Experiments were performed to study the removal of heavy metals from waste water treatment plant sludge by soil washing method. Increasing release and accumulation of heavy metals in soil by industrial and other human activities pose serious threat to the functioning of the components of ecosystems, viz., biota, air, water and soil. Heavy metals are known to cause significant environmental damage and human health problems due to their mobility and solubility. Soil washing technology is the most efficient, easy to operate and simple method for treatment of soils contaminated with heavy metals. Soil washing is one of the most suitable in-situ/ ex-situ remediation method in removing heavy metals .To increase the performance of soil washing various chemicals can be added, such as Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (Na2EDTA) solution were used as extractants. Sludge samples were subjected to chelant extraction using a solution of disodium salt of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Na2EDTA). In this paper an attempt has made to evaluate soil washing technology for heavy metal removal i.e zinc from the contaminated sludge by optimizing the parameters like reaction time and EDTA concentration. Zinc removal efficiency was found to be dependent on contact time, EDTA concentration and their initial concentrations in contaminated soils. The results showed that removal efficiency of zinc were maximum using EDTA (0.1M) is 40-50%.This paper also describes the development of a bench scale model and results obtained from these bench scale tests. These test showed that the new soil washing process can remove the heavy metals from sludge economically and efficiently. The experiment was carried out to study the removal of heavy metals from sludge obtained from waste water treatment plant by soil washing method for land application.

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With the increasing demand of cement due to rapidly increasing construction works, research and development works has been going on to obtain the supplementary cementing material which can raise the strength and provide high performance to overcome this challenging demand. These supplements can be any of these viz. natural materials or by-products of manufacturing industries or industrial wastes or such materials whose manufacturing requires less time and energy. This paper emphasizes the effect of Rice husk ash and sugar molasses on strength properties of concrete. The experimentation has been carried out for evaluating the strength properties of concrete by using Rice husk ash as a replacement of Ordinary Portland Cement and Sugar molasses as admixtures into the concrete composition. Five different percentages of sugar molasses are chosen in the experimentation as 0, 0.4%, 0.8%, 1.2% & 1.6%, 2% by weight of cement and OPC is replaced by Rice husk ash with 10% by weight of cement. Finally it is concluded that flexural strength of concrete enhanced when admixtures like Sugar molasses added into the concrete composition.

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In this paper the Calcium aluminate nanoparticles were prepared by solution combustion method, using procured calcium nitrate, aluminium nitrate and urea (as fuel). Stoichiometric amounts of calcium nitrate, aluminium nitrate, and fuel urea were calculated using the total oxidizing and reducing valencies of the compounds which serve as numerical coefficients for stoichiometric balance. Initially Ca(NO3)2.4H2O and Al(NO3)3.9H2O were dissolved in a minimum quantity of water along with urea in a silica crucible (with a volume of 100cm3). The crucible was introduced into the muffle furnace which was preheated to 500°C. Also the variation of fuel to oxidizer (F/O) ratio was studied. The study was carried out for leaner to richer fuel ratios. In the case of CaAl2O4 combustion synthesis results were achieved when fuel (urea) was used. The use of fuel allowed the formation of pure, nano-crystalline CaAl2O4 directly from the combustion reaction. The effect of fuel ratios was investigated by variation of the ratios in which the fuel was taken.

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Due to pozzolanic reactivity, Sugarcane bagasse Ash used as a supplementary cementing material in mortar and concrete. It has economical and technical advantages to be used in mortar and concrete. I am going to replace cement by the SCBA by 5%, 10%, 15% & 20% by weight of cement in different experiments to find out the maximum strength and compare it to the normal mortar at 7,14 and 28 days. Therefore this research is an investigation of the performance of the mortar made of partially replacing the OPC and PPC with SCBA on the structural integrity and properties of SCBA mortar.

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This paper discusses the implementation of an OFDM in wireless communication. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a technique of encoding digital data on multiple carrier frequencies. OFDM is mainly chosen modulation technique for wireless communication. In OFDM scheme, large number of orthogonal, narrow band subchannels or sub carriers transmitted in parallel, divides the transmission band width. The separation of sub carriers is theoritically negligible such that there is an compact spectral utilization. The bit error rate and the ISI in multipath in standard techniques like QAM are high which are reduced by implementing the OFDM technique.

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This paper presents a new fully automated image based classification method to evaluate the neurodegenerative disease, by feature extraction from brain magnetic resonance (MR) images based on support vector machine (SVM). Neurodegenerative diseases involves large variety of mental disorders, the evaluation of disease is not particularly related to visual differences carried out by radiologists. Such analysis that may examines the disease, which may not give comprehensive results to disease. Hence by this paper we introduced general and special visualization software designed in Visual Basics 2010.Application will produce quantitative and clinical analysis of MR images of brain. We use the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) as the case study; the results are affected regions of AD, and a plotted graph for regions of interest and percentage of death of neurons. This is achieved by fusion strategy, which combines bottom-up information flow and top-down information flow. Bottom-up includes Multiscale analysis of features from different images, where as top-down includes learning phase and fusion problem. Finally difference in individuality of regions found by this approach is highly correlated to clinical studies of Alzheimer’s disease.

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In recent years, on-line Social Networks became a vital a part of everyday life for several. One elementary issue in nowadays user wall(s) is to convey users the power to manage the messages announce on their own non-public house to avoid that unwanted content is displayed. Up to currently user walls offer very little support to the current demand. To beat the downside the projected methodology relies on the general short text classification strategy on Radial Source Functional Networks (RSFN) for his or her well-tried capabilities in acting as soft classifiers, in managing strident information and per se obscure categories system permitting user wall users to own an on the spot management on the messages announce on their walls. This is often achieved through a RSFN system, that permits users to customise the filtering criteria to be applied to their walls, and Machine Learning primarily based soft classifier automatically labelling messages in support of content-based filtering with full security to avoid unwanted vulgar messages on the timeline with safe manner.

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Microstrip patch antennas are getting more and more importance now a day. This is because of their versatility in terms of possible geometries which make them applicable for different situations. The suitability for integration with microwave integrated circuits and the light weight construction are two main features in addition with the simplicity of the structures which makes this kind of antenna suitable for economical manufacturing. This is why microstrip patch antennas are used in mobile communication applications. The compactness of its size makes it more useful for handheld devices. Microstrip patch antennas are used in different places such as aircrafts, spacecraft’s satellites and missile applications too.

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Bridges are required to be provided under earth embankment for crossing of water course like streams, Nallas across the embankment as road embankment cannot be allowed to obstruct the natural water way. Bridges are also required to balance the flood water on both sides of earth embankment to reduce flood level on one side of road thereby decreasing the water head consequently reducing the flood menace. These can be constructed with different material such as masonry (brick, stone etc) or reinforced cement concrete. Since bridge pass through the earthen embankment, these are subjected to same traffic loads as the road carries and therefore, required to be designed for such loads. Culverts are required to be provided under earth embankment for crossing of water course like streams,. This Paper deals with box culverts made of RCC, with and without cushion. The size, invert level, layout etc. are decided by hydraulic considerations and site conditions. The cushion depends on road profile at the culvert location. The scope of this Paper has been further restricted to the structural design of box. The structural design involves consideration of load cases (box empty, full, surcharge loads etc.) and factors like live load, effective width, braking force, dispersal of load through fill, impact factor, co-efficient of earth pressure etc. Relevant IRC Codes are required to be referred. The structural elements are required to be designed to withstand maximum bending moment and shear force. The Paper provides full discussions on the provisions in the Codes, considerations and justification of all the above aspects on design. Proper design covering these aspects has also been given in the Annexure. To our knowledge, these matters have neither been covered in any text book nor in any special publication at one place. This project deals with box minor bridges made of RCC. The size, invert level, layout etc. are decided by hydraulic considerations and site conditions. The cushion depends on road profile at the bridge location. The structural design involves consideration of load cases (box empty, full, surcharge loads etc.) and factors like live load, effective width, braking force, dispersal of load through fill, impact factor, co-efficient of earth pressure etc. Relevant IRC Codes are referred. The structural elements are designed to withstand maximum bending moment and shear force.

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Data mining is process of discovering new knowledge from database. Email is one of the essential factor of data communication. Spam emails are emails that the receiver does not wish to receive. Spam email is causing series problems for internet users, Internet service provider and the whole internet backbone network. In this work various spam email techniques are discussed. Using Spam email dataset Preprocessing and classification is workout in Weka Explorer. The dataset is taken from UCI repository. Multiple classification Techniques can be examined to get better result. By analyzing all these techniques, the Random Tree with Partition Membership Filter gives better Performance than others. Here Weka tool is used as a software tool to analyze result.

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In this paper discus my research works on the near far problem in the CDMA network by using P-CDMA and QPSK modulation. There is different parameter that related to the near far problem like output probability, low gain, high gain, transmission capacity and interfaces between the channels. Fading play the important role in the near far problem so we must required the proper Rayleigh fading in the network. The interference between the channels creates the problem in signal quality so we must require precoding technology that specified the difference between the channels and improve the channel quality. To different shade the low gain signal and high gain signal we must required the threshold value that switch the signal from low to high and high to low gain. The threshold value for the gain depends on the distance between base station to mobile station and gain of the antenna. By using these different parameters we try to overcome the near far problem in the CDMA network. Network cellule area cover the small part to reduced the near far problem in the network. P-CDMA is used to reduce the near far problem in the network.

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In Current world, sectors of engineering, management, science use the important techniques based on probabilistic methods. And because in these fields most common tool to relate with the thing is aiding in decision making under uncertainty. Because Logical Reasoning has limitations that it requires that assumptions be considered “certain”, also it typically uses general rules. General rules that are reliable may be difficult to come by and also Logical reasoning can be awkward for certain structured domains such as time and space. In this paper, i basically focus on Bayes’ Rule which is important to solve the problem in artificial Intelligence domain. Later the focus is on Bayes’ network and how it helps to easily understand the problem domain and efficiently to solve the problem. Later the discussion on real time solved example in the domain of artificial Intelligence using the said Rule followed by benefits of Bayes’ network for Expert System and Weakness of it.

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There different bridge strengthening methods are available but use of advanced composite material for bridge strengthening is a relatively advanced phenomenon. Application of composite materials for bridge strengthening has larger market as it can be used for strengthening of columns which are most likely to be deteriorated by the corrosion. It is relatively easy to clean and repair these columns and encase them with the non-corrosive composite materials. This paper provides a review on use of advanced materials for bridge strengthening. In this paper, different aspect of use of composite materials for bridge strengthening has been revealed.

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Conservation of natural resources and preservation of environment is the essence of any development. The problem arising from continuous technological and industrial development is the disposal of waste material. If some of the waste materials are found suitable in concrete making, not only cost of construction can be cut down, but also safe disposal of waste materials can be achieved. Total replacement of concrete is not possible due to no material plays the role of concrete in terms of strength, durability, and workability. We have to partial replace all the material to achieve desire properties of concrete in terms of workability, strength and durability. This paper includes survey of Recycled aggregate used in the concrete, from this survey we can understand the effect of Recycled aggregate and waste material on the properties of concrete.

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Due to pozzolanic reactivity, Sugarcane Bagasse Ash is used as a supplementary cementing material in mortar. It has economical and technical advantages to be used in mortar. I am going to partially replace cement by the use of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash by 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% by weight of cement in four different experimental procedure to find out the maximum strength and compare it with the strength of normal brick masonry mortar by using the grade of ML at the days of 7days, 14days & 28 days. This research therefore is an investigation of the performance of the brick masonry mortar made of partially replacing OPC with Sugarcane Bagasse Ash on the structural integrity and properties of SCBA mortar.

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In this paper, we investigate the effect of curing condition on the self-compacting concrete with age and duration of lapses in curing of concrete. In this fast developing world where time is most precision, Builders and contractors cannot engage their valuable precision in 28 days in curing of each and every element of the structure unknowingly or under unavoidable circumstances. It may possible that curing could not be done continuously i.e. breaking of curing process; this is general problem for high rise structure where it resists speedy construction. Lack of scaffolding can also create a problem. This work is mainly concerned with mix design of self-compacting concrete of grade M25 and studies the variation of curing time on concrete compressive strength. These cubes for mix design of M25 self-compacting concrete were cast using OPC 43 grade cement concrete and were cured for 28 days with breaking of curing process for 1st day, 2nd day. In 84 numbers of cubes and also sample sets were cured continuously 7 days 14 days 21 days and 28 days and was tested for characteristics strength of concrete due to breaking of curing process within 1st 10days of curing, after10days continuous curing, breaking of curing process effects in the compressive strength of cement of concrete after 28 days. The concrete cubes gain strength about 31.6n/mm2 of the target compressive strength for OPC of cured for first 7, 14, 21, and 28 days respectively.

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A new auxiliary circuit for an ac–dc single-stage power-factor-corrected (SSPFC) full-bridge-type converter is proposed in this paper. The new auxiliary circuit is simple, handles low power, and is active only when the converter is operating under light load conditions. In this paper, the operation of an SSPFC converter is briefly reviewed and the main principle behind the auxiliary circuit is explained. The new auxiliary circuit is introduced, its operation is explained, and its feasibility in a multilevel SSPFC is confirmed with experimental results.

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Now-a-days adders are mostly used in various electronic applications such as Digital signal processors and computing devices. Adders are used to perform various algorithms like FIR, IIR etc. In Modern electronics, Digital systems play a prominent role in day to day life. Arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction and multiplication still suffer from known problems including limited number of bits, propagation time delay, and circuit complexity. The speed of digital processor depends heavily on the speed of adders they have constraints like area, power and speed requirements. The delay in an adder is dominated by the carry chain. In adders Binary Signed Digit Numbers are known to allow limited carry propagation with more complex addition process. Some of the limitations of this system are computational speed which limits formation and propagation of carry especially as the number of bits increases. Therefore it provides large complexity and low storage density. Carry free arithmetic operations can be achieved using a higher radix number system such as Quaternary Signed Digit (QSD). In present study, QSD number system eliminates carry propagation chain which reduces the computation time substantially, thus enhancing the speed of the machine. QSD Adder or QSD Multiplier circuits are logic circuits designed to perform high-speed arithmetic operations. A higher radix based signed digit number system, such as quaternary signed digit (QSD) number system, allows higher information storage density, less complexity. A high speed area effective adders and multipliers can be implemented using this technique. Carry free addition and other operations on a large number of digits such as 64, 128, or more can be implemented with constant delay and less complexity. The Design is simulated & synthesized using Xilinx 10.1.

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This paper conclude the experimental studies on the structural strength characteristics of the brick masonry cement mortar having partial replacement of Ordinary Portland Cement(OPC) by the Rice Husk Ash. Masonry mortar was proportioned in 0 % to 25 % range with cement replaced by RHA. Using relevant Indian Standards the compressive strength test was conducted on the masonry mortar cubes. The optimum results are found on the replacement of cement by RHA at extent of approximately 15% on 28 days duration of curing.

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Automobiles are the major source of atmospheric pollution international causing various health and environmental related risks. Regardless of the importance, the exhaust automotive emissions are inefficiently understood and enumerated. The increasing sizes of urban areas, increasing vehicle population and increased driving distances have led to serious pollution levels in many cities. With reduction in the emission limits the air quality, has not improved considerable as prophesied, mainly intended for NOx emissions. One of the main causes for the gap is the emission measurement under the legislative test cycles and their efficacy during the actual driving conditions. A vehicular emission needs to be modelled and derived from the actual driving conditions rather than the legislated drive cycle data. For commercial vehicles the main gap lies in the repeatedly used engine speeds that these falls outside the range presently experienced under the type approval testing. India follows a dual fuel policy and dieselization of India’s automobile with subsidies for diesel fuel increasing the particulate matter emissions. Realistic exhaust emissions rests largely on elements such as dynamic driving pattern, atmospheric circumstances, fuel quality, road conditions, altitude variation and vehicle aging. Major pollutants like NOX, CO, PM and VOC differ under dynamic condition than those under the steady state. India is following European emission standards, besides the road conditions and vehicle specifications are not up to those standards. This study aims to identify the emission gap on the base of evaluation and assessment of operating circumstances underneath legislative test cycles and the actual driving conditions in the normal traffic. The vehicle was equipped for logging of various engine and vehicle related parameters. The operating conditions were divided into three parts rural, urban and highway.

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Strengthening of existing structures has become a major part of construction activity in our country. Many civil structures are no longer safe due to increased load specifications in the design codes. The beam column joint is the crucial zone in a reinforced concrete moment resisting frame. It is subjected to large forces during severe ground shaking and its behavior has a significant influence on the response of the structure. The assumption of joint being rigid fails to consider the effects of high shear forces developed within the joint. The shear failure is always brittle in nature which is not an acceptable structural performance especially in seismic conditions. The revisions of Indian code provisions have necessitated strengthening of several existing structure in country.

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The aim of these study deals with optimization of newly design ball burnishing tool and process parameters in conventional lathe machine using taguchi method. The work piece materials used is Aluminium Alloy 6061 and ball of high chromium high carbon with 8mm diameter. The input parameters during process are selected on basis of one factor at a time experiment and are burnishing force, burnishing feed, burnishing speed and number of passes. The response parameters are surface roughness. The optimum set of parameter is 250 rpm speed, 0.18 mm/rev feed, 8 kgf forces and 4 numbers of passes for minimum surface roughness.

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In this paper, we investigate the effect of curing condition on the self-compacting concrete with age and duration of lapses in curing of concrete. In this fast developing world where time is is most precision, Builders and contractors can not engage their valuable precision in 28 days in curing of each and every element of the structure unknowingly or under unavoidable circumstances. It may possible that curing could not be done continuously i.e. breaking of curing process; this is general problem for high rise structure where it resists speedy construction. Lack of scaffolding can also create a problem. This work is mainly concerned with mix design of self-compacting concrete of grade M25 and studies the variation of curing time on concrete compressive strength. This cubes for mix design of M25 self-compacting concrete were cast using OPC 43 grade cement concrete and were cured for 28 days with breaking of curing process for 1st day, 2nd day in 84 numbers of cubes and also sample sets were cured continuously 7 days 14 days 21 days and 28 days and was tested for characteristics strength of concrete due to breaking of curing process within 1st 10days of curing, after10days continuous curing, breaking of curing process effects in the compressive strength of cement of concrete after 28 days. The concrete cubes gain strength about 31.6n/mm2 of the target compressive strength for OPC of cured for first 7, 14, 21, and 28 days respectively.

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Bowl and Bowl Hub Assembly is a major component of a Bowl Mill, which is considered as the grinding component, where in the raw coal lumps are crushed to the desired micron level upon the Bowl and then fed to the boilers for efficient combustion. The prime purpose of this paper is to focus upon the stress analysis for the Bowl and Bowl Hub Assembly and to check whether the design lies within the safe working load conditions, and further optimize the Design. The component has been analysed for the failure criteria – Von Mises Stress. The software packages used for 3D modelling of the component was Solid Works, for the stress analysis the software package used was ANSYS-14.

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In this paper, Koch star shaped fractal antenna is proposed for commercial applications. The antenna has been designed by using self-similarity property i.e. Boolean addition of triangular shape patches [1-3]. Designing of Koch snowflake for different resonant frequency by increasing number of iterations are given. The proposed wide-band antenna is designed to operate at personal communication system (PCS 1.85–1.99 GHz), universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS 1.92–2.17 GHz), Bluetooth /wireless local area network (W-lan), which operate in the 2.4 GHz (2.4–2.484 GHz) bands, mobile worldwide inter-operability for microwave access (mobile WiMAX), and WiMAX, which operate in the 2.3-2.5 GHz. The proposed antenna is fed by a 50Ω microstrip rectangular feed line and fabricated on a low-cost FR-4 lossy substrate having dimensions 40(l) × 40(w) × 1.6(h) With =4.4. The antenna shows acceptable gain 2-3 in the antenna bandwidth with nearly radiation pattern Omni-directional in the frequency band for telecommunication system applications [4-8].

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