The rising cost, delay and the risk of legal action in construction disputes prompted the construction industry look for efficient ways to prevent and manage these construction disputes. This is because, as construction projects become increasingly complex due to the complex set of contract documents governing parties, cost increases, margins tightens and clients expect perfection in the contractor’s performance. The likelihood of disputes arising therefore increases, with their resolution becoming very expensive in terms of time, personnel, finances, project delays and opportunity cost. Prevention of disputes therefore can eliminate unnecessary costs, delays; strained relationships among members of different parties involved and finally save time. This study therefore aimed at developing appropriate strategies for dispute prevention on construction projects.

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Composite materials play a vital role in the aerospace and the automotive, electrical applications. New material of high strength to weight ratio in low cost is been researched. In view of this, the objective of the present work is to analyse the mechanical behaviour of glass fiber, reinforced in epoxy matrix. The composites are fabricated by using chopped strand E-glass fiber, epoxy resin and hardener. The mechanical testing such as the tensile, flexural, hardness, impact test, double shear and the drop impact test are carried out. The breakage of the fibers is studied through the inter-delamination test. The mechanical properties of the glass fiber are determined and the effect of loads on the material, stress strain behaviour of the material is studied.

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by using D.I. Engines, main pollutants contributed are NOx, Co, unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and other particulate emissions. This paper mainly focuses on reducing exhaust emission and energy saving by investigating diesel combustion with Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) system. The number of experiments was conducted on a four stroke direct injection water cooled constant speed diesel engine with EGR systems. In the experiment, EGR system was made individually and also with varying inlet air pressure. In this experiment, compressor was used to pressurize the intake air. The experiments were held away to measure the emission event at different EGR rates and varying inlet air pressure of the Diesel engine. In the result, emission effect such as NOx, Co, Hc were observed. So the modified engine provides greater NOx reduction and better fuel economy without reducing useful characteristics (brake power, brake thermal efficiency etc.) of the Diesel engine.

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In present research effect on input parameters such as injection pressure and load on the performance of single cylinder diesel engine fueled with coconut biodiesel and also its blend. The number of test are carried out with three different injection pressure (160, 200, 240 bar), load (1, 6, 11) and blend (100%, 50%, 0%). In this study research is completed by use of Response Surface Methodology to optimize the performance parameter such as specific fuel consumption (SFC) and brake thermal efficiency (BThEff). A set of experimental runs was established using a Central Composite Design (CCD) and the response surface method was employed to obtain the regression model for the brake thermal efficiency for different values of input parameter. The experimental results reveal that the coconut biodiesel and its blend provide better engine performance and improve brake thermal efficiency(BThEff) compared to diesel with little change in input parameter.

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Brake pads are a component of disc brakes used in automotive and other applications. Brake pads are steel backing plates with friction material bound to the surface that faces the disk brake rotor. A brake pad is a grouping of certain materials on a metal backing that attaches to the calipers in a disk braking system. This pad can be made from several different types of material. It serves to absorb energy and heat during the braking process, facilitating the slowing of a vehicle. The brake pads do wear down with use, eventually needing replacement .In this present paper first of all find out the brake pads which is used in automobile industries and laboratory testing of the material is proceed and then thermo mechanical analysis is done for the finding out the stresses and maximum temperature. The analysis is done in ANSYS.

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an experiment study has been carried out for MAHUA oil blended with diesel used in single cylinder CI engine. MAHUA oil is non-edible vegetable oil which is available in large quantities in India. Blending of mahua oil with diesel in maximum possible proportion helps to increase the break thermal efficiency of diesel fuel. This study applies the L16 orthogonal array of the Taguchi method to find out the best injection pressure blend proportion and load for maximum break thermal efficiency. The result of the Taguchi experiment identifies that 10% blend ratio, engine load 10 kg and injection pressure 180 bar are optimum parameter setting for maximum break thermal efficiency. Engine performance is mostly influenced by engine load and least influenced by injection pressure. Confirmation experiment was done using optimum combination showed that break thermal efficiency was found by experiment is closer to the predicated value.

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Pollution from the petroleum oil increases day by day in terms of CO2, CO, NOX, PM and many other gases and particles. Price difference and economy leads people toward the use of alternative fuels. To overcome this problem Tri-fuel is the best suitable fuel for the IC engine because of its clean emission characteristics. The present study focused on non-petroleum renewable and non-polluting fuels to be used for I.C engines. The tri-fuel is assortment of petrol, butanol blend and CNG gas. It is found that power produced by the Tri-fuelled engine is more and lower NOx emissions compare to Gasoline engine because of the high volumetric efficiency, high compression ratio.

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The paper develops the Automatic Teller Machines process. Now a day’s usage of banking sector is essential to the people with a help of ATM Cards. In the proposed systems multiple ATM cards are merge into a one card is smart card. ARM7 plays a vital source and execute a certain task in an efficient process. The ethernet standards comprise several wiring and signaling variants of the OSI physical layer in use with Ethernet. Host computer is user side. Packets are transfer server to domain with a help connection establishment. LED display improves the clarity of color contrast. Efficiency of these display improve the quality and reduce the power consumption. Finger Print authentication system is a type of security system.

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In this project, we are taking one image and watermarking it with a secret image using DCT and IDCT algorithms. After that we are going to make 2 shares from the watermarked image. One share will be stored into database and the other share will be given to the user with ID attached to it. This is the registration phase for the user. In authentication phase, user will bring the share given to him. This share will find the share stored in database by using the ID attached. Then by superimposing these two shares we will get watermarked image generated in registration phase. Then we will apply IDCT followed by DCT on watermarked image to make secret image visible in the watermarked image and then we extract secret image from the watermark image and then we match this secret with original secret image and if matched then authenticated. The initial model developed only for the bi-level or binary images or monochrome images. Later it was advanced to suit for the colour images means gray images and RGB/CMY Images .For the RGB/CMY Images different methods are developed based on the colour decomposition techniques. Visual cryptography scheme is the concept of encrypting a secret image into n(more than one) shares .Rotation Visual Cryptography scheme (RVCS) allows four secret images to be encrypted into two shares. Using Human Visual System, again the four secret images can be easily recovered by placing the two shares on top of each other with different angles. In this paper proposes a Rotation Visual Cryptography using basic (2,2) scheme which encrypts three secret images into three shares and each secret image can be easily revealed by overlaying one share with the 1800 anticlockwise rotation of another share. In this way the combination of any of the two shares reveals one secret image with the help of 1800 anticlockwise rotation. The reconstructed original three secret images have the same contrast as achieved in the basic visual cryptography scheme (2, 2).

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Now a day’s various methods are in use on cylinder piston group for improving service life of IC Engine for reducing exhaust emission and improving engine performance. The wear resistance of thermal sprayed molybdenum applicable to the piston ring will be studied in this review. Wear resistance of molybdenum coated piston ring is high as compared to ordinary cast iron rings. Experiments on life cycle is to be performed on the compressed natural gas engine as per IS Standard for specified operating parameters. Oil lubricity test done on oil sample would give measure of wear. And wear effect on piston ring is investigated based on performance parameters like Brake specific fuel consumption, Brake power, exhaust gas temperature, Brake thermal efficiency and exhaust emissions like NOx, CO, CO2, HC, and O2. Results will be compared for both coating and non-coating condition. So by reviewing research on effect of piston ring coating, we can improve the performance of SI Engine Fuelled with Compressed Natural Gas.

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The research on alternative fuels for internal combustion engine has become essential due to depletion of petroleum products and its major contribution for pollutants, where Natural gas is one of the most promising fuel alternatives for the future. Compressed natural gas (CNG) has long been used in stationary engine as well as a transport engine fuel. There are various methods which use the compressed natural gas in IC engine with little modification. It is revealed that the performance characteristics are lower while the emission characteristics of CO, CO2 HC are better for Natural gas compared to petrol or diesel. The compression ratio has a large influence on the engine performance, combustion, and emissions. However, the brake thermal efficiency is increased with a compression ratio up to a limit of 12 at high engine loads. The maximum cylinder gas pressure is increased with increase in the compression ratio. The exhaust hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide emissions decreased with increase in the compression ratio, while the exhaust nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission is increased with increase in the compression ratio. In this study, a natural gas spark-ignition engine employing cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) strategy in a high pressure inlet condition was optimized. Both engine compression ratio and start of combustion timing were optimized in order to obtain the lowest fuel consumption accompanied with high power and low emissions. It was found that cooled EGR can significantly reduce NOx emission at high compression ratio conditions.

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To design the efficient aircraft capable of accurately lifting and dropping a humanitarian aid package from a certain height. Accurately predicting the lifting capacity of the aircraft is the essential part of the project. The wing, tail, fuselage and control systems have been designed by us. We have designed a mono plane aircraft of approximately 2kg in weight which can lift an object of 1 to 2kg. Thus the total weight of aircraft and object will be approximately 4kg. It is controlled by a remote device of frequency 2.4 GHz.

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The 21 century is century of the new technologies with the humanity creation we are capable of creating a lot of new things which changed our life. It was our perception that made us to think 10 years ago, we hardly could believe we would have mobile phones, modern personal computers, notebooks, international net without which we cannot image our life. Now, they have become a part of life. If we are looking back in time, we realize how much our lives have changed due to the fruits of technology. Also, the nation’s economic growth can be measured only according to the level of technology and innovations in every sphere, whether it is social, economic, political, medical, military, commercial, transport, telecommunications, banking, education etc.” In fact, it is the educational technology brings super power in the field of education which proves to be a boon for the research purposes, especially for Indian education system that needs to be more development in terms of modern instructional technologies related to the field of education. Innovative aspect of education is a trend of everyday the new concepts, research outcomes, ideas, improved teaching-learning process, advanced technology that emerge worldwide which are to be explored and exposed for updating the knowledge. Here, the few researches are discussed briefly based on the past research work related to futurology, instructional technology using future gadgets in education, and some innovative trends in teaching-learning process, conducted both in India and abroad with respect to conceptual, methodology and findings are discussed below.

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A casting defect is an irregularity in the metal casting process that is undesirable and in current global environment it has become a need for defect free castings with minimum production cost which have become the need of foundry. Some defects can be tolerated while other can be repaired otherwise they must be eliminated. Various defects develop in manufacturing processes depending on factors such as materials, part design, and processing techniques. While some defects affects only the appearance of the parts made, others can have major adverse effects on the structural integrity of the parts. This paper review casting produced by foundry with distortion as a major defect was analyzed and identified solution for its cause.

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In the world, now a day’s use of transportation vehicles is drastically increased. So it is very important to improve the safety facility in automobile vehicles. For achieving and fulfill above concept it is very important to do the survey and analysis to detail the automatic operated wiper. Windshield Wipers plays an important role in assuring the drivers safety during travelling. So the aim is to develop a system which control the automatic operated Wiper which is based on electronic sensor is called Automatic Operated Wiper. From the research paper we study about different types of sensor use in automation for the wiper. By adopting this technique we can achieve the high safety of driver as well as passengers. From this system the driver can get better focus on road without any distraction while driving.

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Lightweight concrete is one of the advanced concrete which is used to reduce the self-weight of the concrete. This is lighter than conventional concrete. Its main speciality is its low density and thermal conductivity. The main advantages of light weight concrete are reduction in dead weight, faster building rate in construction, lower haulage, handling cost. Light translucent concrete is one of the fibre reinforced concrete which is used for aesthetic application by incorporating the optical fibres in concrete. An optical fiber (or optical fiber) is a flexible, transparent fiber made of glass (silica) or plastic, slightly thicker than a human hair. It can function as waveguide, or “light pipe” to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber. Our project deals with light weight light translucent concrete, in which coir pith is used partially instead of sand to reduce its self-weight. In Tamil Nadu and Kerala the availability of coconut is high so we used it as an additional material. Optical fibres are one which helps for transmission of light through fibre. And we are not using coarse aggregate due to light transmitting concrete.so this type of concrete brings more advantage in smart construction.

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In this research, we are creating an android-web based taxi booking application. Our system is a real time android application which not only allows the passenger to book a taxi on demand, but its uniqueness lies in the point that it also helps the taxi driver to earn more profit by mining the historical GPS trajectories. Our system helps the taxi drivers in finding the next cruising location where they can find passengers yielding maximum profits. The different factors considered in the system are distance between the current location and the recommended location, waiting time to get the next passenger, expected fare for the trip and most importantly the historical data of a location for providing the recommendations. We are using the historical GPS data to analyze and retrieve the habitation of residents in area. Also we are using clustering analysis and spatial-temporal analysis to make groups of locations based on the mentioned factors. Temporal and spatial issues are important factors which the taxi drivers often consider in the real world for determining passenger distribution. A location-to-location graph model, referred to as pick-drop location and the next passenger pick-drop location is used in the system. This model is also used to calculate the trip fare from the current location and the destination location.

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Increasing demand for non-polluting mechanized transportation has revived the interest in the use of electric power for personal transportation and also reduced reliance on automobiles. Electric bike is a low cost alternative to an automobile. The project is based on the fabrication of an electric bike that will help to commute the last mile. The system consists of a battery power source. The power module is controlled by a BLDC motor controller so as to control a 350W 60V 2.2A DC hub motor which runs off by a 60V 2.2Ah Lithium Ion battery for better performance. A Folding Mechanism is also available which makes the E-Bike compact in size. The final system has features that will appeal to a broad spectrum of users.

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Shelter is amongst the three basic human needs but now-a-days, about two-third of the total Indian population does not have their own shelter. This two-third population belongs to the middle and lower income class. These people find it difficult to construct their houses at an affordable cost by using conventional construction technology. It is found in many cases that people serve their whole life constructing their own house, but fail. The mission and dream of these people can be achieved by appropriate use of cost effective and innovative construction technology. As a whole, the housing shortage of the country can be overcome within lesser funds, without compromising with the quality control and structural stability of the structure. My this work is in continuation with the paper entitled - “Cost Effective and Innovative Housing Technology”, presented in IJSRD Vol. 2, Issue – 6, pages 27-29; “Effective Use of Brick Arches, Projected Brick Arches and Brick Corbels for Reduction of Cost in Building Construction and Increase the Beauty of the Structure along with Case-Study of KAILASH KUTIR”, presented in IJSRD Vol. 2, Issue – 10, pages 579-581; and “Filler-Slab as a Continuous T-Beam Slab (Low Cost as Well as Increased Strength)”, presented in IJSRD Vol. 2, Issue – 10, pages 293-295. After application of above mentioned construction technologies there can be a substantial decrease in the amount of materials used in construction of foundation of the structure. This work shows how we would reduce the foundation work without compromising with the strength and structural stability of the structure.

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Steganography is the art of hiding information and an effort to conceal the existence of the embedded information. It serves as a better way of securing message than cryptography which only conceals the content of the message not the existence of the message. It also shows the comparisons between steganography and cryptography. Original message is being hidden within a carrier such that the changes so occurred in the carrier are not observable. In this paper we will discuss how digital images can be used as a carrier to hide messages. I this paper also analyses the performance of some of the steganography tools, steganography software. Steganography is a useful tool that allows covert transmission of information over an over the communications channel. Combining secret image with the carrier image gives the hidden image. The hidden image is difficult to detect without retrieval. This paper will take an in-depth look at this technology by introducing the reader to various concepts of Steganography, a brief history of Steganography and a look at some of the Steganographic technique.

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with the huge investment being done in the construction sector, foreign players and more domestic players have entered into their field. This has increased the competition in the market. Also the client now a day is more conscious about his investments and is strict about the project cost and duration along with quality of construction. This has increased the importance of cost planning and control to achieve the set targets.The contractors have to use various tools and techniques to monitor and control the time and cost overrun, thereby ensuring that the work gets completed with minimum cost and time. The investment required in a construction projects is very large, time and resources are always limited. Under this scenario, this work contains an overview of cost control techniques and tools used for control of cost and time schedules, used on the construction industry and further analysis of the techniques and tools use in various cases of infrastructure projects. The main Objective of this project is to fluctuation in the productivity of the construction site.

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surgical navigation systems are used widely among all fields of modern medicine, including, but not limited to ENTand maxillofacial surgery. As a fundamental prerequisite for image-guided surgery, intraoperative registration, which maps image to patient coordinates, has been subject to many studies and developments. Medical scans such as Magnetic Resonance (MR) and computed tomography (CT) are currently common diagnostic tools in surgical applications. Typically information contained in these medical scans is neither in the coordinate system of the patient as positioned in the world, nor does it reflect the viewpoint of the surgeon during an operation. Any correspondences between the medical images and the actual patient environment have to be drawn mentally by the surgeon during the procedure. The approach of medical image registration and tracking seeks to compute these correspondences automatically and then directly augment the real operating environment with the information contained in medical scans. Such an environment provides the surgeon with an enhanced ability to plan, navigate and localize throughout a surgical procedure.

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Heat transfer enhancement is now a major focus of researcher in heat transfer field. Use of annular fins is the field which has good potential to increase the heat transfer rate. In past few decades research on heat transfer enhancement using fins is continuously increasing, fine with many shapes, size and grooves are analyzed for heat transfer enhancement. Out of which annular fins with circular and elliptical cross section can be prove efficient method. The aim of this paper is to provide a review on heat transfer enhancement with application of annular fins with circular and elliptical cross section.

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Our project name is River Water diversion in India. For a people reviling in discord, Indians have become increasingly one when it comes to sharing the dread of their water-scarce future. Also visible with this increasing concern is a growing sense of popular disenchantment with the inadequacy and apathy of governments in dealing with recurrent cycles of flood and drought occurring all at once in different parts of the country. The main scope of our project is to provide excess water from perennial river to the non-perennial river by providing a perfect channel between like canal or water tunnel so that both there area can be benefited with these and the harm caused to the human, property and animal life due to over flooding can be avoided. The places which are drought can be benefited with this project. If this project implemented properly is very much beneficial for human life and economic growth and food production also increases.

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In the IT world, information is the most important asset for any organization. Protecting this asset is the critical factor and the method of securing this asset is known as information security. In today’s competing IT business, network administrator must be always available to protect the network and the information on the network with extreme measures. One of them is fake database. Fake database reduces the overhead of the network administrator to always be on the network and always monitoring it. Fake database is a setup to imitate a real network. The idea is to make the attacker believe that the fake database is a legitimate system. This Paper proposes the methodology to identify and trap the misbehaving user.

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