One of the oldest medium of writing and communicating in South Asia are palm leaf manuscripts. These are also the major sources for writing and painting in South East Asian countries including Thailand, Nepal, India, Barma, Indonesia etc. Hence it is required to develop an automated system to decipher these inscriptions. The system takes the camera grabbed or scanned images of the inscriptions as an input and processes it before the character recognition is taken up. The images so captured have major problems like the broken letters, erased letters, distortion due to fossils settled and so on. This paper provides a review of various methods for digital enhancement of ancient documents that have gone through degradation process over time. It is concluded that image enhancement using binarization method or thresholding method and other methods is becoming more popular and have significant potential to improve the future image enhancement techniques.

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Machhu River is one of the major North’s flowing river of Saurashtra regions in Gujarat state. The catchment area of Machhu III lies in Machhu River Basin in Morbi taluka of Rajkot district. This catchment area falls under the category of sub watershed as per the size (24212 hectare) and thus curve number method has been applied for estimating runoff using GIS technology. The Curve Number (CN) has been estimated for Machhu Dam III drainage basin using a combination of land use (Crop land, Fallow land, Lakes / Ponds, Land with Scrub, Land without Scrub, Industrial Waste, Prosophis, Reservoirs, River, Towns/cities (Urban), Villages (Rural)),Soil (Fine Sand, Clayey), and Antecedent Soil Moisture Condition (AMC). Within this catchment number of land cover type and soil type exist. The original soil type map has been converted to a map of Hydrologic Soil Groups (HSG) using the published conversions. Weighted area curve number has been determined in order to find a representative curve number by integrating attributes of various thematic layers in arc GIS using the areas of the different land cover and soil types as weighting factor

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This paper presents a study of the behaviour of the brass/steel pair in the presence of friction and wear. A plan of experiments, based on the techniques of Taguchi, was performed on a pin-on-disc machine. The objective was to establish a correlation between load, sliding velocity and temperature in contact with the wear and coefficient of friction. In this study we investigated the wear behaviour of brass and gun metal-based bearing materials in dry sliding conditions. The parameters such as load, sliding speed and sliding distance were identified will affecting wear rate. The design of experiments (DOE) approach using taguchi method was employed to analyze the wear behaviour of hybrid composites. Signal-to-noise ratio and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to investigate the influence of parameters on the wear rate.

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Assembly lines are special flow-line production systems which are of great importance in the industrial production of high quantity standardized commodities. Recently, assembly lines even gained importance in low volume production of customized products (mass-customization). Due to high capital requirements when installing or redesigning a line, its configuration planning is of great relevance for practitioners. Many of the parameters like cycle time study, process study are considered while balancing a production line.

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This paper describes the concept of Adaptive noise cancellation technique. Three types of adaptive speech enhancement algorithm are available. One is least mean square algorithm second is Normalize least mean square algorithm and third is Recursive least square algorithm. A desired signal corrupted by additive noise or interference can often be recovered by an adaptive noise canceller using least mean squares (LMS) algorithm. In MRI method acoustic noise is produce due to the communication between medical staff and patient also produces due to high magnetic (3-T) field and higher power. This acoustic noise interferes with diagnosis and imaging process. The advantages of the method are its adaptive capability, higher signal to noise ratio and low signal distortion. In this paper, the main aim is remove the noise in speech signal and improve the quality of speech signal especially for noisy magnetic resonance imaging environment

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currently all the manufacturing industries are facing major challenges in continuous improvement in productivity and quality of the product. In this highly competitive environment customer satisfaction plays a vital role. Reducing internal customer complaints is one of the critical tasks at engine assembly. This requires the use of continuous improvement methodologies, such as lean six sigma which enable companies to improve customer satisfaction and meet their expectation. This paper is a six sigma project, undertaken within the company for reducing the internal customer complaints of camshaft binding problem, which deals with identification and reducing the internal customer complaints of camshaft binding in engine assembly line. The data collection of 11 months has shown that 26% of ICC (internal customer complaints) is due to camshaft binding. The applied six sigma approach includes works through several phases: define measure, analyze, improve, and control (DMAIC). The problem was defined by selecting the core issues concerned. The possibility of application of several six sigma tools such as Pareto diagrams, project charter, sipoc, critical to quality (CTQ), in define phase. In measurement phase data related to engine block – camshaft binding was collected following the validation of measurement system by MSA study and process capability is determined. During analysis phase root cause of engine losses were identified. In improvement phase the damage of camshaft due to metal contact during handling and storage were solved. And finally in control phase various tools were implemented for tracking the process and putting it under control. The study reports quality improvement through reduction in defects, from 11374 PPM to 4450 PPM.

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The voyage or the journey from wired association to wireless association has been a worldwide fashion in the past few decades. Mobile ad-hoc network does not have any predetermined infrastructure so they rely on their neighbours to transmit message. Mobile ad-hoc network here after known as MANET is competent enough for creating a self-provisioning/configuring and self-sustaining network without the help of a centralized infrastructure, which is often helpful in critical applications like military conflict or emergency rescue missions. However the open/loose medium and extensive distributions of these nodes are easy targets to various types of nasty attacks. In this case, it is very decisive to develop a competent intrusion finding mechanism to guard MANET from attacks. In this document, we put forward a new intrusion discovery system named Enhanced Adaptive Acknowledgment (EAACK) principally intended for MANET. EAACK certifies more eminent malicious-behaviour-detection rates in certain situation without greatly affecting the network performances.

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This paper presents the results of research in removal of TKN, COD, color, TDS, TSS, from pharmaceutical wastewater by electrocoagulation (EC) process using aluminum as a sacrificial electrode which is currently used for the purification of many types of water and wastewater. The effecting parameters such as applied voltage, conductivity and initial pH were studied to achieve higher removal. The performance of EC process was carried out in batch reactor. In this process, samples of 25mL were taken out from the batch at 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes of contact time. Results obtained show that the most effective removal efficiency could be achieved at 1 A of applied current. Moreover, the experimental results also show that the COD removal was strongly influenced by the initial pH. EC was found to be very efficient when the range of initial pH is between 4 and 8. The highest COD removal efficiency of 82% occurred at a current of 1A, initial pH of 4 and contact time of 120 min. In this study, the EC process was proved effective and was capable in degrading COD, TKN, Color, TDS, TSS from pharmaceutical wastewater.

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Light reach nearly universally therefore communication also can go together with light freely. Light Fidelity is branch of wireless communication that is a rising technology. By victimisation visible radiation as transmission medium, light Fidelity provides wireless communication. I propose victimisation common and low cost fluorescent lamps to transmit info for navigation, as a result of victimisation fluorescent lamps to produce light-weight is therefore widespread, and cost-efficient in existing buildings. During this paper I actually have delineated a completely unique light-sensor-based info transmission. During a novel manner, fluorescent light-weight is employed because the medium to transmit info, that is encoded by employing a pulse breadth modulation technique. The user can receive the knowledge that is encoded in light through a photo detector, when a knowledge stream of knowledge is received and processed, it'll be fed into the pc through the interface for any process. The projected system is utilized in indoor direction and navigation applications.

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In recent years the email providers adopt cloud storages to store email messages and attachments. As email becomes more frequent in business communications as more and more sensitive data and documents are sent via emails and therefore effective security to protect emails from unauthorized activity and security attacks. Email service providers are undergoing research on preventing exploits and vulnerabilities. Email security is threatened by a range of issues like email spoofing, spam mails, session hijacking and more threats are encountered by email users. There should be protection to email data that are stored in cloud as any breach or attacks types using machine learning techniques occurs in cloud storages so protection of data should be provided.

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Dimensionality reduction of an image is necessary for transmission and storage. Recently we are using Empirical Mode Decomposition and Empirical Wavelet Transform for the processing of non-stationary signal or image. Time – frequency transformation is necessary to analyze a nonstationary signal. This paper presents an application of the Empirical Wavelet Transform and Householder Transform method to reduce the dimensionality of an image for the reduction of cost and time while processing an image. Both the transform together will find out a minimum set of features that will give accurate classification result. The Empirical Wavelet Transform approach is used to decompose a signal into different harmonic modes (IMF) using appropriate wavelet filter banks accordingly the information presented in it. Spectral information can be taken by applying Empirical Wavelet Transform to each 2D image. Empirical Wavelet Transform along with Hilbert Transform gives good frequency decomposition. This will give better classification by providing better class seperability. Specifically, the EWT is applied to each band and the Householder transform is applied after applying EWT to all bands in order to get Orthogonal Features.

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Object detection is the process offending moving objects such as animals, human beings and vehicles in videos. Object detection algorithms are typically used to extracted features and learning algorithms to recognize instances of the objects. The moving object detection is commonly used in applications such as security, surveillance, automated vehicle parking systems and image retrieval. The moving object detection has application in more areas of computer vision, video surveillance and image retrieval. The input video is converted into frames. The video is pre-processed to remove the noises from the frames. The moving objects are detected from the frames by initially identifying the object position to applying background subtraction. The morphological operations and thresholding operation were applied to extract the moving object alone. The object pixels are grouped and identified positions then represented in different color in order to obtain them exactly. A new approach to track the moving object in crowded scenes. The sequential labelling outperforms the state-of-the-art on challenging real-world videos of football, volleyball and pedestrians walking.

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This paper describes various techniques for classification of the magnetic resonance human brain image. It includes hybrid techniques such as Automatic, Semi-automatic for feature extraction, dimensionality reduction and classification. Feature extraction and reduction using various mathematical techniques such as Discrete Wavelet Transform, Principal Component Analysis.Various classifiers are used based on Back propagation Network FP-ANN and K-nearest neighbor. Numeric data or multimodal data can be classified using Optimal Semi-supervised Fuzzy C-means (FCM) and Probability Density Function (PDF) estimation. Different papers present method for semi-supervised Maximum a Posterior segmentation of brain tissues. There are two types of segmentation-Supervised and Unsupervised. Segmentation of Magnetic Resonance (MR) images is a process of delineation of regions representing different types of tissues. Finally all the techniques are compared on the basis of feature extraction techniques used and reduction of dimensionality and classification methods. Thus this paper provides a complete literature survey of medical imaging analysis based on segmentation.

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The present study makes an effort to assess a safe and economy use of such a structural grade concrete, a supplementary material for housing as well as infrastructure industry. The investigation was carried out using workability test, axial compression test, flexural strength test and split tensile strength test. There will be 33 batches of concrete mixes consist of such combination in natural different types of coarse aggregates like 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% and 100%. With variation of W/C ratio as 0.55,0.50 and 0.45. The parametric study includes proportions of both types of coarse aggregate regional coarse aggregate and natural coarse aggregate. The study shows the combined gradation improve strength and workability of concrete. The experimental study carried out to on different proportion 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% and 100%. Along with control mix to check effect on compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength. The results are useful for application as per availability of aggregate.

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Food is a basic need for all human beings along with air and water. Food problem arises in most developing countries mainly due to the inability to preserve food surpluses rather than due to low production. Agricultural yields are usually more than the immediate consumption needs, resulting in wastage of food surpluses during the short harvest periods and scarcity during post-harvest period. Hence, a reduction in the post-harvest losses of food products should have considerable effect on the economy of these countries. More than 80% of food is being produced by small farmers in developing countries. These farmers dry food products by natural sun drying, an advantage being that solar energy is available free of cost, but there are several disadvantages which are responsible for degradation and poor quality of the end product. Certain variety of food products are not supposed to be dried by natural sun drying because they lose certain basic desirable characteristics. Experiments carried out in various countries have clearly shown that solar dryers can be effectively used for drying agricultural produce. It is a question of adopting it and designing the right type of solar dryer

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in this study a multiband microstip patch antenna has been discussed. The design consists of a semicircular ring with a slot and attached monopole for multi frequency resonance. The substrate used is FR4 with〖 E〗_r=4.1 . The various frequencies of resonance have been observed and return loss on these frequencies has been calculated. Various radiation patterns have been observed and commercial applications have been discussed.

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In this paper suggest a different technology of High Voltage dc (HVDC) transmission system created on fusion multilevel voltage source converter (VSC) along with cascaded H-bridge cells on ac side. This paper suggested that HVDC system have capability to regulate both reactive and active power by using VSC systems, ability to protect the converter equipment’s against over voltages and over currents, ability to generate the power without any support from the grid in case of system collapse and the special feature has the ability for current limiting capability in case of dc side faults.In addition to, it offers special features such as larger reactive and active power capability for smaller foot print by using modular multilevel VSC in HVDC converters. This paper evaluates its active evaluation under steady state and network adjustments and finding its response in case of pole to pole dc fault and three phase- ground ac fault. Fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is used to improve the response in case of dc and ac side faults and the simulation results are shown in MATLAB SIMULINK model.

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The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 Also Known As Mahatma Gandhi National Rular Employment Guarantee Act. We are introducing our work status and problem regarding the ongoing work under MGNREGA and introducing the technical solution .As we are working in our project, the main aim of our work is,  To carry Field data collection for site selection process;  To provide suggestion for the Material selection process with respect to durability and affordability parameters,  To take skilled supervision with respect to quality improvement of work,  Selection of appropriate technology for quality improvement, Design proposal for alternative solution for project, All other civil engineering related works under MGNREGA .We are working in 7 villages. We are working in Gandhinagar district .Selection of villages has been completed .In most of villages RAJIV Gandhi Bhavan (panchayat house) and small works are ongoing. Villages District Raipur Gandhinagar Dabhoda Gandhinagar Ratanpur Gandhinagar Jakhora-rajpur Gandhinagar Kolvada Gandhinagar Unava Gandhinagar Vavol Gandhinagar

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India is well known for the growth of B-schools in terms of both number of colleges and intake as well. This paper analyses whether Karnataka based B-schools are doing their business to the level of the top rated B-schools. Media has been rating the B-schools in India since 2014. Therefore, this paper investigates the effectiveness of B-schools in India with respect to intellectual capital, admission & placement, infrastructure, industry interface, and governance on one hand and suggests the strategies to improve and balance the factors to upgrade the B-schools in India to deliver the Executive man power as per the expectations of the industry and society.

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In sensing and common computing ad hoc low-power wireless networks are an exciting research direction. Earlier security scheme in this area has focused mainly on denial of communication at the routing or medium access control levels. This paper redefines resource depletion attacks at the routing protocol layer. This attack permanently disables networks by quickly draining nodes’ battery power. These “Vampire” attacks are not specific to any specific protocol, but depend on the properties of many popular classes of routing protocols. We discussed all protocols are susceptible to Vampire attacks, which are dangerous, difficult to detect, and are very easy to carry out using very few such as one malicious insider sending only protocol-compliant messages. With this, a single Vampire can increase network-wide energy usage by a factor of O(N), here N in the number of network nodes in the network. Proposed algorithm finds the solution for carousal attack and stretch attack to achieve better security. Also trust based energy efficient technique is adopted to keep network active in vampire attack, it also help to detect and avoid malicious nodes in the routing phase.

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A lot of improvement has been done in the field of cloud computing from last few decades. Most of the time, the research has been done on virtualization, SaaS, distributed and grid computing. Since Cloud Computing deals with virtualized resources, hence scheduling plays an important role in cloud computing. In cloud, for each task, user may use hundreds of thousands of resources. Hence manual scheduling is not an optimal solution. Many algorithms have been developed from last few decades to meet the increasing demand of users. This paper describes the most recent algorithms designed for scheduling in a cloud environment.

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Adders are one of the widely used digital components in digital integrated circuit design. In this paper, various adder structures can be used to execute addition such as serial and parallel structures and most of researches have done research on the design of high-speed, low-area, or lowpower adders. Adders like ripple carry adder, carry select adder, carry look ahead adder, carry skipadder, carry save adder exist numerous adder implementations each with good attributes and some drawbacks. This paper focuses on the implementation and simulation of 4-bit, 8-bit and 16-bit and 32 bit mux based adder based on Verilog code [3] and compared for their performance in Xilinx [1]. We have recorded the performance improvements in propagating the carry and generating the sum when compared with the traditional carry look ahead adder designed in the same technology.

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Load forecasting is an important component of power system energy management system. Short-term load forecasting (STLF) with lead time of the few minutes to several days is required for the several decision making in the electric utility. These decisions include economic scheduling of generating capacity, scheduling of fuel purchase, maintenance scheduling, unit commitment and planning for energy transactions. In this paper artificial neural network(ANN) is used for short-term load forecasting. Multilayer Back propagation network is used for day ahead (i.e. Next day) load forecasting. Neural network is trained by back propagation algorithm with gradient descent. Load data is collected from GETCO (Gujarat energy Transmission Corporation) 66/11kv distribution substation, Navagam. The load data of Bareja (medium sized town), urban feeder is taken.

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Environmental Impact Assessment provides a unique opportunity visualize the ways by which the environment may be improved as a part of development process. The report has been prepared for a Chemical Unit. The unit proposes manufacturing of organic pigments. For establishing the unit, Environment Clearance is required. Before the evaluation of the impacts it is necessary to collect the background information as a “baseline study” which is done for the important environmental parameter like air, water, noise and soil. Based on the results, it was found that all the parameters are within acceptable limits. These results were superimposed on the predictions evaluated by matrix method in this study to derive the ultimate scenario. Based on the predictions and results it can be clearly seen that there will be minimum or no significant adverse impact on any of the environmental parameter.

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Now-a-days lot of important tasks is performed using MANET. To improve the communication energy efficiency at individual nodes power aware is an important issue. Here we propose an efficient Power Aware Routing (EPAR), a new power aware routing protocol that increases the MANET lifetime. Comparing to conventional power aware algorithms, EPAR identifies the node capacity not just by its battery power, but also by the energy lost in reliably forwarding data packets over a specific link. This is by maximum packet capacity at the lowest residual packet transmission capacity. Thus to find the optimal path we are considering the node with maximum power and maximum number of neighboring nodes to it. Our proposed scheme thus reduces the total energy consumption and decreases the mean delay especially for high load networks while achieving a good packet delivery ratio.

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