In the present study an effort has made for Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) analysis of a single pass counter flow Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger (STHX) with varying number of baffles & comparing the mass flow rate i.e 1kg/sec and 2kg/sec. STHX is the most common and widely used type of heat exchangers in oil refineries, condensers and other large chemical processing plants. To analyze the performance of STHX, hot fluid has made to flow through shell and cold fluid is allowed to flow through the tube. Our analysis is based on shell side study to find out temperature at the inlet and outlet of shell side, pressure drop and velocity drop.

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Electricity distribution is the eventual stage in the delivery of electricity to the end consumers. A distribution system's network which carries electricity from the transmission system and delivers it to consumers. There are two types os distribution network , radial or interconnected. An interconnected network is generally found in more down town areas and will have numerous connections to other points of supply. These points of contact are normally open but allow various composition by the operating utility by closing and opening of switches. In distribution systems, the voltages at buses reduces when carried away from the substation, also the losing is high. The logic for decrease in voltage and high losses is the deficient amount of reactive power, which can be furnished by the shunt capacitors. The work proclaimed in this thesis is carried out with the objective of identifying the flawless locations and sizes of shunt capacitors and DGs to be placed in radial distribution system to have overall economy considering the saving due to energy loss cut down .The load flow of pre compensated distribution system is carried out at first stage. On the basis of load flow solutions, loss sensitivity factors (LSF) indicating the likely locations for compensation are computed. From LSF, the candidate number of buses is spotted. To diagnose the sizes of the capacitor for curtailing the energy losses. The contrasting method is tested for distribution systems at 11 KV voltage distribution system while taking the different sizes for capacitors and DGs

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Mobile-ad hoc Networks are networks in which nodes are mobile and link connectivity might change all the time. Anonymous communications are important for many applications of the mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) deployed in adversary environments.The requirement of the network is to provide unidentifiability and unlinkability for mobile nodes and their traffics. The routing protocol is authenticated anonymous secure routing (AASR), is to combine using advanced encryption standard(AES) and trust based routing is proposed to offer complete unlinkability and content of network unobservability. The effectiveness of AASR have implemented the security technique so that we can prevent the data loss at the time of transmission and also achieves strong protection.

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Water is essential for life on Earth, and any changes in the natural quality and distribution of water have ecological impacts that can be threatening. Water quality management is a critical component of overall integrated water resources management. Water resources management involves the monitoring and management of water quality as much as the monitoring and management of water quantity. Water quality models can be effective tools to simulate and predict pollutant transport in water environment and moreover they serve as a base for environmental management decisions. Nitrogen if present in adequate quantities can be used to meet the biochemical requirements of the organisms otherwise can become critical component of eutrophication and hence become integral part of water-quality modeling. This paper is devoted to development of C program for existing nitrification model.

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In the present study VIJAYAPUR city’s Sewer Network is designed which is located at State Karnataka, India. For the design of Sewer network, study of present population, population forecast for the three decades, daily water demand, flow characteristics and survey of the city is done. With the help of digital global positioning system and from the survey, a road map is created and also contours, lengths, & elevations are determined. The flow is calculated as per CPHEEO Manual. Assign the Trunk main and Sub main Sewer lines on the maps. The node no. and pipe no. are done on the road map. Sewer Network for the city is analyzed & designed with the help of SEWER Version 3.0 software.

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It is well known that most of the insulation failure is caused due to the partial discharge in the insulation material. It gradually degrades the properties of the material which further become the major cause of the insulation failure. In this paper, simulation of partial discharge is done using MATLAB with different insulation material. All the simulation work is done with the solid insulation material. In this study, the dependency of partial discharge on the permittivity of the insulation material is tried to be analyzed with the help of void model made in the very well-known software “MATLAB”.

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Sources of air pollution includes pollutants emitted by mobile sources like automotive vehicle, air planes, and marine ships. Many of these pollutants mainly carbon dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, sulphur dioxide etc. contribute to environmental degradation and have negative effects on human health. To protect human from health point of view and the environment, environmental regulatory agencies such as the US environmental protection agency have established policies to minimize air pollution from mobile sources. Similar agencies exist at the country level. Due to the large number of mobile sources of air pollution, and their ability to move from one location to another, mobile sources are regulated differently from stationary sources, like power plants and other industries and public in urban and semi urban areas using and combusting directly in their furnaces and cooking stoves. Instead of monitoring individual emitters, such as an individual vehicle, mobile sources are often regulated more broadly through design and fuel standards. The increase in the number of motor vehicles driven in the world has made efforts to limit mobile source pollution challenging. As a result, there have been a number of different regulatory instruments, implemented to reach the desired emissions goals.

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Wireless Sensor Network deals with both wireless and wired network, which consists of several sensor nodes employed in certain field. Placing the storage node in a network of two tiered sensor, act as an intermediate node between the numerous sensor nodes for storing information and sink for processing the required queries, which is adopted because of the strong power capacity and storage for sensors as well the efficiency of processing the query. In our paper, using SafeQ protocol we provided security mechanism for Multiple Wireless Sensor Network. WSN security in terms of Privacy and Integrity. SafeQ protocol prevents attackers from gaining information from both sensor collected data and sink issued queries. When SafeQ misbehaves, it allows sink to detect undetermined storage nodes. In SafeQ protocol, the privacy is maintained by the technique of encoding both data & query without knowing their actual value & integrity is maintained by the technique of neighborhood chaining that checks for exact data items to satisfy the query results.

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Concrete is an important material used for construction throughout the world because of the properties of concrete that made it to use in construction in almost all type of structures due to which the consumption of concrete is increasing day by day, which results in increase of extraction of stone crush aggregate, sand and lime etc as result the environment is getting polluted day by day and creating a matter great concern. In this dissertation work the cement is replaced partially with metakaolin and G.G.B.F slag at various %ages respectively, and their corresponding strength properties are compared with that of conventional concrete. Metakaolin and G.G.B.F slag which are the two most commonly available and economic industrial bi products which minimizes the consumption of cement required for construction by partially replacing it with cement, without compromising the corresponding concrete strength properties.

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Now a days, due to rapid development of Infrastructure in various Countries of world including India. The demand of Concrete structure is more. In order to fulfil this and also meet the necessity of concrete, the cement is replaced by Marble powder and Quarry dust. In my project the experimental investigation has been carried out in order to determine the strength characteristics of concrete with partial replacement of cement separately by two materials i.e.1) Marble powder 2) Quarry dust. A total of 54 cube of Size 150mmX150mmX150mm size and 27 cylinder of 150mm diameter & 300 mm height .The curing is done by immersing the specimen in the water tank for various days depend upon testing period. Compressive strength of cube is tested for CVC & various percentages of marble powder (5,10,15,20) and QD (5,10,15,20) specimen for 7 days & 28 days after curing.

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In construction industries, concrete masonry units are used commonly. Since the masonry units can be constructed with ease. Fifty billion plastic water/beverages bottles are consumed every year. The use of plastic bottles in construction materials has been around for the past twenty years, but with little focus on using full plastic bottles and PET fibers in the materials. This thesis presents the results of a study conducted to determine the compressive strength of concrete masonry units with plastic bottle cores and PET fibers. The plastic bottles were used to create the centre voids in the masonry units. Solid waste can be filled in plastic bottle for increase the compression strength of block. PET fibers used as partially replacement of fine aggregate. Concrete with 1%, 2%, 4% and 6% PET bottle fibers for fine aggregate were produced and compared against control mix with no replacement. Concrete was placed around the bottle to encase them in the masonry units. The study utilized 1000-mL plastic bottle from two different companies placed inside masonry units of 16-inch long by 8-inch wide by 8-inch high in size and analyzed the resultant compressive strength. The testing for compressive strength was determined according to the IS standard. Determination of the compressive strength of the concrete masonry units allows for further study to continue in concrete masonry units with plastic bottle cores to determine if they are viable in third world countries.

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In this research, an optimization technique was developed using Genetic Algorithms (GA) to optimize the schedule of construction project activities in order to minimize the total duration of the project. The GA procedure searches for an optimum solution and gives shorter duration, with minimum cost. The Genetic Algorithm was made in C programming. The results obtained by the optimization meet the goal of achieving the best schedule.

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Pyrethroids is one of the chemical classification of pesticides with synthetic nature. Pyrethroids are also widely used as home and garden insecticides along with uses on pets and livestock, mosquito control, treatment of transport vehicles, and for treatment of ectoparasitic disease. Their desirable features provide a quick knockdown of insects at low rates, relatively low mammalian toxicity, and improved stability in outdoor environments, which has increased their marketability. Synthetic pyrethroids (SPs) are synthetic analogs and derivatives of the original pyrethrins and include a variety group of about 1,000 insecticides. Though they are analogs of pyrethrins, their production has involved extensive chemical modifications which make them highly toxic and less degradable in the environment Many pyrethroids have been linked to the disruption of the endocrine system, reproduction and sexual development, interference with the immune system and the induction of breast cancer. The widespread use of pyrethroids is a major problem as they pollute the agricultural lands and water resources and affect non-target organisms and humans. Studies showed a lot of environmental and health problems due to continuous and excessive use of synthetic pyrethroid insecticides. Paper focuses on some case studies to treat Pyrethroid wastewater.

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This paper aims to provide and inspire sustainable solutions for the performance and application of CWs by giving a comprehensive review of CWs’ application and the recent development on their sustainable design and operation for Phosphorous Retention. Phosphorus (P) is often the key nutrient found to be limiting in both estuarine and freshwater ecosystems. This article reviews the processes and factors regulating P retention in streams & wetlands and evaluates selected methodologies used to estimate P retention in these systems. This paper aims to provide and inspire some new ideas in the development of intensified CWs mainly for retention of Phosphorus (P).

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Organizations find it very difficult to create content for aptitude tests by traditional methods, i.e. manual creation of a data consisting of thousands of questions, and calculating the answers to these questions. The demand for the automated system is increasing because of the reason that it takes a very lengthy time to generate the questions manually. Also we need to create answers manually so the time frame for creation of content increases only. An Automated and Secure Content Generation System (ASCGS) is a software system that provides automated creation of multiple questions from a single format. It is a system that helps in generating, and altering the questions with efficiency as per the needs. In the proposed system all the questions will be generated in automated way using randomization along with their answers, thereby reducing the human effort. The system takes an excel sheet as input which contains the language of the question along with the formula required for calculating the answer, and then it converts the every single question into multiple questions by altering their values. By the development of this system we are able to overcome the tedious work of creating content for aptitude test manually. It not only saves our time but also is efficient as the probability of an error is reduced to absolute minimal as the calculation work is done by the system and not human beings.

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An experimental investigation was carried out to determine the performance of concrete under compression and tension for different amounts of glass fibers in concrete. Fibers are added in the amounts of 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2% and 2.5% of weight of cement. It is observed that characteristic compressive strength of concrete is increased by 10% and 14 % and split tensile strength was increased by 18% and 10 % for M25 and M40 grade concrete respectively for 1 % of fibers. As the transverse tension is the main problem in bottle-shaped struts, addition of fibers in concrete will increase the performance of bottle-shaped struts. Performance of the strut is assessed from the efficiency factor#. Test specimen consisted of 400mm X 400 mm X 100 mm panels, tested for in plane loading under compression for two different grades of concrete and different amounts fiber contents. From the test results, it was observed that efficiency of bottle shaped struts increased up to 34% and 28% for M25 and M40 grade concrete respectively for 1% fibers in cement weight. Also addition of fibers to the concrete delayed the occurrence of main crack in the bottle-shaped strut. Therefore it can be concluded that addition of glass fibers to the concrete is an economical solution to increase the performance of the concrete in terms of capacity and serviceability.

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The purpose of this review is to have broad view of the effect of stretch on premixed and diffusion flames. Stretch is nothing but non-uniformities associated with flames and its surface in order to change geometry of flames, its burning rate and physical properties such as laminar burning velocity of flame (in case of premixed flames). In this paper along with stretch the effects of various diluents like CO2, H2O, CH4 and N2 are also studied. Properties of high pressure flames under curvature and wrinkling condition shows considerable change in intensity of turbulence. Various gaseous fuels like syngas, iso-octane, hydrogen, propane and heptane premixed with air forming premixed flames along with analysis of diffusion flames of these gaseous fuels are surveyed with available literature.

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Mobile Phone plays a vital role in today’s life. It was considered as a luxury before. Over a period of time, because of rise in technology mobile phones are now considered as necessity rather than just being a luxury in a common man’s life. Previously, mobile phones were used only by the rich people and business personnel, but now every kid next door has a mobile phone in his hand. Out of' 121 crore Indians, 83.3 crore live in rural areas while 37.7 crore stay in urban areas, according to the Census of India’s 2011 Provisional population count of rural-urban distribution in the country, released by Union Home Secretary, R.K.Singh. Out of the rural population, only 38% uses cell phones. The reason behind such fewer figures is because of lack of technology knowledge and illiteracy. Even the elderly people face the problem of accessing cell phone due to lack of technology knowledge in urban area. The SMART Mobile Phone can help them to access cell phone easily without even having much technical knowledge.

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When light rays enter in satellite telescope, it first travels to the primary mirror than reflects back towards the secondary mirror and henceforth setting a focal point after passing through the centrally provided hole on primary mirror in case of Cassegrain focus. Generally, space borne telescope are subjected to orbital loads like temperature excursion, absences of gravity, moisture release of metering structure etc. which leads to coefficient of thermal expansion and coefficient of moisture expansion of metering structure. Due to this there is the change in focal length & misalignment of optical system which ultimately reduces the quality of images. The actual location of focal point is very important for qualitative images. So to get the perfect focal point, it is necessary to reset the distance between primary and secondary mirror by means of some actuating mechanism. This distance can be corrected with the help of re-focusing mechanism & concept modification of the mechanism is discussed over here.

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Repair and restoration work of reinforced-concrete (RC) structures is increasing because of the deterioration of aging infrastructures worldwide. Generally, plain mortar and polymer-modified mortar are widely used as repair materials for RC structures. In this study the effect of the combined use of polymers with supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) on certain mechanical and durability properties (such as compressive and flexural strengths, water absorption, carbonation, and chloride penetration) of modified mortars is evaluated experimentally. Sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA) , is utilized to developed light weight bricks-that serve a purpose of solid waste management and energy efficient alternative low cost construction material. To replacing the cement, with that in mind a research was conducted by utilizing (SBA) with cement and sand. The research involved the preparation of mix proportions of various replacement level of cement by SBA such as 0%, 5, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%, With the cement sand ratio of 1:3. The testing cubes are 70.7mmX70.7mmX70.7mm in size.

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Energy consumption is increasing all over the world because of increasing in population, lifestyle etc. World is mainly depending on fossil fuels for the energy needs. Due to this continuous energy consumption, the fossils fuels are depleting rapidly and also producing environmental pollution. Liquid fossil fuels are the main and most frequently used energy sources for automobiles. Automobiles are using petroleum derived fuels as main fuel in their existing engines, which results in emission of greenhouse gases and other pollutants. Global warming and environmental pollution are the outcome of these emissions. The petroleum products which we are using rapidly are going to deplete within certain years. Hence there is a need to search an alternative fuel. But, considering the fact that the entire development of automobile industry is based on the use of liquid fossil fuel, it is difficult to expect a change this trend to a mass development and use of new engine constructions that would be suitable for some other type of fuel.

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Node positioning in the monitoring area is one of the most crucial issues in wireless sensor networks and their deployment should be cost-effective. The deployment cost depends upon the number of sensing devices deployed. Thus, optimum number of sensors should be kept in mind while optimizing the various network preliminaries like energy consumption, network coverage and connectivity. This paper proposes a sensor node deployment approach that uses multi-objective evolutionary algorithm to optimize two conflicting objectives network coverage and energy consumption while maintaining the connectivity between each sensor node and the sink node. The objectives are to completely cover monitoring area with minimum energy consumption in an efficient manner through deterministic deployment of such sensors. A simulation study is carried out to compare the performance of proposed algorithm with multi-objective territorial predator scent marking algorithm (MOTPSMA). Result shows that proposed algorithm outperforms the performance of MOTPSMA in terms of network coverage and energy consumption.

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The precise estimation of Gaussian noise level in vision and image processing applications like Radar, medicine imaging, Biometrics etc are critical to the processing techniques that we follow in conventional algorithms. On the basis of study of singular values of noise corrupted images a new novel algorithm is proposed. The novelty of proposed algorithm is that its addresses major problem in noise estimation. a) The use of the tail of the of singular values for noise for noise estimation to alleviate the influence of the signal on the data basis for the noise estimation process. b) The addition of known noise to estimate the content-dependent parameter, so that the proposed scheme is adaptive to visual signals, thereby enabling a wider application scope of the proposed scheme.

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Built-In Self-Test (BIST) techniques are used to find solution to the difficult problem of testing VLSI systems and circuits. Key vector monitoring simultaneous BIST scheme used to avoid problems in online and in offline BIST schemes. A original key vector monitoring simultaneous BIST architecture has been presented and SRAM-cell are used to store the information of whether an key vector has appeared or not during normal operation. The proposed method is three weight pattern generation pseudorandom built-in-self-test (BIST) method to achieve complete fault coverage in BIST applications by reducing number of vectors. Weighted sets are 0, 1, and 0.5 have been used generate test pattern generation and achieve low testing time less power consumption, The proposed scheme is simulated and synthesized using Xilinx 12.1 software.

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Lifetime maximization: Energy/Power Consumption of the sensing device should be minimized and sensor nodes should be energy efficient since their limited energy resource determines their lifetime. To conserve power the node should shut off the radio power supply when not in use. We have measured performance of three algorithms in these experiments. Parameters for performance measurements are Residual Energy, Dead Nodes, Packets sent to BS. These parameters are shown in above figures and are plotted against number of rounds. If we consider residual energy and total number of rounds then LEACH-C and the grid based LEACH-C perform better than random LEACH. The residual energy at the end of total number of round shows that LEACH-C and the grid based LEACH-C most uniformly distributed energy dissipation among nodes and LEACH performs. For network integration or dead nodes criterion both algorithms perform far better than other algorithms. For number of packets sent to BS criterion the grid based LEACH-C performs better than other algorithms.

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