A fuel cell is most interesting new power source because it solves not only the environment problem but also natural resource exhaustion problem. In this paper a description of fuel cell operating principles is followed by a comparative analysis of the current fuel cell technology together with issues concerning various fuels. Appropriate applications for current and perceived potential advances of fuel cell technology are discussed. A brief account on evolution and working of different fuel cells namely SOFC, PEMFC, DFMC, PAFC, MCFC and AFC followed by their comparative analysis The potential application of fuel cells can be used in automotive vehicle in low cost that gives high performance and high efficiency. This investigation examines the economics of producing electricity from fuel cell systems under various conditions, including the possibility of using fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) to produce power when they are parked at office buildings and residences. The analysis shows that the economics of both stationary fuel cell and FCV-based power vary significantly with variations in key input variables such as the price of natural gas, electricity prices, fuel cell and reformer system costs, and fuel cell system durability levels. The Grid-connected FCVs in commercial settings can also potentially supply electricity at competitive rates in some cases producing significant annual benefits particularly attractive is the combination of net metering along with time of- use electricity rates that allow power to be supplied to the utility grid at the avoided cost of central power plant generation. FCV based power at individual residences does not appear to be as attractive, at least where FCV power can only be used directly or banked with the utility for net metering and not sold in greater quantity, due to the low load levels at these locations that provide a poor match to automotive fuel cell operation, higher natural gas prices than are available at commercial settings, and other factors. In the long term, a hydrogen-based economy will have an impact on all these sectors. In view of technological developments, vehicle and component manufacturers, transport providers, the energy industry, and even householders are seriously looking at alternative energy sources and fuels and more efficient and cleaner technologies - especially hydrogen and hydrogen-powered fuel cells. At the end of the paper some potential application of fuel cell that are capable of catalyzing revolutionary impact on energy scenario are being discussed, along with the advantages and disadvantages/ limitations of fuel cells.

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The dual structural system consisting of ordinary moment resisting frame (OMRF) and concrete shear wall has better seismic performance due to improved lateral stiffness and strength. It is obvious that a well-designed system of shear walls (non-planar c shape or core type) in a building frame improves its seismic performance, but in this paper, study is carried out on planar shear walls. For the research purpose the time history function (BHUJ) is applied in the direction orthogonal to the planar shear wall towards which the seismic performance is inferior compared to its application along the shear wall direction. An in-elastic (nonlinear) analysis is carried out for the evaluation of seismic performance. The configurations of symmetric RC moment resisting framed building structure with five different arrangements of planar shear walls are considered for evaluation using nonlinear time history analysis, so as to arrive at the best suited pattern of shear wall in the structural framing system. A comparison of structural behavior in terms of strength, stiffness and damping characteristics is done by studying the parameters like time period, base shear, overturning moments, storey displacements and drifts by arranging shear walls at five different patterns in the structural framing system.

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Injection molding machine is one of the oldest and the most widely used processing technique and is playing a dominant role in the development of plastics industry. Thus it is one of the most economical, conventional methods of converting plastic materials into variety simple and complex forms. During the working condition sometime tie bar breaking problem occur in injection molding machine because of (1) Misalignment of the machine (running the machine in an un-parallel condition), (2) Un-even loading of the machine. In last, we give some idea by which this tie bar breaking problem should be optimized.

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This Technical Application Paper is intended to define the basic concepts & idea about the quality improvement in wind energy power generation which characterize this application and to designing a concentrated wind power plant and this is just an imagination which is set up to present towards the dignitaries who are the experts in their field. Although many operational aspects affect wind power plant operation, this paper focuses on power quality improvement of energy generation by introducing some new concept, which will lead to meet the requirement of shortage of power for consumers. Because a wind power plant is connected to the grid, it is very important to understand the sources of disturbances that affect the power quality. The advantages, disadvantages and importance over the current existing structure are also provided in this paper. Since, it is just an imagination it requires various researches, planning and management to set up and further improvement in this structure can also be made. Whether it should be adopted or not depends on the feasibility, cost and requirement of power generation.

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The aim of the research work described in this paper is to develop a system for automatic car detection of vehicles and character recognition number plate. The image processing has been used for smart traffic surveillance system .Overall work for system comprises of software development and hardware development. Approach uses a single camera system mounted on a pole or traffic light which detects the over speeding vehicle and extracts its number plate. The system works by capturing the video frame of the moving object and by using image processing obtain its differencing image. First of all the moving object detection is done after that we will consider that object for number plate recognition. After object tracking we get the image of the car with number plate. Recognition of the number plate is proposed using different algorithms.

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Cloud computing provide different services on internet using different service models. With the increases benefits and demands of cloud computing infrastructure, real time cloud applications can be performed on cloud infrastructure. A real time application can take advantage of demanding computing capabilities and scalable virtualized environment of cloud computing to execute real time tasks. In most of the real time cloud applications, processing is done on remote node in cloud computing. So there are more chances to occur errors or faults. The major problem area in cloud computing is fault tolerance. In this paper, we propose a model to analyze how system tolerates the faults and make decision on the basics of reliability of the Virtual machines that are processing nodes. In this proposed system, reliability is assessing using resource availability of all each virtual machine which provides correct output within time limit. So the reliability is calculated on basis of correctness, timeliness and resource availability for fault tolerance.

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The search for association rules in market is one of the most prominent studied problems in Data Mining. This problem often referred as association rule mining and also roughly as correlation mining. Association rules are intended to identify patterns of the type: "A customer purchasing item X often also purchases item Y." These associations identified further can be generalized as correlations and dependencies among the item sets. Highly motivated by the inferential nature of association rule mining and its implementation feasible nature for applications beyond market basket data, we develop the notion of correlated patterns in Stock Market Trading and further focus around trading patterns during In traday period. A typical Inter transaction association rule mining in Stock Market is of form "If company ABC's stocks go up on day one then company XYZ's stocks goes down on day two", these inter transaction rules highlight associations between different transactions. We in our work propose a framework which would find and describe relevance of inter-transaction associations mined as intraday patterns to transactions with inter transaction associations mined across inter day patterns. We use modular approach for designing the system for its easy integration and scalability. This proposed modular framework will be put to test by using data obtained from Indian Stock Market using stock feed extractors for Intraday Trading volume data for Stocks.

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Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have become viable and valuable for their wide variety of novel applications, such as safety of road, content sharing of multimedia, commerce on wheels, etc, using advanced wireless technologies. Distribution of multi-hop information in VANETs is constrained by the high mobility of vehicles and the frequent disconnections. Geographic routing do not require route maintenance and route construction phases hence they are widely adopted for VANETs. With connectivity awareness, they perform well in terms of reliable delivery. Flooding is use in some protocols to obtain destination position. Further in case of regions like sparse and void regions, upraise hop count by frequent use of the recovery strategy. Some geographic routing protocols adopt the minimum weighted algorithm depending on distance or connectivity to select intermediate intersections. However, the path with higher connectivity or the shortest path may include numerous intermediate intersections. Therefore, these protocols yield routing paths with higher hop count. In this paper, we propose a distance based greedy routing and hop greedy routing scheme that yields a routing path with the minimum number of intermediate intersection nodes while taking connectivity into consideration. Moreover, back-bone nodes are introduced that play a key role in providing connectivity status around an intersection. Also the back-bone nodes allow packet to be forwarded in the changed direction by tracking the movement of source as well as destination. Distance based greedy routing overcomes the limitations of a Hop Greedy Routing algorithms. In this paper we have considered design and implementation of routing algorithms that will provide maximum packet delivery ratio and minimum end to end delay.

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A Web Crawler is a computer program that browses the World Wide Web in automated manner, methodical or in an orderly fashion. The aim is to crawl relevant forum content from the web with minimal overhead. Forums have become very popular almost all over the world as they are open for discussions. There are innumerable new posts created by millions of Internet user's everyday upon various topics and issues. Forum crawling consists of various forum sites which are crawled depending upon the user search query of the user. Forums have similar navigation paths which are connected by specific URL types to lead users from entry pages to thread pages. Crawler reduces the web forum crawling problem by a URL type recognition problem. It also shows how to learn accurate and effective regular expression patterns of various navigation paths from automatically created training sets. Patterns of URLs are extracted and crawling is made more efficient.

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The web contains data in huge amounts. This data is a large source of information. All this information is in the form of structured or unstructured data. List is a crucial source of structured data on the web. Ranking the list data is generously important for information retrieval. Tremendous efforts have been done for extracting information from the structured data, especially from web tables, which contain quality information. Instead of focusing on context- free structured data, we aim to focus on context that we can spot, and then using the context to render less controlled information and proceed to its extraction. Here we highlight expensive as well as, rich source of information on the web, those are top-k web pages. Top-k web pages contain rich and quality information. They aim to identity the top attribute values for the entities of interest. Extraction of such lists can help answering engines to generate different fact and can act as a pre-processing step.

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Glaucoma is caused due to unawareness in people which can be resulted in to the blindness. For patients affected by this, mass screening can be the best curable solution which can help to extend symptom-free life. Using hybrid feature extraction from digital fundus images, we propose a novel low cost automated glaucoma diagnosis system. Higher order spectra (HOS), trace transform (TT), and discrete wavelet transform (DWT) features are used for automated identification of normal glaucoma classes. Vector machine (SVM) classifier with linear, radial basis function (RBF) and polynomial order 1, 2, 3 are the extracted features fed to support in order to select the best kernel for automated decision making.

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The number of eco-friendly refrigerants are used in vapour compression refrigeration system like HFC152a, HFC32, HC290, HC1270, HC600, HC600a, RE170.The results showed that the alternative refrigerants investigated in the analysis RE170, R152a and R600a have a slightly higher COP than R134a for condensation temperature 50 °C and evaporating temperature -30 °C and 10°C. RE170 refrigerant replace the R134a refrigerant and HC290 & HC600a refrigerants replace the R22 refrigerant. At concept of ODP (ozone depleting potential) and GWP (global warming potential) refrigerant R152a will be batter alternative refrigerant than R134a in refrigeration system. The effects of the main parameters of performance analysis such as refrigerant type, sub-cooling and superheating on the refrigerating effect, coefficient of performance and volumetric refrigeration capacity wear also investigated for various evaporating temperatures.

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The main purpose of this review paper is to check whether quality lies within desired tolerance level which can be accepted by the customers. Surface roughness relative using various CNC machining parameters including spindle speed (N), feed rate (f) and depth of cut (d) and cutting fluid. In experimental study to investigate the surface roughness relatives using various CNC machining parameters like spindle speed, feed and depth of cut and cutting fluids on surface finish on EN-31.The experimental study to investigate of cutting conditions in facing operation of EN-31 in this paper. Machining was done using cemented carbide insert.

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In new year's, the mobile devices grow quickly. Both Android phones and Tablet PCs replace the desktop PCs slowly to finish simple work. Because of the mobile devices fast development the designer need to develop a lot of applications which are useful, for example: playing video recorder, taking movies, video recording, and playing sports. Many people would play games when they are travelling, waiting for someone, using the toilet, even they walking on the street. Learning Technology growth so far, there is more study in game-based learning. There is less review to combine these two elements to argue, so that this study combines the game-based knowledge to develop an app on Android phone and then we guide learners to use it in scrappy time. In this learning model, we make learners in mobile learning environment, supplementary more we could develop their learning motivation. This study directs new mental course fillings for designing the app game. Learners would learn the course subjects when they use their fingers to touch the screen to change, it will make trainees charmed. To varnish, this transmit with the portable game-based learning and computer game-based learning which could improve learners learning motivation more. The outcome shows that the learners agree the way of spending game-based learning. And in each mobile devices group were got higher learning inspiration than previous. In my paper I have also included game based learning in Symbian OS. Which help Nokia users to enjoy game based learning.

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The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is the mostly used protocol for data transmission over terrestrial-wire line networks. However, TCP's congestion control algorithm wasn't created to match the special characteristics (long delay and high Bit Error Rate) of satellite links, resulting in a drastically performance degradation. For high speed satellite communication networks to match its characteristics such as long delay and high Bit Error Rate several protocols are designed. SCPS-TP is one of the protocols designed for satellite networks but its throughput is low in high speed satellite environment. SCPS-TP congestion avoidance algorithm is modified to adapt the characteristics of high speed satellite communication network which is called the HSWA-TCP. HSWA-TCP is simulated and results show that performance of HSWA-TCP decays very sharply in high BER. To overcome these limitations Enhanced HSWA-TCP protocol is developed which depends not only on RTT and BER but also on bandwidth estimation. Enhanced HSWA-TCP continuously estimate bandwidth utilized by the sender, and based on that adjusts the cwnd rather than just at the time of packet loss. Simulation results show that, Enhanced HSWA-TCP throughput is improved and remain constant even in high BER and on average, throughput of Enhanced HSWA-TCP is 56% improved compare to HSWA-TCP.

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Gears generally fail when the working stress exceeds the maximum permissible stress. Number of studies has been done by various authors to analyze the gear for stresses. Gears have been analyses for different points of contact on the tooth profile and the corresponding points of contact on the pinion. In this study the technology of gears is presented along with the various types of failures that gears have. The causes of these failures are studied and one type of stress related failure due to fatigue failure of a gear tooth due to stress concentration is detailed. This work presents the stress redistribution by introducing the stress relieving features in the stressed zone to the reduction of root fillet stress in spur gear. In this work circular stress relieving features are used and better results are obtained. A finite element model with a segment of three teeth is considered for analysis and stress relieving features of various diameters are introduced on gear teeth. Analysis revealed that circular stress relieving feature at specific locations is beneficial.

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Earthquake is most extreme condition of any building may be required to survive during its lifetime.In this paper we are evaluating the base isolation method using Elastomeric bearing for preventing the super structure from damaging components of earthquake. We are comparing the seismic Response of normal structure and base isolated structure from the results obtained in Etab software.

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This paper presents a comparative study on speed control of BLDC motor using various controlling techniques. Speed control of BLDC motor can be achieved by estimating different parameters such as rotor speed, position and phase-to-phase BEMF and torque through DTC, P, PI& PID control, Fuzzy logic PI control, CCSVM based control and sliding mode control. Now a day the demand of BLDC motor increases due to their high efficiency, simpler structure, better controllability and large torque to inertia ratio compared to BLAC motors. In many applications, obtaining a low-frequency ripple-free torque and instantaneous torque and even flux control are of primary concern for BLDC motors with non sinusoidal back-EMF. It is very much essential to propose a study to know about the effectiveness of the control methods employed for BLDC motor drives. Hence a theoretical study is developed and the results obtained by simulation are presented to show the effectiveness of the various methods.

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A hydropower project is a renewable, efficient technology for the production of energy. In these types of projects, settling basin or sedimentation tank is the most important part of the project. This will extract the sediments which are coming from the intake site due to the reason that sediment is the biggest enemy of the any hydro power projects. Most of the hydro power plants are affected by excessive sediment. Sediments decrease the capacity of reservoir, erode the hydraulic structure of settling basin, harmful for turbine structure or erosion of turbine components and also harmful for intake and divide wall.in this paper attempt has been made to review the different types of desilting devices being deployed hydro power plants.

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Visual cryptography (VC) schemes encrypt a secret image into two or more cover images, called shares. The secret image can be reconstructed by stacking the shares together. Encoding data based on binary encoding methods and visual cryptography schemes is used to share pixels of a covert data to form two shadow matrices. Then, the two shadow matrices are encoded into a host image to form an overt image. The overt image contains matrix in encrypted form that is derived from two shadow matrices using RSA algorithm. Encrypted matrices are embedded in host image. This method makes use of binary encoding, visual cryptography, cryptography and Haar transform for hiding data into image.

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Fingerprint evidence is undoubtedly the most reliable and acceptable evidence till date in the court of law. Fingerprints are obtained at the site of crime and in many old monuments and in excavated things. Estimating the gender of fingerprints is an emerging field and many methods using the fingerprint physical features like the ridge count and the ridge thickness have been used so far. Due to the immense potential of fingerprints as an effective method of identification an attempt has been made in the present work to analyze their correlation with gender of an individual using frequency domain technique and a pattern recognition technique. The performance of a fingerprint recognition system highly relies on the quality of the fingerprint images. The enhancement is an essential step required to improve the quality of the fingerprint image. In this paper, we propose a enhancement method based on Gabor filtering in wavelet domain.

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World Wide Web is a monolithic repository of web pages that provides the Internet users with heaps of information. With the growth in number and complexity of Websites, the size of web has become massively large, and do analysis on that massively large data is being complexes. A Web Usage Mining process comprises of three phases: data pre-processing, patterns discovery and pattern analysis. The data gathered from different sources like client level, server level and proxy level collection. Privacy is a sensitive topic which has been attracting a lot of attention recently due to rapid growth of e-commerce.

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RC framed buildings are generally designed without considering the structural action of masonry infill walls present. These walls are widely used as partitions and considered as non-structural elements. But they affect both the structural and non-structural performance of the RC buildings during earthquakes. In this present study, the seismic responses of brick masonry infill wall in slender structure were studied. The assumed slender structure havingG+10storey. There are two models are created for the analysis such as bare frame and RC frame with masonry infill wall. The structures modeled and analyzed by ETAB software. Static analysis, Modal analysis and Time history analysis are done and the results were compared. From the results has been established that masonry brick infill walls influence the response of RC framed structures.

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This paper proposes an image retrieval method based on multi-feature similarity score fusion using genetic Algorithm. Single feature describes image content only from one point of view and Fusing Multifeature similarity score is expected to improve the system's retrieval performance. In this paper, the retrieval results from color feature and texture feature are analyzed, and the method of fusing multi-feature similarity score is described. The main purpose of fusion weights of multi-feature similarity scores reasonably, then we will apply genetic algorithm. We will use other three methods are color feature, texture feature and fusion of color-texture feature similarity score with equal weights base on image retrieval. The implementation results show that the proposed method is superior to other methods.

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The mobile communication users have two types, primary user and secondary user. That communication, to register the users based on bandwidth and priority. The primary user registered in high bandwidth and high priority and also the secondary user registered in low bandwidth and low priority. Those users also called licensed users. The mobile communication used for Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs). In that mobile communication have some scheduling problem and traffic analysis. Those problems are mainly effected the secondary users. The Spectrum Switching Delay Aware Scheduling Algorithm (SSDASA) and Handoff protocol used to avoid those problems. To formulate a scheduling problem that takes into account different hardware delays experienced by the secondary users (SUs) in a centralized cognitive radio networks (CRNs) while switching to different frequency bands. The simulation results indicate the proposed algorithm is robust to changes in the hardware spectrum switching delay and its performance is very close to its upper bound. To compare the proposed method with the corresponding constant switching delay based algorithm and demonstrate that suggestion of taking into account the different hardware delays while switching to different frequency bands is essential for scheduling in Cognitive Radio Networks.

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