognition as well as brand recall. Brand recognition is the ability of consumer to recognize prior knowledge of brand when they are asked questions about that brand or when they are shown that specific brand, i.e., the consumers can clearly differentiate the brand as having being earlier noticed or heard. While brand recall is the potential of customer to recover a brand from his memory when given the product class/category, needs satisfied by that category or buying scenario as a signal. In other words, it refers that consumers should correctly recover brand from the memory when given a clue or he can recall the specific brand when the product category is mentioned. It is generally easier to recognize a brand rather than recall it from the memory Building brand awareness is essential for building brand equity. It includes use of various renowned channels of promotion such as advertising, word of mouth publicity, social media like blogs, sponsorships, launching events, etc. To create brand awareness, it is important to create reliable brand image, slogans and taglines. The brand message to be communicated should also be consistent. Strong brand awareness leads to high sales and high market share. Brand awareness can be regarded as a means through which consumers become acquainted and familiar with a brand and recognize that brand.

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Today, the question is less about whether or not to use Infrastructure as a Services (IaaS), but rather which providers to use. Cloud infrastructure services, known as Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), are self-service models for accessing, monitoring, and managing remote data center infrastructures, such as compute, storage, networking, and networking services. Instead of having to purchase hardware outright, users can purchase Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) based on consumption, similar to electricity or other utility billing. Most providers offer the core services of server instances, storage and load balancing. When choosing and evaluating a service, it is important to look at issues around location, resiliency and security as well as the features and cost. In order to evaluate which provider best suits requirements.

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Crane hook are highly liable component and are always subjected to failure due to accumulation of large amount of stress which can eventually lead to its failure .In this present work, to study the different design parameter & stress pattern of crane hook in its loaded condition for different cross section, the design and drafting of crane hook will be prepared by using ANSYS 14.5. By finite element analysis, the stress which is to be formed in various cross section are compared with design calculation .The stress concentration factors are used in strength and durability evaluation of structure and machine element. In this work and also we observe the parameter that affects the weight reduction.

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Vibratin feeder technology is common in material handling applications in numerous industries. This review paper examines a problem with fatigue in the support structure of a specific type of vibrating feeder. It also reviews the theory behind vibrating feeder technology and considerations that engineers who design them need to be aware of. The finite element method is used to replicate a fatigue problem in the support structure and various design configurations are then analyzed to reduce the risk of the conditions that caused the fatigue. The results are reviewed and recommendations are made to improve the design and modify the component dimensional parameters vibrating feeder.

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The objective of this paper is to design Poly-phase boost converter which overcomes the problem of high input ripple current and output ripple voltage Digital control is more convenient for such a topology on account of the requirement of synchronization , phase shift operation , current balancing etc. This paper deals on analysis and implementation of four phase boost converter, each is a 35W unit and switched at 100 KHz. The waveforms are observed using MATLAB Simulink.

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Solar distillation is one of the most promising technologies for supplying potable water. Simply due to its lower productivity, it has limited application. Only, when solar distillation is coupled with any mechanical source, then it increased productivity. Such, the device is called active solar still. The present review paper shows researches done on a solar distillation system for increment in distillate output.

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Sensor networks are deployed in a hostile environment, security becomes extremely important. An efficient Key Management Scheme to provide security in HSN. In HSN, Clusters are formed as shown in below figure. Routing is done in two phases: 1) Intra-cluster routing each L-sensor sends data to its cluster head(H-Sensor) via multi hops of other L-sensors ; 2)Inter-cluster routing –a cluster head aggregates data from multiple L-sensors and then sends the data to the sink via the H-sensor backbone. This Paper focuses on intra cluster routing using MST (minimum spanning tree) algorithm to approximate the least energy consumption case. After constructing SPT(Spanning tree), every L-sensor node sends sensor information to H-sensor(Cluster head) with in a cluster. In this presents a preventive technique to overcome non- differential side channel attack in HSN by enhancing Elliptic Curve Cryptography and it minimizes storage space requirement, communication overhead and energy consumption in HSN.

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These study deals with investigation and mathematical modelling of roller burnishing process parameters in CNC lathe machine using response surface methodology. Here the work piece material used is Aluminium Alloy 6351 T6 and tool material used is carbide single roller burnishing tool. The input parameters during process are Interference, Tool feed, Burnishing speed and Number of tool passes. The output parameter is surface roughness.

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In cloud computing, data owners crowd their data on cloud servers and users (data consumers) can access the data from cloud servers. Due to the data outsourcing, however, it requires an independent auditing service to check the data integrity in the cloud. Some existing remote integrity checking method scan only serve for static records data. Thus, cannot be used in the auditing service since the data in the cloud can be animatedly updated. Thus, an efficient and secure dynamic auditing protocol is required to convince data owners that the data are correctly stored in the cloud. In this paper, we first design an auditing framework for cloud storage systems for privacy-preserving auditing protocol. Then, we extend our auditing protocol to support the data dynamic operations, which is efficient to secure the random model.

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Cloud computing is internet-based computing in which large groups of remote servers are networked to allow the centralized data storage, and online access to computer services or resources. Load Balancing is essential for efficient operations in distributed environments. As Cloud Computing is growing rapidly and clients are demanding more services and better results, load balancing for the Cloud has become a very interesting and important research area. In the absence of proper load balancing strategy/technique the growth of CC will never go as per predictions. The main focus of this paper is to verify the approach that has been proposed in the model paper [3]. An efficient load balancing algorithm has the ability to reduce the data center processing time, overall response time and to cope with the dynamic changes of cloud computing environments. The traditional load balancing Active Monitoring algorithm has been modified to achieve better data center processing time and overall response time. The algorithm presented in this paper efficiently distributes the requests to all the VMs for their execution, considering the CPU utilization of all VMs.

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Dust is a common in process industries that manufacture, store and handle particulate material. More than 70% of dusts processed in industries are combustible. Dust explosion regularly occur in process industries, cause serious damage and live loss. Dust explosion was found in literature since 1785 and the records are available from the 20th century. Lot of experiments were done to control explosions occurring in coal mines and other processing industries, but stills explosions are occurring in different countries due to different dusts, these accidents disclose that there are still some technical problems unsolved. Industrial technology in India is similar to develop countries but information relevant to dust explosion occurring in India is almost negligible because in most accidents that occur in India the broad term explosion is used and recorded while the type of explosion goes unpublicized. It is impossible to eliminate dust explosion but it can be reduced by using different methods.

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The continuous increasing demand for energy and diminishing tendency of petroleum resources has led to the search for alternative renewable and sustainable fuel. Biodiesel seems to be a solution for future and being viewed as a substitute of Diesel. The vegetable oil, fats, grease are source of feedstock for the production of biodiesel. Out of four methods viz. dilution, micro emulsion, thermal cracking and Transesterification, the last one is used to produce biodiesel and reduce viscosity. Biodiesel is more suitable for use as an engine fuel rather than straight vegetable oils for a number of reasons; the more notably is its low viscosity. The aim of the paper at hand is towards the production of biodiesel from vegetable oils viz. Karanja, Jatropha by Transesterification process. Fuels were manufactured by direct blending 5% of biodiesels, namely, Karanja and Jatropha and Rice Bran vegetable oil using Magnetic stirrer. The physical properties of the fuels were also found out. Later, these fuels were run in Compression Ignition engines to test and compare the performance and pollution characteristics of fuels.

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Importance of wheel in the automobile is obvious. The vehicle may be towed without the engine but at the same time even that is also not possible without the wheels, the wheels along the tire has to carry the vehicle load, provide cushioning effect and cope with the steering control. Generally wheel spokes are the supports consisting of a radial member of a wheel joining the hub to the rim. Spokes make vehicles look great but at the same time they require attention in maintenance. To perform their functions best, the spokes must be kept under the right amount of tension. If a spoke does break, the wheel generally becomes instantly unbalanced also the hub may break. The purpose of the car wheel rim provides a firm base on which to fit the tire. The motorcycle riders are subjected to extreme vibrations due to the vibrations of its engine, improper structural design of the motorcycle and the bad road conditions. So in this project the attempt has been made to reduce the vibrations of vehicle by providing springs instead of the spokes at the wheel. The springs will work as suspension members at wheels as well as they will provide proper strength that is adequate to proper operation of the wheel. The CAD model of a motor cycle will be made in solid works and later it is analyzed in ANSYS 14.5. The results of suspension of ordinary wheel rim and spring based rim will be compared.

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Lifting chain is designed for use with hoists, cranes, winches, and other material handling equipment. It is also used in rigging slings and for lashing. There are two standard grades for lifting chain: grade 80 lifting chain and grade 100 lifting chain. Grade 80 lifting chain is made from alloyed steel and is specifically designed for overhead lifting applications. This grade of lifting chain has a good strength-to-weight ratio and excellent durability. Grade 100 lifting chain is also made of alloyed steel, but is hardened and tempered for superior durability and fatigue resistance. Most Grade 100 lifting chain is made of Herc-Alloy 800, a heat-treated alloy with very high strength. Although many types of chain fittings are available, Grade 80 fittings should not be used with Grade 100 chain. Selecting lifting chain requires an analysis of performance specifications. Lifting chain size is measured in inches (in.) or millimeters (mm). Common sizes include 7/32 in. (5.5 mm), 9/32 in. (7.0 mm), 5/16 (8.0 mm), 3/8 (10.0 mm), 1/2 in. (13.0 mm), 5/8 in. (16.00 mm), 3/4 in. (20.0 mm), 7/8 in. (26 mm), and 1 1/4 in. (32.0 mm). Nominal dimensions include inside length and inside width. Other important considerations for choosing lifting chain are the approximate number of links per foot (ft.) and the approximate weight (lbs.) per 100 ft. When working with lifting chain, working load limit and rated capacity vary with the angle of use and the number of lifting chain used in a sling. For example, a single 5.5 mm lifting chain may be rated for 2100 lbs. at 90 degrees. A double 5.5 mm lifting chain may be rated for 60, 45, or 30 degree use with working loads of 3600, 3000, and 2100 lbs. respectively. Lifting chain should meet requirements from organizations such as the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM), and the International Standards Organization (ISO). Working load limits for Grade 80 and Grade 100 lifting chain are based on a 4 to 1 design factor from ISO. By testing all these parameters of chain we can easily select the required dimension of chain link for lifting purpose.

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