Infiltration is the process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil. For the calculation of runoff we have to determine Infiltration capacity. Runoff is contributed from large catchment area where ground conditions are different, bulk density may be different from place to place and therefore infiltration capacity also. Present study is an attempt to measure Infiltration capacity of soil by using Double ring infiltrometer. Experiments conducted on different sites for determination of Infiltration capacity, bulk density, water content and gradation analysis of soil. This experiments has been conducted at 15 different sites near Chandkheda village , Ahmedabad.

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A computer vision technique is proposed to remove a moving object in a video sequence for digital post-processing. We propose an automatic video inpainting algorithm which relies on the optimisation of a global, patch-based function. Our algorithm propose a novel motion inpainting technique for the completion of dynamic backgrounds. The empty region of the object in a frame is completed by filling in the dynamic background from the mixture components of background model. We successfully remove a foreground object and complete the unknown background. Foreground segmentation is done using spatial-temporal multi-resolution technique.The definition of edges is very important factor considered for video inpainting.Thus once the foreground object to be segmented is removed a hole is created in that particlar region. This hole is then filled by patch match process. For filling of holes Approximate Nearest Neighbour (ANN) search is performed. Were,the algorithm searches for nearly a approximate patch to fill in the hole region. This process is done simultaneously in all frames by comparing the foreground segmented images as references. The hole must be filled in a visually plausible way. Motion estimation and realignment is done using affine transform.

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Performance evaluation of a double pass solar air heater is done with using different types of porous medium. The heat transfer performance of the double pass solar air heater can be improved using porous medium. These porous medium is placed in the lower duct of the double pass air heater. In order to obtain the optimum design parameters and maximum efficiency of solar air heater, several studies have been carried out including non-porous and porous material assisted channels. Temperature data along the collector, pressure drop, variation in the flow rate were measured to evaluate the performance of solar air heater. Comparison is made between the performances of the solar air heater with using different type of porous medium. The study concluded that by using porous material in the lower duct of the solar collector will improve its performance. Outlet temperature is increased using porous materials.

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The reactive power compensation in a power distribution network plays a vital role in improving voltage and power system stability. Flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices like Static Var Compensators (SVCs) are used to control reactive power generation or absorption in long transmission line. However, these SVCs will introduce harmonic current in to the system due to the operation of thyristor controlled reactors (TCR). This paper proposes minimize harmonic injected using svc & passive filter combination and modified AI technique approach to minimize the harmonics injected into the systems with the operation of TCR-TSC type SVC used in conjunction with fast-changing loads. Optimum triggering delay angles used to trigger thyristors in TCR are calculated using the proposed to achieve better, smooth and adaptive control of reactive power as well as harmonics. And define which system is best for minimum injected harmonic in power system.

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Pethapur is a medium sized municipal town in Gandhinagar District with 2011 census population of 2,20,000 currently under consideration for developing its sewerage system. As a suitable sewage treatment plant and disposal facilities will be needed immediately on completion of the conveyance system, it is intended to develop an appropriate design of a sewage treatment plant for the town to be developed in phases. This paper presents the Non mechanized means of treating domestic sewage i.e. natural way of treating sewage; which will be robust and comparatively cheap, easy to operate to obtain desired quality of treated sewage for disposal into a farming land nearby with a bypass arrangement to a natural drain.

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Soil erosion is one of the critical problem occurs in india as well as some developed countries. A large area can prone for soil erosion, which turn , reduces productivity. Soil erosion estimation is very time consuming exercise. Methods such as the Universal Soil loss Equation (USLE) are widely used for the estimation of soil erosion from watershed. This paper deals with the estimation of soil erosion using USLE in a GIS environment and prioritization of watersheds on that basis. Vishwamitri river watershed in Gujarat, India is taken as the study area. Satellite images of IRS-P6 LISS-III have been used. Various thematic maps like Land use, Soil and Slope map were prepared at BISAG. soil erosion of each of the sub watersheds was estimated. The sub watershed was prioritization of watershed. In present Study, all five parameters of USLE like R.K.LS, C,P was estimated. Calculating all five parameters of USLE, it is found that two sub watersheds coded as SW1 & SW2 are subjected to very severe condition which needs to controlling measures. Remaining two sub watersheds coded as SW3 & SW4 are subjected to Moderate condition. The computed Annual Soil loss of study area is 240.27 ton /ha/year

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India is basically an agricultural country. Its economy completely depends on agriculture output. It is only possible b increasing the irrigation intensity to as much as possible and using both the resources, viz surface water and ground water. If the available surface water is not adequate, it becomes imperative look for ground water as an alternative to meet irrigation demand. Water is a scarce and precious national resource. Planning, development and systematic utilization of this resource for various sectors such as agriculture, domestic, and industry is important. Hence to obtain the optimal cropping pattern and optimum release policy, a linear programming model for conjunctive development of surface and ground water resources for nadiad branch canal of M.R.B.C project is developed. The objective of the present study is to develop a mathematical model for optimal use of ground water and surface water conjunctively to provide an efficient use of available resources in an area for irrigation. The surface water and unconfined aquifer both are used for irrigation purposes.

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This paper states how Best Management Practice can be used for storm water Management. Conventional sewer systems are built on the concept of collecting runoff from impervious areas at concentrated points of entry and conveying large volumes of polluted and fast-flowing runoff, capacity limitations on urban sewer systems require significant capital investment which is an economic burden. Lack of adequate infrastructure capacity presents significant public health and environmental burden. Storm Water BMP’s can be used to address capacity concerns by managing the demand on the existing infrastructure.

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Digital signal processing (DIP) is the technology that is omnipresent in almost every engineering discipline. It is also the fastest growing technology this century and, therefore it poses tremendous challenges to the engineering community. Faster additions and multiplications are of extreme importance in DSP for convolution, discrete Fourier transforms digital filters etc. The core computing process is always is multiplication routine; therefore, DSP engineers are constantly looking for new algorithms and hardware to implement them. Vedic Mathematics is the name given to the ancient system of mathematics, which was rediscovered, from the Vedas between 1911 and 1918 by Shri Bharti Krishna Tirthaji. The whole of Vedic mathematics is based on 16 sutras (word formulae) and manifests a unified structure of mathematics. As such the methods are complementary, discrete and easy, as compare to other calculation. In this paper we have present literature review on Vedic Mathematics with digital image processing.

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Today’s construction industry need a system by which quality of construction can be determined. Today the whole world is being very competitive not only in developed countries but also in developing and underdeveloped countries. Indian economy is very fast developing economy in whole world. In India, construction industries are playing vital role to develop India. Now-a-day’s in construction industries, not only big but also small construction companies are very competitive and many companies are trying very hard not only to satisfy their customer’s needs but where possible exceed them. This can only be achieved through cost reduction, improvement in Quality, increased customer satisfaction and a constant effort towards world class organizations. In order for companies to survive and grow in the future, it is essential that they deliver high quality construction and services. Those that can deliver quality are the ones that will prosper in the next upcoming years. In this project a study and survey is done on Construction Company of Bhopal to check their quality of construction and term Total Quality Management (TQM) is suggested and implemented on the same sites and then its impact is noted. By the study and survey it has been observed that quality of construction is increased with the increased rate of customer satisfaction.

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In India the same road space gets used by cars buses, rickshaws, motorcycles, bicycles, and animal and men driven pushcarts. Each year, thousands of pedestrians are hit by motor vehicles. Lower extremity injury is the majority of the injury that takes place among all other body damages. Pedestrian accident readings have shown that the most common causes of serious injuries were impacts of the legs with the bumper. Among all leg damages knee injury is most crucial and costly.This paper summarizes the research literature referred relative to the road safety issues in India and injuries caused to a pedestrian.

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With scarcity of space in urban India, upcoming metro trains and development in ports, going deep in foundation will become more and more common. Diaphragm wall is very common type of earth retention scheme in deep excavation/foundation, weak/poor soil condition or congested site condition. Diaphragm walls are generally used in deep basement of building, congested urban spaces, underground structures of metro trains, riverfront structures and marine structures. In absence of standard procedure for analysis and design a tool which will take care of soil variation & give quick optimized results, is considered here. Indian code only gives details of construction procedure so it was a challenge to go for automation. The aim is to develop a tool with help of Visual Basic 6.0 that can be used in routine design practices for the design offices.

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Using HTML based interfaces used to find data; we are enabled access to view thousands of databases at our disposal .The data is mostly combined to generate result pages which accentuate the look of the websites making it user interactive .It is necessary for many web applications like e-shopping and web data access to ensure that the encoded data canbe easily understood and processed by the machine. Our paper proposes an annotation approach that highlights the data units so as to display it on the resultant page into a large amount of various groups in order to maintain its semantic order .The different aspects of the group are annotated and the various generated annotations are combined and the final verdict is a concrete annotation label. The annotation wrapper is generated inevitably and new result pages from the web database are used to annotate these resultant web pages. Our proposed system applies a highly efficient algorithm and helps to generate results

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The solar photovoltaic system is one of the best solution for the energy requirement of modern India. Energy demand in India both in urban and rural areas in continuously increasing, however the electricity utilities are unable to meet this rapidly increasing demand. In India most part receives 4 to 7 kwh of solar radiation per square meter per day this is the reason why most of the commercial buildings such as educational buildings, hospitals, offices, mall etc. as well as residential buildings in the country are opting for back-up power systems . These back-up power systems are usually diesel generators and sometimes more than one generator is installed to meet their electricity demand. With rising costs and environmental awareness, many of these buildings are moving for Solar Photovoltaic systems as back-up power in order to reduce their dependency on diesel generators. These Solar Photovoltaic systems which convert sunlight into electricity are usually installed on the existing roof-top space of buildings to meet the minimum load requirement. solar photovoltaic system could be an effective solution of sustainable development for India.

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In the seismic design of buildings, shear walls act as major earthquake resisting members. Structural walls provide an efficient bracing system and offer great potential for lateral load resistance. The properties of these seismic shear walls dominate the response of the buildings, and therefore, it is important to evaluate the seismic response of the walls appropriately. In this paper our main focus is to determine the seismic behavior of building with post tensioned shear wall. For that Storey displacement and interstorey drift were computed using SAP2000 and compared with RCC shear wall Building.

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Attribute Based Encryption method (ABE) ensures that authorized access to the data. Due to the huge user base and often unknown identities of target recipients the User based access control models are too restrictive. The ABE is highly efficient and flexible since it allows a content provider to specify an access policy and encrypt multiple messages within one ciphertext. In particular, only the users whose attributes satisfy the access policy can decrypt the ciphertext. The ABE method provides security for appropriate users when accessing the data’s and the encryptions and decryptions are done by the user based access control attributes. The ABE authority will assign the access rights for various users. Attribute-Based Encryption is a promising cryptographic primitive which greatly enhances the versatility of access control mechanisms. The computational complexities of ABE key-issuing and decryption are getting prohibitively high because of the high expressiveness of ABE policies. This paper focuses on various concepts for ABE encryption and decryption methods for providing Security.

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In this paper, the boost-inverter topology is used as a building block for a single-phase grid-connected fuel cell (PV) system offering low cost and compactness. In addition, the proposed system incorporates battery-based energy storage and a dc–dc bidirectional converter to support the slow dynamics of the PV. The single-phase boost inverter is voltage-mode controlled and the dc–dc bidirectional converter is current-mode controlled. The low-frequency current ripple is supplied by the battery which minimizes the effects of such ripple being drawn directly from the PV itself. Moreover, this system can operate either in a grid-connected or stand-alone mode. In the grid-connected mode, the boost inverter is able to control the active (P) and reactive (Q) powers using an algorithm based on a second-order generalized integrator which provides a fast signal conditioning for single-phase systems. Design guidelines, simulation, and experimental results taken from a laboratory prototype are presented to confirm the performance of the proposed system.

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Heavy metals, when in abundance, can be very toxic to the medium in which it is dissolved. Adsorption has been used as a suitable water treatment process to remove heavy metals. For this research, sweet lime and Lemon skin were used as the adsorbent to remove, Chromium wastewater. Batch test &the fixed bed column experiments were then followed, as they simulate the filtration process which is the most commonly used in treatment plants for adsorption. The studies on adsorption were conducted by varying various parameters such as contact time, pH, amount of adsorbent, partical size, concentration of adsorbate and temperature. The adsorption capacity was found to be pH dependant. Results have used Freundlich and Langmuir equations to fit the experimental data so that kinetics of the process can be obtained.

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Image compression technique is widely used in multimedia applications such as image, video, audio data and medical field. Image compression aims to reduce the redundancy of an image data and reduce the storage space of an image. Different image compression techniques were proposed to achieve high compression ratios and high image qualities in low computation time. This paper compares the various image compression methods with Lempel–Ziv–Welch (LZW) algorithm. LZW is a universal lossless algorithm for image compression which has the advantages of low computation load and less memory requirement. It is a fastest algorithm. This algorithm is widely used in UNIX file and gif image format. This proposed technique is used to increase the Compression Ratio (CR) and Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR).

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This project is to avoid the collision while data transferring from one node to another node. Wireless sensor network (WSN) requires robust and energy efficient communication protocols to minimize the energy consumption as much as possible. However, the lifetime of sensor network reduces due to the adverse impacts caused by radio irregularity and fading in multi-hop WSN. A cluster-based scheme is proposed as a solution for this problem. The proposed scheme extends High Energy First (HEF) clustering algorithm and enables multi-hop transmissions among the clusters by incorporating the selection of cooperative sending and receiving nodes. The proposed cooperative MIMO scheme prolongs the network lifetime with 75% of nodes remaining alive when compared to LEACH protocol. In mobile ad hoc networks, nodes are usually powered by batteries with limited energy. To prolong the network life, the energy consumption of the routing task is crucial. In this paper, we proposed a novel topology control scheme for mobile nodes. Adhoc on demand distance vector routing protocol is specially designed for mobile adhoc networks with reduced overhead using Expanding Ring Search technique. But energy consumption should also be considered in MANET due to battery constrain of the nodes.

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To increase data rate of wireless medium with high performance, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is used. Recently wavelet transform is a possible transform to generate the sub channels in a multicarrier system. Discrete wavelet transform (DWT) is faster than fast Fourier transform of OFDM hence it’s replaced by transform technique for OFDM so it is called as orthogonal wavelet division multiplexing (OWDM). For both designing wavelets and measure a performance in terms of BER and SNR using AWGN channel, we proposed a fast lifting discrete wavelet transform (LDWT) technique. Performance of BER is evaluated and the design of LDWT based OWDM is synthesized through computer simulations using MATLAB. The Lifting Scheme architecture is implemented on FPGA optimizing hardware, speed & cost. The RTL code is written in Verilog-HDL and simulated in Modelsim.

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Furnace is a term used to identify a closed space where heat is applied to a body in order to raise its temperature. An induction furnace is an electrically run furnace used for melting & heating (heat treatment) metals. Induction heating is widely used in today’s industry, in operations such as metal hardening, preheating for forging operations. The requirements of minimum electric power losses and environment protection have become extremely important, that is the minimization of the heat losses. Mostly there are heat losses by conduction, convection and radiation, and hence the improvement in best refractory material and optimization in thermal conductivity and wall thickness of refractory material is needed. Alumina ramming mass is used as refractory material to prevent losses. Then also proper optimization is needed in thermal conductivity and furnace wall thickness. Change in Thermal conductivity and furnace wall thickness plays an important role in effectiveness of the furnace. Optimum thermal conductivity and wall thickness reducing heat loss in furnace with economical cost is needed. Aim for this work is to do optimization of thermal conductivity and wall thickness of Induction furnace wall material for minimum heat losses during melting metal. Objective of this research is to study the influence of thermal conductivity and wall thickness on wall heat losses and finding the optimum thermal conductivity and wall thickness of wall material of induction furnace. For completing the objective of this study, Calculations have been done for theoretical heat loss by using existing furnace data which are later compared with FEA result for the validation of ANSYS Software. For minimum heat losses optimum changes in thermal conductivity and thickness of induction furnace wall material is done with ANSYS software and find the optimum thermal conductivity and wall thickness of furnace wall.

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Gear train is important part of the majority of mechanical power transmission system. It has to be robust enough to sustain the transmitted power over the long period of time and also light enough to reduce the overall weight of the system. But since to increase the power to be transmitted by the gear train also causes increase in weight and vice versa, these two objectives rather generate contradicting solutions. Thus, the optimization of gear becomes very significant in order to have a good trade-off between these two entities. The helical gear provides a smoother mesh and can be operated at greater speeds than a straight spur gear. So we have to minimize weight of helical gear train to increase strength/weight ratio.

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Global warming resulting from the emission of greenhouse gases, especially CO2, has become a widespread concern in the recent years. Though various CO2 capture technologies have been proposed, chemical absorption and adsorption are currently believed to be the most suitable method for CO2 capture. The operation of the chemical absorption process is reviewed in this work Carbon dioxide is mostly produced from automobile exhaust, polluted gases through industrial process, bio-waste decomposition, and fermentation process, which causes global warming. Using sodium carbonate as inert anion exchange resin adsorption of CO2 occur in bicarbonate layer while desorption of CO2 occur due to moisture swing and carbonate layer is again convert into bicarbonate so resin become renewable. The experimental result shows that 95% CO2 adsorption occur using this process.

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Transparent electronics is an emerging field in electronics science which concentrates on producing ‘invisible’ electronics circuit and optoelectronics devices. In the conventional Si/III-V based electronics, the structure is based on semiconductor junction & transistor. Although they have high conductivity, but lacking of optical transparency. However, the basic building material for transparent electronics which is to be transparent and in visible range is true challenge. Therefore to understand and implement such technology there are two scientific goals, to give a material which are optically transparent and electrically conductive and to implement an invisible circuitry. Development of such invisible transparent electronics needs expertise together from pure and applied science, material science, chemistry, physics & electronic science. Its application includes in our daily life electronic devices, new source of energy, and other advanced materials.

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