To protects intellectual property rights, the amount of exchanged digital content calls are rapidly growing based on efficient and practical techniques. During the past two decades, watermarking techniques have been presented to embed and detect information within such contents, with different four key requirements at hand, that are – capacity, invisibility, robustness, and security. So far, researchers mainly focused on the first three. Earlier work used novel DFT watermarking scheme featuring perceptually optimal visibility versus robustness. Then the perceptual model of the human visual system (HVS) based on the contrast sensitivity function (CSF) and a local contrast pooling is used to determine the optimal strength of the visibility threshold. However the problem found in this work is that robust watermarking result is not obtained and improved HVS is not produced for determining optimal strength of visibility threshold. To deal with this problem, the present work proposes Combined DWT and DFT to improve the watermarking accuracy. In the proposed method, host image is first wavelet transformed by using DWT and then DFT is applied to some selected high-frequency sub-bands of transformed image. In addition improved Human visual model is used based on identifying the areas of true high contrast texture while protecting connected directional edges. This improved HVS is used to determine the optimal strength of the visibility threshold. Experimental result provides better result when compare with the existing one.

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This paper is about study of various microstrip patch antennas designed for satellite communication applications using various performance improvement techniques. From the appearance of the satellite communication we need to improve two key aspects in the communication systems: The quality of the service (greater quality and bandwidth of the signal) as well as the costs (smaller investment for the operation and maintenance). One of the ways to improve these two aspects is the miniaturization of communication components using microstrip antenna. The objective of this paper is to compare various techniques of designing microstrip antenna for the purpose of satellite communications.

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The topic of global warming as a result of increased atmospheric CO2 concentration is arguably the most important environmental issue that the world faces today. It is a global problem that will need to be solved on a global level. Over the past several hundred years, atmospheric CO2 concentrations have steadily increased.. The increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2 by 31% since 1750 from fossil fuel combustion and land use change necessitates identification of strategies for mitigating the threat of the attendant global warming. If carbon dioxide levels continue upward, further warming could have dire consequences, resulting from rising sea levels, agriculture disruptions, and stronger storms (e.g. hurricanes) striking more often. It is becoming increasingly likely that our society will need to remove large quantities of CO2 from the atmosphere in order to prevent climate change. Carbon sequestration is the term used to describe a broad class of technologies for capturing and permanently sequestering, or storing, carbon dioxide (CO2). A number of carbon sequestration approaches are being explored to help mitigate global climate change. Carbon sequestration describes long-term storage of carbon dioxide or other forms of carbon to either mitigate or defer global warming and avoid dangerous climate change. It has been proposed as a way to slow the atmospheric and marine accumulation of greenhouse gases, which are released by burning fossil fuels.

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Electronic mail, commonly called email or e-mail, is a method of exchanging digital messages from an author to one or more recipients. Modern email operates across the Internet or other computer networks. Some early email systems required that the author and the recipient both be online at the same time, a la instant messaging. Today's email systems are based on a store-and-forward model. Email servers accept, forward, deliver and store messages. Neither the users nor their computers are required to be online simultaneously; they need connect only briefly, typically to an email server, for as long as it takes to send or receive messages. Many Email providers are available such as Yahoo, Gmail, Rediff, Hotmail etc. Our project Global Email Client aims at providing a single view or single login to access all these email accounts.

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In this paper we deal with the obstacle avoidance system for automated wheel chair used by the disabled persons. Our project aims at building virtual instrument that makes the vehicle to apply brake system automatically, when there is any obstacle in front of the vehicle. It is detected and sensed by the ultrasonic sensor and its gives the output voltage to MYRIO. It is myRIO which interface the LabVIEW and the pc. LabVIEW (Laboratory virtual instrument engineering work bench) is a graphical programming language that uses an icon instead of lines of text to create an application. The LabVIEW programs can be fetched over myRIO & can be operated through Wi-Fi.

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Authentication on Location based services contributes major process of extracting queries on to client. In this paper we are taking spatial queries to perform client side points of interest. The name of protection from third party, violation can be completely avoided. In the system propose a family of cryptographic techniques that allow processing of NN queries in an untrusted outsourced environment, while at the same time protecting both the POI and querying users’ positions. Service Provider will be the responsible for indexing the data, query process with instance updating from the DOs. Nevertheless, the LBS can still derive sensitive information from the cloaked regions, so another line of re-search that uses cryptographic-strength protection was started to proceed. To decrease the computational cost inherent to processing on encrypted data, and we consider the case of incrementally updating datasets in the entire progress.

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The fourth generation of wireless communications is expected to integrate a potentially large number of heterogeneous wireless technologies in what could be considered a huge step forward toward universal seamless access. One of the main challenges for seamless mobility is the availability of reliable horizontal and vertical handoff schemes. Heterogeneous networks provide large number of connection and data transmission path for users. Designed system focuses on vertical handoff possibility and mobility of users. Here radio access technologies (RATs) are considered as LTE, WLAN, UMTS, WiFi & WiMax. The designed system consists of vertical handoff (VHO) mechanism; plays a major role in handling seamless data transfer Vertical Handoff decision is based upon Received Signal Strength (RSS) measurements. The main goal is to reduce the processing overhead in the mobile terminal by handoff metrics for best network selection.

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While a Global Positioning System (GPS) is the most widely used sensor modality for aircraft navigation; researchers have been motivated to investigate other navigational sensor modalities because of the desire to operate in GPS denied environments. Due to advances in computer vision and control theory, monocular camera systems have received growing interest as an alternative/collaborative sensor to GPS systems. Cameras can act as navigational sensors by detecting and tracking feature points in an image. Current methods have a limited ability to relate feature points as they enter and leave the camera field of view (FOV). A vision-based position and orientation estimation method for aircraft navigation and control is described. This estimation method accounts for a limited camera FOV by releasing tracked features that are about to leave the FOV and tracking new features. At each time instant that new features are selected for tracking, the previous pose estimate is updated. The vision-based estimation scheme can provide input directly to the vehicle guidance system and autopilot. Simulations are performed wherein the vision-based pose estimation is integrated with a nonlinear flight model of an aircraft. Experimental verification of the pose estimation is performed using the modelled aircraft.

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As the problem of birth defects, neonatal jaundice and Infant respiratory syndrome has been increased the design of Incubators came into existence. When the baby is kept inside an Incubator, the temperature and humidity level has to be regulated properly. Attempts were already made in the elimination of cross-coupling between temperature and humidity which resulted in 80% accuracy. With the help of RLS algorithm 95% accuracy can be achieved by controlling temperature and humidity by exploiting an active humidification system. In addition this paper presents an adaptive decoupling strategy in which the performance of LMS (Least-Mean Square) and RLS (Recursive Least Square) filters are compared. Also the development of lungs can be known by measuring the respiration rate of the neonate.

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Text mining applications consists of text along with side information which can be also called as attributes ,they are of different kinds such as document links, history of the document, user web logs, access behavior of various users. These side information comes along with the text documents and they can also be non-textual attributes is available with text documents. Such side information embedded with the text document consists of tremendous information which is used in clustering process is embedded into the text document. The estimation of the relative information .Importance of side information may be difficult when some of them are noisy. In that case, it is a risk to combine side information in the mining process; they can even add more noise into the process or improve the quality of text representation for into mining process. Hence a principled method of process is needed to perform a mining process to increase the advantages of side information. The algorithm named COATES is designed with the combination of classical partitioning algorithms under probabilistic models in the form of creating an effective clustering process. The process is then extended to an classification purpose with the algorithm named COLT by presenting experimental results with number of real data sets to show the advantages of using such process.

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Nowadays, the cross-layer design approach is an important concept in mobile ad-hoc networks which is adopted to solve various open issues. It proposed to overcome MANET performance problems by allowing protocols belonging to different layers to cooperate and share network status information while still maintaining different layers. Indeed, the mechanisms about how to access the radio channel are extremely important in order to guarantee “bandwidth” and improve network performance. In this work, we want to present a cross layer routing protocol which is based on the cooperation between the routing/network layer and MAC/Data link layer. This proposal aims to find the best path according to application requirements in terms of delay, bandwidth, route stability, etc. The routing information about bandwidth, channel capacity, received power and distance to reach its destination could be exploited by the MAC layer. We are planning to use NS2 for the implementation of the said problem.

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This paper aims to design a method to detect the abnormalities of Respiration Rate (RR) and Body Temperature (TEMP) of the elderly people and transfer the recorded data through File Transfer Protocol (FTP). This will be most helpful for the elderly people who are in critical condition. The design combines a Peripheral Interface Controller (PIC) along with the advanced programming techniques to create a simplified and integrated piece of biomedical equipment. The collected data could be sent through the FTP or e-mail to the health care centres. A 16-bit PIC microcontroller is used to control the hardware and communicate with the computer. The proposed method is tested with six different categories of patients having various respiratory disorders. The experimental result shows that the proposed method is efficient in detecting and recording all kind of respiratory disorders and temperature.

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With the help of the GPS the user can Location based service helps the user to know about their surroundings when the user query the request for a particular location to the LBS server. Based on the user query rates per unit time and the lifetime of the context information the user are not observed by the server. But when the life time of the user request to the server side increases the users are easily tracked by the server. The user confidentiality can be increased by using Unscented Kalman Filter algorithm. By this algorithm the required data which is needed for the user will be displayed at the top. First the user has to send the required location as a query to the LBS server. The server in turn matches the user queries with the cloud database to verify whether the authorized user has entered the query. The Unscented Kalman Filter algorithm will display the required details which are provided to the user at the top. Hence the user can get the required details immediately. Thereby the frequent request by the user will be avoided.

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Confidentiality and secrecy of images can be achieved using two approaches, one is encrypting of image and maintaining key for decryption and retrieval of original image. Another approach is encryption of image using Sieving, Division, Shuffle (SDS) algorithm. In this paper we propose encryption method for image without use or preparation of key and with the use of SDS algorithm. This implementation mainly consists of sieving, division and shuffling of image and creates shared having minimum computation and maximum security for image encryption and decryption process.

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Now a days, many activities which depend upon internet. And there is a great need to move all these activities which are implemented by end user towards digitalization of world. Every times it happens that institute, firm and organization have to maintain the books or novels for longer time span and there occurs a new challenge for institutes. Books are the physical entity so it will definitely have the issue of wear ad tear. The text on pages gets degraded because pages are affected by external environment. The data on the pages can be confidential and sensitive and there should be very robust and dynamic mechanism for preserving the data on same. Due to this degradation many of document images not in readable form. So, there is a need to separate out text from those degraded images and preserve them for feature reference. This gives great reason for developing a foreground text extraction mechanism that will aid in preserving the document or in other words, the text on those documents. The proposed system includes such a mechanism that not only helps to detect textual matter on the document but also preserve the text on the other image. Previously, many such algorithm have been proposed for this purpose, but as seen by research done for years, optical character recognition (OCR), Handwritten text recognition such algorithm were developed but there are still few areas which were yet to be worked on. The proposed system focuses on improving the text extraction efficiency and therefore eradicates the use of Canny’s edge map and makes use of simple Otsu thresholding and edge detection and luminance grayscale method for improving the detected edge sharpness. Also the very important aspect on text extraction is clarity of text being extracted. In this paper, post processing algorithm works on the same task for smoothing the extracted text and also removing the unwanted pixels from the image. This algorithm includes image contrast inversion, edge estimation, image binarization and post processing of binary image. We can able to separate out the foreground text from background degradation after applying these all methods.

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Depends on hard mathematical problems there are many security primitives. But there are many new paradigm, that are still has been underexplored. In this paper based on hard AI problems we present a new security primitive, on top of Captcha technology a novel family of graphical password systems built, which we call Captcha as graphical passwords (CaRP). CaRP can be used as a graphical and Captcha scheme. CaRP has a number of security problems generally it come with online guessing attacks, relay attacks, and if combined with dual-view technologies, shoulder-surfing attacks. Here we can notice one thing that in automatic online guessing attacks CaRP password can be found only in probabilistically even if the password is in the search set. To address the well-known image hotspot problems in popular graphical password system CaRP also offer a novel approach, such as Pass Points, which often leads to weak password choices, CaRP is not panacea, but it offer reasonable security and usability and for improving online security appears to fit well with some practical application.

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The File Transferring Protocol (FTP) has already been widely used for many years. However, there exist some secure vulnerability in the protocol. For example, both passwords and files are transmitted in plaintext. Although some new FTPs such as FTPS (File Transfer Protocol Services) have been proposed and applied to overcome these vulnerabilities, there are many drawbacks such as lack of flexibility in use, failing to meet specific security requirements. Given these facts, the FTP and its requirements are studied deeply and a new ‘SCSN’ (Secure Client Server Network) system. A new SCSN system is proposed based on combination of dynamic password, face recognition, thumb recognition technology as well as the hash function and symmetric key algorithms and etc. to achieve its high security and efficiency. The security level selection mechanism is adopted to meet individual security requirements. The resource access control mechanism is used to keep the server from unauthorized access attacks. Analysis shows that compared with existing FTP systems, the new system makes not only data transmission securer but also system in use easier, more flexible and efficient.

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Handwriting analysis also known as Graphology, which is a pseudo-scientific study of handwriting in relation to human psychology. Handwriting reveals true personality including fears, emotional outlay, defences, honesty and over many other individual personality traits. Handwriting is often called a reflection of a person’s brain. The fundamental aim of this research paper is to study and analysis various techniques used on basis of accuracy and number of features selected by researchers for human behavior prediction based on signature analysis.

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A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is an infrastructure-less & self-configuring network of mobile devices. Congestion is the main factor in determining the quality of network. Congestion occurs when too much traffic is there in the network causes long delay, bandwidth degradation & overhead. So many mechanisms have been proposed to control the congestion in the network. Main aim of this paper is to study and analyse the various congestion control mechanisms by using various network parameters and to measure various performance matrices.

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Human face detection is recently an active research topic area in the computer vision. Image processing to detect human face has become a very important application area in present time for video surveillance, human computer interface (HCI), human safety, and image database management. A large number of researchers are working on face detection based on facial features to detect human face. In this paper we discuss face detection challenges, different types of face detection techniques and its applications.

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The main objective of this research is to develop an Intelligent System using data mining modeling technique, namely, Naive Bayes. It is implemented as web based application in this user answers the predefined questions. It retrieves hidden data from stored database and compares the user values with trained data set. It can answer complex queries for diagnosing heart disease and thus assist healthcare practitioners to make intelligent clinical decisions which traditional decision support systems cannot by providing effective treatments.

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Data profiling is the process of examining the data available in an existing data source (e.g. a database or a file) and collecting statistics and information about that data. Data profiling is an analysis of the candidate data sources for a data warehouse to clarify the structure, content, relationships and derivation rules of the data. Profiling helps to understand anomalies and to assess data quality, but also to discover, register, and assess enterprise metadata. Thus the purpose of data profiling is both to validate metadata when it is available and to discover metadata when it is not. The result of the analysis is used both strategically, to determine suitability of the candidate source systems and give the basis for an early go/no-go decision, and tactically, to identify problems for later solution design, and to level sponsors’ expectations.[1]

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Cloud Computing is an emerging technology and has attracted a lot of attention in both commercial and academic spheres. It is growing very fast and provides an alternative to conventional computing where all resources available via internet. It is new paradigm of large scale distributed computing which promise to offer subscription-oriented, enterprise-quality computing services to its users On-Demand bases in pay-per-use manner. One of important issue associated with this field is load balancing and task scheduling. Load balancing algorithms were investigated heavily in various environments; however, with Cloud environments, some additional challenges are present and must be addressed. Issues such as handling large scaled resources of Cloud require several techniques to optimize and streamline its operations. In this paper, we investigate the various existing algorithms proposed to resolve the issue of load balancing in Cloud Computing. We discuss and compare these algorithms and proposed a model based on improved throttled load balancing to achieve best results in terms of resource utilization, response time, cost, etc.

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In India regarding fifty one.8 million hectares of the area unita|acreage|area|expanse|surface area} are lined with Expansive soils (black cotton soil). The Black cotton soils square measure terribly laborious once dry, however lose its strength fully once in wet condition. Expansive soils square measure a worldwide downside that poses many challenges for civil Engineers. Varied ways square measure tailored to enhance the engineering characteristics of expansive soils. The problematic soils square measure either removed and replaced by smart and higher quality material or treated victimization additive. This paper deals with the properties of expansive soils of geographical region, Bharat at varied locations. During this study, black cotton was stable victimization ash (obtained from koradi thermal power plant). Expansive soils were stable with varied proportion of ash i.e. at 0, 10, 20 30, 40 & 50%. Ash possesses no malleability. Malleability index of clay ash mixes decreases with increase in ash content. Therefore addition of ash makes expansive soil less plastic and will increase its workability by mixture reaction and dynamical its grain size. The cosmic radiation values of clay with ash mixes, tested underneath unsoaked & soaked conditions & there results were ascertained, with associate degreealysis of results it's found that the ash features a smart potential to be used as an additive for up the engineering properties of expansive soils.

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Kashmir valley is popularly known as paradise on earth. It attracts tourists from every corners of the world. Very few states of India have such natural beauties like Kashmir. There are many areas which are most attractive and beautiful and have great potential of ecotourism but are yet to be unexplored and untapped. Bangus Valley in district Kupwara of Jammu and Kashmir is one among these unexplored tourist spots that can provide many attractions to its visitors in terms of scenic beauty, floristic and faunistic diversity and pollution free environment. This beautiful Valley has vast potential to become an International tourist destination for eco-tourists and also for becoming Asia’s biggest golf course. It has great potential for both summer and winter tourism. The exploration of the Bangus will help in reducing ever increasing tourist pressure on the already developed tourist destinations. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate and analyse the ecotourism potential of Bangus valley and also identifies the problems, strength, and possibilities of the Bangus Valley to become an eco-tourist hub of Kashmir. The present study is based on secondary sources obtained from various organizations in order to gain better results.

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