In recent years, driver drowsiness has been one of the major causes of road accidents and can lead to severe physical injuries, deaths and significant economic losses. So there is a need of a reliable driver drowsiness detection system which could alert the driver before a mishap happens. There are two methods for drowsiness detection. The first one is intrusive methods and the second one is non-intrusive methods. The intrusive methods include measurement of heartbeat rate, mind wave monitoring etc. It is most accurate, but it is not realistic, because sensing electrodes would have to be attached directly onto the user’s body, and hence it would be annoying and distracting the user. while the non-intrusive methods include the yawn detection, eye closure, eye blinking rate, head pose etc. It is realistic because it does not irritate the user while driving because no sensing electrodes would be attached to user’s body. In this paper, various methods are included by which the drowsiness can be detected and warning can be issued to the driver while driving. And also compared different parameters for different methods.

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Vacuum chambers are very common in the physics experiments. Turbo Molecular pump, pneumatic gate valve (EGV) and Rotary pump are used for evacuating the experiment vacuum chamber. Residual Gas Analyzer is used for measuring partial pressure of gases present in the chamber. All these instruments require a specific operation sequence and control depending on the system requirement. This operation sequence is based on virtual instrument and controlled through a Computer, improving test efficiency. Failure to follow the proper sequence may damage vacuum components resulting in capital loss. The current vacuum system was operated manually by the operator and controlled using different software platforms. The integration of the all these in to one program lead to the choice of NI Lab VIEW software. Another challenge was to identify proper inputs and outputs of the vacuum instruments of different make and having different connections for control. Since the control sequence is slow in nature, therefore for hardware implementation using a PLC was obvious choice and executed in closed loop. The automation also necessitates data acquisition and data logging in Lab VIEW. The partial pressure measurement using RGA was implemented independent of the control sequence using Lab VIEW program. The implementation of the Lab VIEW control sequence operated the instruments seamlessly. The partial pressure data were achieved on the host PC. This research work describes modification of existing manual control into a automatic GUI based computer control system of Gas Measurement System.

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Abstract— Now-a-days people are prone to different types of diseases so medication has become very important in everyone's life as they are suffering from diseases. There are certain diseases which cannot be cured without medication. Since due to spreading of a numerous diseases production of medicines have increased in recent days. In Today's era application of image processing in many industrial processes has proved its universality and superiority. This paper present color based object sorting system as well as deformity in tablets by the use of image processing and machine vision system. The manual survey poses further problems in keeping consistency in uniformity in sorting. For speeding up the process and to maintain the consistency and uniformity of system, we have designed and implemented a prototypical computer vision based sorting system. However during production there may be damages like breakage, cracks present in the tablets or capsules. Utilization of these damaged tablets may cause some severe problems in humans. Despite, most of the tablets are not advisable to be consumed in damage form. So Manual inspection proves to be a challenging task. Image processing plays a major role in automation of visual inspection. So we developed some ideas to identify the damaged tablets after production.

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Heat transfer augmentation methods can increase the heat transfer rate. They are widely used in process industries, power plants, air conditioning equipments automobiles etc. Many efforts have been done to improve the performance of the thermal equipment such as heat exchanger etc. There are basically two techniques, active and passive techniques for improving the heat transfer rate. Inserting baffles on heat transfer surface is widely employed to enhance heat transfer inside the thermal equipment which is a passive technique. This paper discusses the various types of passive heat transfer enhancement techniques and various characteristics of heat transfer.

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An Axi symmetric 2D model for powder blended electric discharge machining (PMEDM) has been worked out utilizing FEM. It considers the few critical perspectives for example, temperature , shape and size of heat source (Gaussian heat distribution), work piece and dielectric liquid, rate dispersion of heat among tool, material ejection efficiency, pulse on/off time and so forth. Finite element simulation of powder blended EDM process for H13 Hot Die steel material is worked out utilizing applicable limiting conditions along with different assumptions. The cavity shape was produced utilizing simulated temperature profiles to estimated volume removed in single crater formation and to anticipate the thermal behaviours and material removal mechanism in PMEDM. Death of element technique (DOE) is utilized to produce material removal effect.

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In this research work, a literature review carried to assess the progress made in the field of DCT computation. The DCT algorithms developed are considered for the review and their application was limited only to JPEG compression. Research carried in the DCT algorithms of a single image (2D) and a series of images from a video (3D). Most of DCT implementations algorithms normally try to avoid multiplications by increasing number of addition operations, Avoiding number of multiplication operations and/or by utilizing a distributed arithmetic based DCT architecture. Avoiding multiplication operations and using addition operations might actually make the architecture slower, since time complexity for addition operations is almost the same as the time complexity for fast multipliers. In this work, we are focusing a DCT architecture based on Vedic mathematics. The review shows high-speed and area-efficient architecture of DCT based on Vedic mathematics.

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Glycine Cadmium Chloride (Gly-CdCl2) was synthesized by the slow evaporation method. The crystal structure of the sample was studied by single crystal and Powder X-ray diffraction. The UV transmittance spectra of the grown crystals indicate a good transparency of the crystals (190-1100nm). FTIR analysis was done to confirm the presence of various functional groups in the Gly-CdCl2 crystalline sample. The second harmonic conversion efficiency was determined using the Kurtz powder technique. The mechanical properties of the crystals show that this material belong to the category of soft materials.

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The objective of present study is to understand application of AEM for dynamic analysis of structure. In applied element method structure is assumed to be divided into number of rigid elements connected by spring. Springs represents forces displacement relationship of structural elements. So, derivation of stiffness matrix in AEM is different than that of FEM. The present study deals with derivation of stiffness matrix and mass matrix for one dimensional and two dimensional elements. The application of Applied Element Method is illustrated through dynamic analysis of cantilever, beam is divided into four number of elements. The elements are connected through the springs, and natural frequency is also presented.

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Government systems consist of highly sensitive data which should not be altered or compromised or accessed by anyone at any cost. To safeguard the confidentiality of such sensitive data a high end security system is required. One form of authentication cannot be used for such a high end security system. In such cases we must use more than one form of authentication. This system improves the security for secure government data by combining two different forms of security parameters ie via: biometrics + smart cards. The system tends to use face recognition algorithms such as eigen values and eigen vectors to identify user face and then allow him to swipe his smart card in front of a scanner in order to get access. User needs to authenticate himself through both the forms of authentications in order to get access to the system. The user gets access only if he clears both the stages. Thus this system combines two different secure forms of authentication to make a super secure authorization system for government system access.

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Ground Granule Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) is a industrial waste material, Which shows cementitious properties. This paper briefly describes the history of GGBS in the use of High Strength Concrete. The various application of the GGBS are also described. This review paper also deals with the techniques and replacements of the Cement and to find out the optimum percentage of replacement on which concrete gains high Strength. The purpose of this review paper is to study the Compressive Strength, Flexural Strength and the Tensile Strength of high performance concrete for experimental comparison of concrete with GGBS or without GGBS.

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An IC Engine is major source of noise pollution, whereas exhaust noise play major contribution. Noise generated in engine is due to combustion of fuel & also Flow noise which is caused by turbulent gas which is one of the dominating noise sources on high performance turbo charged and naturally aspirated engines. Main function of Exhaust system is to expel the hot exhaust gases to the rear of vehicle (away from passenger compartment) & also to muffle the engine noise. Muffling of noise is majorly done by muffler/ Silencer, but other components of exhaust system also contribute in reducing the noise. This paper investigates the effect of Tail pipe on exhaust noise. The mechanisms of engine combustion noise via the exhaust system and flow excited noise are analysed. Several Geometric parameters such as pipe length, diameter, twin tail pipe and Y tail pipe have been changed simulation has been done to predict the effect on orifice noise. The length of tail pipe influences sound order distribution that influences customer responsiveness of sound.

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Remote monitoring and control is one of the most important requirements for maximizing process plant availability. With the development of modern industry, the requirement for industrial monitoring system is getting higher. At remote places where continuous power requirement is necessary battery banks and inverters are used to cater the power to different systems and instruments, in case of AC mains failures. This means the life and proper functioning of batteries is very important aspect in such scenarios. The best way to ensure the integrity of backup power system is battery maintenance and a sound battery management program, which identifies and predicts battery failure. System measures the remote signals and controls the remote devices through reliable protocols and communication network as a web server. The main objective of this project is to provide uninterrupted power supply to a load, by selecting the supply from any source out of 3 such as mains, secondary supply, and solar cell automatically in the absence of any of the source. The demand for electricity is increasing every day and frequent power cuts is causing many problems in various areas like industries, hospitals and houses. An alternative arrangement for power source is a must. This arrangement can be designed by using Controller and relays. When a source, say mains fails the supply automatically shifts to next priority source and so on. The output could be a lamp can be used to show that which source is used to provide the supply.

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The main problem in the Automobile industry is quality classification of square washer with human is difficult and also the experts need more training. Due to human error the dimensions of square washer are not correctly identify and practically that will affect the overall performance of the system produced, that reduces the overall efficiency. This problem can be rectified using automated system for the purpose to separate defected washer. Today there are various automated systems with different algorithms have been developed for fault detection. In this paper a method is proposed to separate the improper square washer in dimensions of length of fixed size using image processing approach. In proposed algorithm the images are taken and can be used SVM classifier which can be implemented for automated system. Square Washer quality is controlled through the dimensions such as length of the sides and diameter of the hole. The results obtained through this method are more accurate and proper defect detection can be done.

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Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is a subtype of acute leukemia which is a type of cancer where the blood cells and bone marrow get affected. This type of cancer is mostly observed among adults with an average age of 65 years. The present method for the detection of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is not efficient, as this method needs manual observation of blood smear under the microscope which depends on observer’s fatigueness, which is not good for patient. This paper presents a simple method that automatically detects AML cells in the blood smear. The proposed approach mainly comprises of four stages, viz. pre-processing stage, segmentation stage, feature extraction stage and classifier stage respectively.

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The existing traffic light control system is based on the fixed waiting time on each lane, which leads to waste of time and fuel. Currently the system is adapting to variable timing system, but that too with some segments of constant timing blocks and it doesn’t lead to fully flexible timing independence system. In proposed system traffic light control system with priority of time is implemented its operation; hence it will be the complete solution for modern traffic light control system. The scheduling (pre-emptive) is implemented to control and calculate the waiting time for each lane, based on the sensor module presented in lane. The implementation of four lane system with three sensors on each lane helps to provide the details for life time of task, so it leads to four independent tasks. The task which has highest deadline has the high priority and it will be processed first based on the scheduling. In LabVIEW, the sensors module can be present in each lane and it’s to be activated by traffic vehicles in the lane can be graphically represented by using LabVIEW. Keil µVisions is software that combines project management, source code editing, program debugging and complete simulation. The simulation outputs of the proposed system are implemented in the UART window6.

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Transparent conductive ZnO: Al thin films with different Ar flow (from 30 to 60 sccm with a step of 10 sccm) with sputtering power of 150 W were prepared on the Coring glass substrate by using rf magnetron sputtering. The lowest resistivity of 3.7×10-4 Ω-cm and highest transmittance of 90% was obtained at Ar flow of 40 sccm. Transmittances for all thin films are about 80-90 % in the visible range. The observed property of the ZnO:Al thin films is suitable for transparent conductive electrode applications.

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The Helium Refrigerator/Liquefier (HRL) plant is normally operated with helium gas having purity better than 99.999 % by volume which is equivalent to having 10 PPM (parts per million) impure gas in the helium stream. In the process of gas transfer or due to some other processes before reaching to cold box of helium plant, impurity level sometimes can reach to as high as 500 PPM averaging to about 100 PPM. These impurities consist of mainly gases present in the air, hydrocarbons and H2 and traces of Ne. These gases condense at significantly higher temperature compared to the LHe temperature (4.5 K). If such high level of impurity enters the process equipment placed inside the cold box of the HRL, then it can condense and choke the pipe lines and valves leading to large pressure drop and inefficient liquefaction process. Some time, condensed and frozen impurity can destroy the blades of turbines of HRL. Hence, to be on safer side generally, internal purifiers are placed at two temperature levels (at 80 K and 20 K) inside the cold box to take care the operational problem due to impurities. Purifier at ~80 K removes Oxygen, Nitrogen and Argon from helium gas. This project is about the design, fabrication and testing of the 80 K prototype purification system with its associated elements. The design of this prototype purification bed will be done based on the design and analysis of the actual purification bed and associated filter elements done in the previous year at IPR. This prototype will include necessary heat exchangers required to reach adsorber bed temperature between ~ 80 to 90 K. Activated charcoals will be used to adsorb impure gases from cold helium gas at ~80 K and ~14 bar. The nominal flow rate of helium gas is ~120 g/s for the actual size purifier bed. Appropriate helium mass flow rate will be decided for the prototype adsorber bed. Necessary filters, piping, instrumentations will be worked out. The pressure drop across the bed and filters will be measured. The break through curve or mass transfer zone (MTZ) data will be collected during this experiment and analyzed.

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Portland cement production is under critical review due to the high amount of carbon dioxide gas released to the atmosphere. But at the same time, disposal of huge quantity of fly ash generated from the power plants is also becoming a big burning problem. This is detrimental to animal and plant life, since it pollutes the environment as well as it requires large area for its disposal, when availability of land get scarce day by day. Most of the plants now are facing shortage of dumping space of these waste materials. Most of this by product material is a currently dumped inland fill, thus creating a threat to the environment. In recent years attempts to increase the utilization of fly ash to partially replace the use of Portland cement in concrete are gathering momentum. Efforts are urgently underway all over the world to develop environmentally friendly construction materials, which make minimum utility of fast dwindling natural resources and help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In this connection, Geopolymers are showing great potential and several researchers have critically examined the various aspects of their viability as binder system. Geopolymer concretes (GPCs) are new class of building materials that have emerged as an alternative to Ordinary Portland cement concrete (OPCC) and possess the potential to revolutionize the building construction industry. Considerable research has been carried out on development of Geopolymer concretes (GPCs), which involve heat curing. A few studies have been reported on the use of such GPCs f or structural applications. An experimental investigation was carried out to study the material and mixture proportions; the manufacturing processes, the fresh and hardened state characteristics of fly ash based geo polymer concrete are evaluated. In the present study the compression behaviour of geo polymer concrete was assessed and the behaviour was found to be considerably more than that of conventional concrete.

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The research work related to retrofitting of building and civil structural elements had been done by many engineers. It is an essential medicine required to be applied for enhancing the structural health of a structural element over a serviceability period of life. In general a beam or slab needs to carry an additional load as the purpose of occupancy has been changed over a period of time for a specified area in a building and it needs to be replaced for a very short difference in its load carrying capacity; in such case the application of the externally bonded Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) wraps can be a remedy or solution over the problem. There are many new types of Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) wraps available recently for the effective use in enhancing the load carrying capacity and mainly meant for the retrofitting of the various structural elements. Non Crimped Fibres (NCF) had been evolved as a result of rigorous research and new technology in the area of GFRP over crimped fibres used in routine practice. These new fabrics are woven as unidirectional, bi-directional and multi-directional forms. This paper focuses on the new material i.e. Non crimped fibres and the various pattern, thickness i.e. number of layers and results of the previous attempts made to strengthen the beams by the application of externally bonded GFRP wraps, mats etc.

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In the last few years there is rapid development in the communication industry. These developments introduced size reduction of the system and are highly efficient. Study of past few years shows that most of the work on MPA is focused on designing compact sized Microstrip Antenna. In this paper we explain a compact multiband fractal antenna based on the nested geometry of microstrip antenna. This antenna is fed by micro strip line. The operation of the microstrip antenna is centre at frequency 2.5 GHz. The paper depicts the design optimization of the nested geometries for multiband characteristics. In this paper three designs are used namely simple nested, truncated nested and simple nested with defected ground structure. Multiband functionality is observed in all the designs presented in this paper. These antenna designs are thoroughly simulated on FR-4 substrate with loss tangent 0.025 and dielectric constant 4.3 and analyzed using Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio.

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Face recognition is one of the most efficient technologies from the past few decades. As a biometric technology face recognition is the most promising technology to recognize humans. Among all the biometric technologies such as finger print, palm print, Iris, pattern recognition etc. Face recognition is the most accurate technologies as compared to other ones. To identify human faces several numbers of patches are formed of human face and the output of the patches is compared with the database image. After taking three to four samples of these patches the output of the patch based system varies and it take a lot of time to execute the system. So to overcome this drawback of patch based system we use Principal Component Analysis (PCA) technology, which is one of the most accurate technologies in face recognition system. In this paper we will discuss about the patch based technology and how principal component analysis resolves the drawback of patch based technology.

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Image enhancement is one of the most popular algorithms used in vision applications for improving the visibility of the digital images. Recently much work is done in the different fields like medical, remote sensing, military applications etc. to improve the visibility of digital images. Many algorithms have been proposed so far for enhancing the digital images. This paper has review different image enhancement techniques. It has been found that the most of the existing researchers have neglected many issues; i.e. no technique is accurate for different kind of circumstances. The existing methods have neglected the use of illuminate normalization to reduce the problem of poor brightness which will be presented in the image due to poor weather conditions. It is also found that the color artefacts which will be presented in the output image due to the transform domain methods; also neglected by the most of the researchers.

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In traditional terms, blood cell analysis i.e. complete blood cell count (CBC) is done as a “convention”. In which it determines the red blood cells, white blood cells and blood group usually assesses the size and shape of blood sample as per old delayed procedures. Today in this busy hectic schedule; pathologists need some help in terms of software for blood cell analysis. Thus, the idea of our paper is to serve the pathologists, medical technicians for the same, by using Image Processing technique. The image captured after the slide test is processed and detects the occurrence of agglutination, the classification algorithm determines the blood group. Similarly in case of blood cells counting microscopic smear images are preceding in MATLAB simulation tool is been used. Finally, all the information is stored in a database. Thus, the system allows determining the blood group and blood cell counting automatically.

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MANETs (Mobile Ad hoc Network) is a self-governing system in which different mobile nodes are connected by wireless links. MANETs comprise of mobile nodes that are independent for moving in and out over the network. Nodes are the devices or systems i.e. laptops, mobile phone etc. those are participating in the network. These nodes can operate as router/host or both simultaneously. These nodes can form uninformed topologies as per their connectivity among nodes over the network. Security in MANETs is the prime anxiety for the fundamental working of network. MANETs frequently be ill with security threats because of it having features like altering its topology dynamically, open medium, lack of central management & monitoring, cooperative algorithms and no apparent security mechanism. These factors draw an attention for the MANETs against the security intimidation. In this paper we have studied about security attack in MANET and its consequences, how MANETs routing protocol detects black hole attack.

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In today’s modern Era, Landscape is most essential part of any building design. Branches as well as types of landscape and their techniques are coming up very rapidly. But material and the techniques which are going to be used are desecrating our day today life, land, air and space available too. We started using modern Techniques, materials, hardscapes, modern techniques of watering using more energy and more available sources. Like techniques, sustainability, water recharging techniques and more are modern, but the processes which are focused by our ancient people are missing. So my paper is going to focus on above matters. So our future as well as present generation can be aware of these techniques can save our Earth efficiently.

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