Microstrip patch antenna is widely used in wireless communication because of their inherent advantages, it also has some limitations such as low gain, less efficiency, less directivity to eliminate these limitations the demanding factor in today’s scenario .In this project we are going to construct microstrip patch antenna arrays which results in performance improvement in terms of gain, directivity,efficiency and radiation pattern .In the array structure we are going to arrange output beam thus increase gain, directivity of array of antenna can be improved with minimized return loss in this project we are going to simulate the array of patch antenna in ZEELAND IE3D software which is the EM simulation tool for antennas. Thus in overall project we will see the performance improvement of array of patch antenna.

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As the usage of wireless communication increases day by day number of antennas or single antenna with multiple functions has become inevitable. Microstrip patch antenna is widely used in telecommunication ,personal communication and wireless communication fields it is narrowband wide beam antenna fabricated by etching antenna element pattern in metal trace bounded to insulating dielectric substrate such as printed circuit board with continuous metal layer bounded to opposite side of substrate which forms ground plane. In this project we modified simple patch antenna with E shape and H shape patterns and attempts to reconfigure both patch antennas using electrically reconfigurable antenna where we are using pin diode for reconfiguration. We have designed patch antenna on FR4 substrate with dielectric constant 4.4, thickness 1.56mm with frequency of 2.4GHz and for this design we have used Microstrip line feeding. The simulation tool we used for design of patch antenna is IE3D as it is user friendly. In this project by narrowing the radiation pattern we increased the gain and directivity and decreased the return loss of an antenna.

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Mobile Adhoc Network are widely used all around world, due to the ability to communicate without any infrastructure or fixed network. In MANET, no central authority who manages network. Due to this node rely on another node to maintain network connected. In this paper we surveyed various kinds of attacks occurred in network layer. Black hole and Gray hole attack in manet is one of them. Also study of various researchers work in Manet.

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Operations support systems (OSS), are computer systems used by telecommunications service providers to manage their networks .Different subdivisions of OSS are service fulfillment and service assurance. As part of this two products have been developed MDF(Motive Dynamic Fulfillment) and MDA(Motive Dynamic Assurance).In MDF the company is trying to ensure fulfillment of services is done completely. For example Inventory, provisioning of services. Hence the product is expected to interact with various telecom devices operating on different interface. It is for this reason that a robust software like FLOE(Functional Layer Object Extender) has been developed. FLOE is software network adapter that communicates with devices using interfaces like SOAP(Simple Object Access Protocol),TELNET etc. At the end it can be able to successfully communicate with various telecommunication equipments like switch, EMS (Element Management System) ,NE (Network Element),Router using different Interfaces like SOAP etc. Output from this equipments and are successfully able to convert it to the format(XML) expected by the remaining modules of the product. FLOE reduces effort in developing a new interface by approximately 70% .Because creating a new interface would take a lot of time and involves writing code, rules file and testing to make sure this interface can be used where an FLOE is already a software network adapter which has some predefined interface on top of which it can be extend some java class using some new rules file by which will be able to support a new interface.

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Image denoising includes operation of the image data to yield a visually high quality image and a major process in image processing, pattern recognition, and computer vision fields. The chief aim of image denoising is to re-establish the original image from a noisy image and help the other system (or human) to understand it well. Even though introduces many methods there only reduced visual quality, causing blurring and artifacts in the image. In this project, uses a new technique called wavelet packet transform and adaptive wavelet thresholding to denoise the image and improve visual quality. wavelets based denoising method consist of three steps namely, first to compute the wavelet packet transform, the next step to Remove noise from wavelet coefficients using wavelet packet thresholding and the third step is to reconstruct the enhanced image using inverse wavelet packet transform. Unlike standard wavelet-based methods Wavelet packet transform (WPT) used for image decomposition. The proposed method namely, Fast OWB extraction is a new adaptive thresholding function introduced to improve the denoising efficiency. Hence chooses an adaptive threshold value which is level and subband dependent based on analyzing the sub band coefficients. Estimation of dominant coefficients based on Maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimate to enhance or eliminate the wavelet coefficients. The resultant method yields better peak signal noise ratio with visual image quality measured by universal image quality index compared to standard denoising methods.

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Friction damper is used for the dissipation of an earthquake energy which may cause damage to the structure. It is a well-known energy dissipation devices. The purpose of this study is to analyze a single-degree-of –freedom (SDOF) building structure. Friction damper is used to connect parallel structure with each other. Friction damper is installed between two parallel structures to reduce inter-story displacements of structures subjected to the external loading. Numerical model (Viscoplasticity model) is used to model the friction forces in the proposed damper. The equation of motion is solved by the Newmark’s step by step method and seismic response of structure is worked out under earthquake excitation. Friction damper is used to reduce the structural seismic found response. The mutual pounding of structure is also reduced by structure with a friction damper. It is that during major earthquake, the friction damper slip at a predetermined connecting load before yielding occurs in member of a frame structure and dissipates a large proportion of seismic energy during earthquake. In this paper investigation is carried out to study the structural response of a parallel structure connected by a friction damper using. The specific objective of this study is to evaluate the importance of a friction damper in reducing the seismic response of parallel structures which are connected by friction damper with each other.

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In this paper we have studied the various techniques used to improve the key point localization and detection of duplicated regions in same image. These techniques create an enduring image by copying the certain potion of an image and pasting it to the different location of the same image. The key points in this image cloning are that the content is copied from the same image so the noise components, texture and patterns are compatible with the same image. The most important thing is the discovery of similar parts in the same image and then it becomes more complex to make clusters of those parts. We have presented Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) technique to determine the feature matches in the image.

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In this review we have done studies in two parts, in first part we mentioned the possibilities of LPG as refrigerant and in second part the effects of emissions on automobile engine when use Air conditioner. In first part we investigated the use of LPG in domestic refrigerator and their limitations and safety, this study gave the potential how to use the LPG in refrigerator and in the second part we studied the load of Air Conditioner on an automobile engine and their effects on tail pipe emissions and fuel efficiency. So studies shows that LPG can be used in a car air conditioner as a refrigerant and as a fuel for an automobile engine we designed a system which works on LPG as a refrigerant and a fuel for an automobile engine.

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Cloud based Content distribution networks are most famous among the small scale content distribution network organization. Because it enables an organization to make use of required storage, bandwidth and CPU capacity from the cloud services instead of having to buy and maintain those. In the previous work resource provisioning and caching contents in the dynamic environment is proposed to allocate the resources for storing the contents. However, the previous works doesn’t concentrate about the varying content file sizes as well as providing worst resource allocation at the time of more no of demands received from the users. In this work distributed learning algorithm is proposed to effectively handle the dynamic varying of user demands, and time varying user demands. Reinforcement learning is mainly used for adaptive management of Virtual machine capacity. Markov decision process is used to model the reinforcement learning process. The experimental results prove that the proposed work provides better result than the existing approaches.

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In the present study, an attempt is made to compare the base reactions, bending moment and shear force obtained from the dynamic analysis using STAAD Pro software for various grid patterns. The size of grid patterns are 18mx18m and four basic grid patterns are selected which are varied by increasing the intermediate beams. It is important to note that the grids are analyzed for G+3 building. IS 1893:2002 is referred to apply dynamic loading on the grids and Equivalent static analysis (ESA) or seismic coefficient method (SCM) is followed to apply the dynamic loading on the grids. The main aim of the study is to compare the above mentioned results obtained from the dynamic analysis of various grid patterns and study the behavior of various grids under dynamic loading. It is important to note that the comparison of results is studied for the various load combinations specified in IS 1893:2002. The study also evaluates the storey shear for various grid patterns.

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Strict emission standards are now in place that set specific limits to the amount that can be released into the environment. Reduction of exhaust emission of a vehicle is done through an EGR technique. EGR coolers are subjected to severe fouling such that their thermal efficiency can drop as much as 30 percent within a very short period of time. Durability of EGR cooler performance is key issue that affects the function of EGR system as anti-pollutant device. Decrease of thermal efficiency and increase of gas pressure drop caused by soot deposition implies higher EGR gas temperature and lower EGR flow. Selection of heat exchanger technology and definition of design parameters have an important effect on this degradation. This paper reviews a compendium of different tests, where different technologies and sizes of EGR cooler have been exposed to different engine test cycles. The focus is going to be mainly on Computation fluid dynamics (CFD) and to increase effectiveness of EGR cooler used in EGR system.

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The present literature review is only focus on single biodiesel and its blends. Very few peoples tried on dual bio-diesel. There is a lot scope in this duration of dual biodiesel. The experiment is carried out on a single cylinder diesel engine by using a dual biodiesel, running at constant 1500 speed. The present work investigates the engine performance parameters like Break thermal efficiency, mechanical efficiency, and emission characteristics like co, co2, etc.

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Communication takes place by routing protocols in efficient and effective manner in wireless network. Efficient protocols are used to forward data packets without much packet loss. MANET (Mobile Ad hoc Network) because of maliciousness that intentionally disrupts the network by using variety of attacks and due to routing protocols e.g. AODV (Adhoc On demand Distance Vector), which were already developed without considering proper security features to prevent the various kinds of attacks. MANETs are frequently established in insecure environments like disaster sites and military applications. The AODV routing protocol was initially developed without considering security in mind. But there are many security schemes available that make AODV secure. However, by doing more research in this area, one major flaw in any of the existing secure routing protocols was discovered. That is security schemes that are available consume more processing power and required complex key-management system. In this work we are going to present a novel security scheme which integrates Key Distribution & Authentication Server and Secure Hash Function mechanism to protect the AODV routing protocol that is capable of defending itself against both malicious and unauthenticated nodes. The proposed security scheme will be simulated in the Network Simulator 2.

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Use of digital content is increasing day by day with increasing use of digital devices. Digital images which can be easily generated using these devices are now becoming a cause of concern. Security of one’s personal identity is no longer guaranteed. This paper proposes non-blind invisible Digital Watermarking by generating a secret image using IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) number as a watermark. Secret image generated contains the unique IMEI number of the Smartphone device which is embedded into the original cover image. 3-level wavelet decomposition for embedding and extraction process is used. Experimental result illustrates the exact recovery of IMEI number to identify the owner of the image.

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For the rotor side converter (RSC) of doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) a novel terminology called combined vector and direct power control (CVDPC) is considered. The control system is resultant of a direct current control through proper voltage vectors selection from a switching table. In reality, the proposed CVDPC has the advantage of vector control (VC) and direct power control (DPC) in a compressed control system. Its advantage in contrast with VC consists of quick dynamic outcomes, toughness besides the machine factors modification, reduced computation and minimal realization. Alternatively it includes serves in relation to DPC, with fewer harmonic alteration as well as decreased power fluctuation. A vast simulation analysis by means of MATLAB/Simulink is performed on a 9-MW wind plant made of six 1.5 MW DFIG basis wind turbines. The operation of the proposed CVDPC technique is compared through both VC and DPC during steady-state and transient state. Simulation outcomes verify the dominance of the CVDPC over both VC and DPC.

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Steganography is the art of hiding the fact that communication is taking place, by hiding information in other information. Many different carrier file formats can be used, but digital images are the most popular because of their frequency on the Internet. For hiding secret information in images, there exists a large variety of steganographic techniques some are more complex than others and all of them have respective strong and weak points. Different applications have different requirements of the steganography technique used. For example, some applications may require absolute invisibility of the secret information, while others require a larger secret message to be hidden. This paper intends to give an overview of image steganography, its uses and techniques. It also attempts to identify the requirements of a good steganographic algorithm and briefly reflects on which steganographic techniques are more suitable for which applications.

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Association Rule play very important role in recent scenario of data mining. But we have only generated positive rule, negative rule also useful in today data mining task. In this paper we are proposing “A new method for generating all positive and negative Association Rules” (NRGA).NRGA generates all association rules which are hidden when we have applied Apriori Algorithm. For representation of Negative Rules we are giving new name of this rules as like: CNR, ANR, and ACNR. In this paper we are also modify Correlation coefficient (CRC) equation, so all generate results are very promising. First we apply Apriori Algorithm for frequent itemset generation and that is also generate positive rules, after on frequent itemset we apply NRGA algorithm for all negative rules generation and optimize generated rules using Genetic Algorithm.

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Composite materials have fully established themselves as workable engineering materials and are now quite common place around the world. To produce composite materials provided a growing interest in utilizing fiber (natural or synthetic) as reinforcement to fibers, Natural Fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites have gained commercial success in the semi structural and structural applications such as aircraft, automobiles, sporting goods, electronics, and appliances are quite dependent on natural fiber-reinforced plastics, and these composites are routinely designed, manufactured and used in place of synthetic fiber reinforced polymer composites. The objective of this paper is to study the behaviour of composite materials. The study is made to show the difference between synthetic and natural fibers and composites, process for their production for high performance, low cost and less weight, and study and compare different results of Mechanical Test on NFRPC.

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It is often required in image processing to embed multiple images in a single image. These images may be invisible in host image depending upon bit position. In this paper bit planes of an image are extracted using Bit Plane slicing Technique (BPS) and two images are embedded into a single image. The individual bit planes of cameraman image are also shown and later on properties of bit planes of an image are also discussed.

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As all of us are aware, maize is one of the most important constituents of our food. But do we all know, how laborious it is to shell the maize? Dehusking and shelling are important post-harvest activities in maize crop, predominantly done by women. These activities involve a lot of drudgery as these are done manually. The maize shelling with the tool makes women's lives difficult and yields very low level of output. Moreover, dehusking as a separate activity precedes shelling that brings additional burden on farmers. They may employ labourers or use machines. But in villages, there is a shortage of labourers, and their wages are also pretty high. The farmers or field owners find it difficult to afford the machines. In order to make it affordable and more convenient to shell the maize, and as a part of our academic project, we have developed a “Crank Operated Maize Sheller” using ergonomic and mechanical considerations for dehusking and shelling. It consists of feeder from where the maize is inserted. The crank is connected to the blade. When the crank is turned, the blade rotates and shells the maize. The machine is operated by 1 person and requires feeding of cobs one by one.

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With the growing popularity of cloud computing, organizations and data owners starts to outsource their important data to the public cloud for reduced management cost and ease of access. Encryption helps to protect user data confidentiality, it makes difficult to perform secure plain text search over the encrypted data. In this paper, we present some combination between verifiable computation and encrypt-then-Mac mechanism. To support the data confidentiality, the fine-grained access control and the correctness of the delegated computing results are well guaranteed at the same time. security against chosen-plaintext attacks under the k-multi linear Decisional Diffie-Hellman assumption. The result gives more feasible and efficiency of the proposed solution.

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Joints are obvious critical locations in the aircraft structure because of the stress concentration. Joints are very common in every structural component of aircraft. Vertical tail (VT) is one of the major components of the airframe. Rudder attached to the VT is the control surface, which is used for controlling yawing motion of the aircraft. Side load on the VT causes it to bend on either side with respect to fuselage axis. Deflection of rudder introduces side load on the VT. This project includes the study of the effect of cyclic loads for crack initiation at the critical location of the VT. Stress analysis is the approach followed to identify the critical location. Finite element method will be used for stress analysis of the component. Loads representative of a small transport aircraft will be considered in this study. VT bending will cause tension and compressive stress field in the skin on either sides of VT. Joint details will be simulated through a local refined analysis to capture the gradient stress field near the concentration zone. Structure undergoes fatigue due to fluctuating side loads on VT. Fatigue damage is estimated using linear damage theory. S-N data curve of the aluminium alloy material used for the VT skin will be considered for stress based damage calculation.

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As the amount of information on the World Wide Web grows, it becomes increasingly difficult to find just what we want. While general purpose search engines such as AltaVista and Google cover quite useful coverage, but it is often difficult to get high precision, even for detailed queries. Unfortunately domain specific data retrieval from this portal are very difficult, time-consuming and there is big question about r correctness and completeness of information related to search query. The proposed work of this paper is using–HSASF crawler, this technique presents the efficient discovering of required data by considering correctness and completeness attribute with proper format. Here incorporating the technique of Hybrid semantic focused crawling and ontology based learning to maintain the performance of the hybrid crawler. The objectivity of this survey is design hybrid framework for vocabulary-based ontology learning, and also a hybrid algorithm is used for matching semantically relevant concepts and metadata.

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Various software development companies have their own code repository for future reference. This code repository consist of previous projects and code worked on, by company employees. Taking up a new project or working on a module of some current project, developers come across coding challenges which may have been faced by some other employees previously in the same project or some other project. These employees may not be the part of current project or may have already left the company. But the probability that they found out a solution for the problem is absolute. The solution to this problem exists in the code repository in form of chunks of code in files. However searching for a specific peace of code in the repository may be a tedious job. And sometimes may even take more time than writing the code itself, from scratch. This paper proposes the use of elastic search for indexing the code repository to enormously accelerate the search proses.

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The algorithms also preserve important properties of the dataset, which are important for mining operations, and so guarantee both right protection and utility preservation. Watermarking may distort the original distance graph. The Proposed watermarking methodology preserves important distance relationships, such as: the Nearest Neighbors (NN) of each object and the Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) of the original dataset to unreadable file. The System proves fundamental lower and upper bounds on the distance between objects post-watermarking file. In particular, establish are striated isometry property, i.e., tight bounds on the contraction/expansion of the original distances. This analysis is used to design fast algorithms for NN-preserving and MST-preserving watermarking that drastically prunes the vast search space.

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