The operation of electronic devices results in generation of heat. Increase in operating temperature causes overheating problems and leads to failure of the component. The heat generated within the system must be dissipated to the surroundings. This is done by heat sink. In the present work electrical heater is placed in between two halves of heat sink with rectangular fins so that heat generated can be distributed equally. Heat transfer coefficient values are calculated from the measured data. Experiments have been conducted to determine the heat transfer coefficients under natural convection by placing fins in horizontal orientation in open air. From the experimental results it could be seen that, heat transfer coefficient h increases with heat input and also with temperature difference.

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Packet classification is the critical task in networking and it is used by network processor present in router to classify the packets according to the header field values. Packet classification is the process of matching packet header values to the rule header values. The packet is processed according to the matched rule. The contribution of this paper is “ Pipelined packet classification” architecture using hyper cut algorithm. This architecture is based on building the decision tree. The pipelined architecture for packet classification reduces the critical delay and gives high throughput of 3.98 Gbps.

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This article shows the investigation details of the glass fiber and carbon fiber it mainly deals moderate strength. the properties of these composites are tested by conducting experiments on tensile and compression on universal testing machine and impact on izod impact machine. Lightweight, excellent corrosion characteristics and rapid installation capabilities created tremendous opportunities for these composite panels in automobile industries.

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Data exchange and data publishing are becoming an essential part of business and academic practices and data owners need to maintain the principal rights over the concern datasets that they share. This survey reviews the right-protection mechanism that can provide detectable evidence for the legal ownership of a shared dataset, without compromising its usability under wide range of machine learning, mining and search operations. The watermarking preservation algorithms protect important properties of the dataset which are essential for mining operations and so guarantee both right protection and utility preservation. It proves fundamental lower and upper bounds on the distance between objects. In particular, it establishes a restricted isometric property, i.e., tight bounds on the expansion of original distances. The review of various methods is discussed to assess the quality and reliability of right-protection mechanisms. From the survey it is observed that the right-protection mechanism based on watermarking technique has good efficiency and better capability for upgrading the best approach and helps to overcome the problems by analyzing and focusing the components of watermarking preservation algorithms. This analysis used to design fast algorithms for NN (Nearest Neighbors)-preserving watermarking that drastically prunes the vast search space. Then the performances of various existing watermarking algorithms are discussed and also the limitations of object distance validation are discussed.

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While it is probable to investigate the World Wide Web (WWW) for images, there is still no best way of searching the image. Hence recognizing and modeling landmarks at world-scale is a valuable and crucial task. First of all, the looks of any given landmark vary from one observation to successive. In addition to variations as a result of entirely diverse aspects, association in illuminated amendment, external litter, and dynamic geometry of the imaging devices are alternative factors affecting the variability of the ascertained landmarks. Finally, it is generally troublesome to create use of correct 3D information in landmark recognition applications. For those reasons, it is unacceptable to use several of the object recognition techniques. Hence it is vital to investigate the various techniques of landmark recognition so that we can find out the bottlenecks and how further improvement can be possible. In this paper, we perform a survey on various landmark recognition techniques and try to build a world-scale landmark identification engine.

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In Mobile Ad-hoc Networks if forwarding nodes have high mobility, there are more chances to make local topology inaccuracy. If the node involved in the forwarding path moves frequently then there is the situation of link failure which leads to packet loss. Hence it is required to select the nodes with low mobility which means selection of node as forwarder based on its mobility. Mobility based forwarding node selection scheme improves the routing performance. Source node predicts the distance of each neighbor from itself at particular time (t) using the current location of neighbor and speed of the neighbor. After certain time (t+T) it predicts the distance again using the current location of neighbor. In both situations if the node comes under neighbor status then it is highly stable neighbor. To apply this routing scheme, distance between destination and highly stable neighbors are calculated. The neighbor which is having the minimum distance is selected as forwarder. If there is tie between the nodes then the node which is having high willingness value become forwarder node. This willingness value can be calculated using power, coverage and reliability of the node. The higher values there are more chances to become forwarder node. The message confidentiality and integrity has also being implemented using RSA asymmetric key encryption algorithm. The node authentication is also implemented using Aggregate Signature algorithm. The simulation result shows how it can reduce broadcasting redundancy and improves the packet delivery ratio.

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The necessities to obtain better speed, this paper list to a change in parameter of full adder circuit that has been proposed by using 3T XOR gate combining CMOS with pass transistor logic. The design that has been given shows a significant improvement in propagation delay constrain. The proposed adder gives better propagation delay in comparison with the previously existing reference design. The 50nm technology has been used to investigate the performance of 8T full adder circuit and the complete design is simulated with the help of LTSPICE.

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Scheduling has become a problem of keen interest as a result of its widespread application in all areas. Effective scheduling approaches results in maximum utilization of resources. As scheduling in problem of interest to various researchers, various novel techniques are being proposed by various researchers to use the resources in an efficient and effective manner. Various heuristic have also been combined with different techniques to solve scheduling problems. Here, in this paper, we discuss how genetic algorithm can be used to solve CPU scheduling problems in an innovative manner. The same technique can be used for scheduling any resource. To attempt the problem of CPU scheduling, we use efficient encoding, and design appropriate crossover and mutation operators. Each individual is an encoded version of a proposed solution. The proposed approach consists of the individuals evaluation, their selection, which will contribute to the next generation using recombination of the parents by means of crossover, mutation and other operators.

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As the technology grows day by day, testing of an embedded microprocessor in a SoC environment is becoming more complex. The design is explicitly focused on achieving testing speed and less area of the test program in a SoC. In this paper, a proposed technique which presents an innovative solution to the SoC testing. Here, architecture for the embedded microprocessor testing has been designed by using Verilog language. The proposed architecture restricts the processor to execute a test sequence during the normal operation in an online scenario, to save the execution time. Instead, it is connected to the system bus like a normal memory core to perform the test operation. The design saves execution time and uses less area for its testing unit. Nowadays, the Software-based Self-Test (SBST) and Built-in Self-Test (BIST) techniques are very popular in testing Microprocessors to reduce the testing challenges. But, SBST technique is the most preferable one in the on-line scenario. The Proposed architecture which combines BIST and SBST principle gives the perfect system to reduce the testing time in on-line scenario. The benefits of using this architecture is that it doesn’t require a memory of the system to store the data, which tries to maintain IP of the processor core and saves the execution time. The proposed solution is designed and simulated using Xilinx 13.1.

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For the Energy efficiency purpose BEENISH Protocol is used. The WSN network has the various nodes is used for transmit and receive the data or packets. For this transmission, these nodes used the maximum energy. When the extreme energy is used during transfer of information ,the duration of network will be decreased and also decreased constancy time of network. Many protocols are used for this issue .The BEENISH is an energy efficiency protocol which is used for rise network lifetime and for rescue energy of the nodes. Proposed code of the BEENISH protocol is implemented on the mat lab.

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Every Indian family is issued a Ration Card by Government of India and the families are entitled to receive subsidized food grains against the card. Quantity of different grains like rice, wheat are fixed for every month for the families depending upon their income. However many families do not claim their quota of ration and yet few families manages to acquire card of other families. This has led to anarchy and black marketing of the subsidized product. As a solution to aforementioned problem this paper proposes a transparent and highly scalable Ration Distribution (Food Distribution) system with biometric authentication with face and fingerprint Biometric for Ration Card Holder. Every time ration is collected by the family is logged into the smart card. The data logging system is connected with cloud to maintain a centralized inventory across the nation. Biometric data of one member of the family is also logged in the card. Every time before ration collection, the authorized person needs to go through the verification phase. Therefore not only false and dummy card ration collection is avoided but at the same time a proper log of quantity par product acquired by the card holder is also tracked. This architecture replaces the conventional paper ration book with RFID based smart card.

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We know Turbocharger as boosting device which increases volumetric efficiency. Here is this work turbocharger is modified with Wastegate valve. Wastegate operated and Intercooler equipped turbocharger are used to enhance the performance and reduce emission. This study is mainly concerned on the effect of bypassing the exhaust which is going to turbine. Three types of Wastegate opening are selected that is 20, 50, and 80% opening. Now emissions at both outlets that is Wastegate and turbine outlet are measured. It is found that waste gate outlet has lesser emission of CO2 and HC.The use of a Wastegate operated turbocharger on this test engine has clearly increased its performance compared to its stock naturally aspirated form. As exhaust is bypassed from main exhaust line with different Wastegate opening selected. Intercooler is mainly functioned for increase in volumetric efficiency by cooling the intake charge so that more air to engine and which results finally at higher engine output. As a result we found increase in volumetric efficiency up to 7%.

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Engine is an important part of the of the vehicle, it is heart of the vehicle. it is important to in keep in right position in vehicle ,so that it cannot cause trouble to passenger and driver comfort. The main problem by engine is the generation of vibration effect by it , which caused noise and vibration problem to passenger and driver . For this engine mounting system is used to reduced this problem . Engine mounting system pass through several refinement in order to optimized it to better design .. one such refinement is done in this work ,by changing the cross section of supporting rod of engine mounting bracket and done finite element analysis on this design on the three metal hot rolled steel , aluminum ,magnesium . the reason for taking three metal for analysis , is to reduce the weight of design ,which result in reduced in the cost of making and, the lesser load applied to transmission system of vehicle

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Load Balancing, in cloud computing is very big issue. Proper load balancing algorithm helps in achieving user satisfaction and good resource utilization. Data Center Selection Algorithms are used to assign data center for user base. User base is collection of user requests. There were overheads in earlier Data Center Selection algorithms. Some improvements are implemented in new service broker algorithms. In this survey we focus on the shortcomings of algorithms and improvements performed and future scope in this field.

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Soil liquefaction has been a major cause of damage to soil structure, lifelines and building foundation. Liquefaction is one of the major types for ground failure. Liquefaction is a soil behavior phenomenon in which a saturated soil losses their strength and stiffness due to high excess pore-water pressure generated by during strong earthquake ground shaking. The devastating damage of liquefaction induced ground failures in the Alaska 1964 and Niigata 1964 earthquakes serve as a clear reminder of such events. Liquefaction is one of the main effects during an earthquake that is responsible to structural failure and damage to roads, pipelines and infrastructures. Liquefaction is one of the ground failures in potential earth science hazard. Zoning for liquefaction, therefore, has been an important goal for seismic hazard mitigation. Ramgarh Taal is situated to the southeast of Gorakhpur in Uttar Pradesh. It is a natural lake. Since Gorakhpur falls in the seismic zone IV so there is need for the assessment of liquefaction potential. So the study area is “Ramgarh Taal” to recognize the conditions that exist in a soil deposit before an earthquake in order to identify liquefaction. The main aim of this work is to analyse the liquefaction potential of “Ramgarh Taal” in Gorakhpur city using SPT data collected from the various sites of project by simplified procedure of Idriss & Boulanger. Determination of liquefaction potential due to earthquake is complex geotechnical problem. Many factors including soil parameters and seismic characteristics influence this phenomenon. To assess the liquefaction potential in an area, it is important to examine the geotechnical characteristics like grain size distribution, percentage of silt, water table, water table depth and SPT ‘N’ value. Here liquefaction potential analysis is done to determine the factor of safety at different depth. The liquefaction is severe in the “Ramgarh Taal” due to the presence of silt and poorly graded sand. So the assessment of liquefaction helps us to select a suitable ground improvement technique and foundation system for future correction in the region. This study helps us to mitigate the disastrous effect of liquefaction.

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Algorithms which have been created for predicting the perceived quality of a image defines the field of objective visual quality assessment (QA). Recent image quality assessment (IQA) methods achieve excellent correlation with human visual perception of quality of image. Basically, it is a challenge to produce better results. One promising method is to rate image quality estimation by visual importance. To this result, we describe three strategies- Full Reference IQA (FR), No Reference IQA (NR), Reduced Reference IQA (NR). In comparison with some basic studies we find that all these schemes can enhance the comparisons with subjective judgment significantly. There is an important factor in IQA which is depends on the information change. Many metrics have been used to estimate the difference between distorted and reference image. There are various families present, which depend on change in information, varies from full reference to no reference. Here we will have brief look on FR, NR, and RR QA metrics.

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Our aim is to develop a robust visual monitoring system that passively detects moving objects in a specified space and identify the activities of those objects. In the paper, we focus on foreground detection. Mixture of Gaussian is a very well know and friendly approach for background modelling to detect moving objects. Our method improves Gaussian mixture model by continuously updating the mixture parameters. It gives faster update and a smoother object mask. The Gaussian mixture model approach consists of different Gaussian distributions, mean, standard deviation, weight. So, focus is to develop a robust visual monitoring system which can work successfully against illumination variations, clutter background, slow moving objects, sawing trees and objects being introduced or removed from the frame.

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Big Data, a new technology is a collection of large amount of data sets which include medical data, business data, weather data, organizations data, etc.,. The size of the data will ranges from dozens of terabytes to many petabytes. Because of the presence of such a huge amount of data it becomes tough to handle by traditional data processing applications such as relational data base management systems, desktop statistics and visualization packages. So a massive parallel processing software technique that will run on hundreds and thousands of servers are required. The challenges are listed as storing, retrieving, sharing, searching, transfer, analysis, capture, and visualizing. There are many techniques that are existing to handle and process all these data sets in which some are hadoop, map reduce, hive, pig, zookeeper, Hbase and so on.

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Gas Tungsten Arc Welding Process is leading in the development in arc welding process which uses a non-consumable Tungsten electrode to produce the weld that increasing higher productivity and good quality [1]. The present investigation highlights Experimental and Analysis of Butt Weld on Weld Pool Geometry of Aluminium Alloy Plate Using Finite Element Method. The welding parameters like welding current, shielding gas flow rate and welding speed play a major role in deciding the joint properties. Welding parameters influence in the mechanical properties. The mechanical properties of welded materials are measured in terms of tensile strength and Brinell hardness using Design of experiment concept; experiments were carried out to predict tensile strength and Brinell hardness of the welded joint. After that temperature distribution and distribution of the stresses in the welded aluminium alloy plate during the welding operation are investigate by finite element method using ANSYS software. In fact, welding of aluminium is one of the biggest challenges to the practicing engineers. At present trend in fabrication industry, it is necessary to have welding because of high reliability, easiness in operation and good surface finishing. This concept can be effectively utilized in the manufacturing of ship building, Pressure vessels, aerospace and transportation equipment such as building of railroad cars, vehicle bodies and missile components.

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Although personalized search has been proposed for many years and many personalization strategies have been investigated, it is still unclear whether personalization is consistently effective on different queries for different users, and under different search contexts. In this paper, we study this problem and provide some preliminary conclusions. We present a large-scale evaluation framework for personalized search based on query logs. Also, we reveal that personalized search has significant improvement over common web search on some queries but it has little effect on other queries (e.g., queries with small click entropy). It even harms search accuracy under some situations. We propose a PWS framework called UPS that can adaptively generalize profiles by queries while respecting user-specified privacy requirements. Our runtime generalization aims at striking a balance between two predictive metrics that evaluate the utility of personalization and the privacy risk of exposing the generalized profile.

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Developing intelligent machines for recognizing a character is certainly not an easy task simply because a character could be printed in many possible methods. Also you will find so imperfections that are many variation of handwriting such as for example alignment, noise and angles, which will make handwritten character recognition tough to implement with a device. All these imperfections of handwritten characters may not be removed easily. This means that a single process or single machine just isn't capable of performing the method that is entire. You can accomplish it by a few processes that return some result that is desirable. This paper is about the related work for Handwritten Numeral Recognition and its Approaches.

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Pressure vessels are containers to store a fluid of any form under pressure. Pressure inside the vessel might either be positive or negative. Since the pressure vessels are usually associated with high pressures and temperature, design of these vessels is of utmost importance as human life and property are at risk. Because of such high stakes industries follow a standard code for the design and fabrication of such pressure vessels. The aim of this work is to carry out a detailed design & Fatigue analysis of a Spherical Pressure vessel. The Project deals with the design, analysis and fatigue life evaluation of a Spherical Pressure Vessel as per ASME standards. In this case a spherical pressure vessel was considered since it is a more stable structure in comparison to other shapes. The pressure vessel is being designed as per ASME codes & standards to legalize the design. Geometrical and finite element model of Pressure vessel is created using CAD CAE tools. The obtained FEM results are compared with ASME standards and a good agreement between them is obtained. Fatigue life evaluation of the pressure vessel is done with ANSYS fatigue tool for 30 years, on an average of 10 cycles per day. Two shell materials have been considered for analysis, carbon steel and a stainless steel. Comparisons are drawn between the two materials and a better material is suggested.

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Delay tolerant sensor networks (DTSNs) are a class of emerging networks that experience frequent and long-duration partitions and are kind of wireless mobile network which may lack continuous network connectivity. Multicast distributes the data to multiple users, a service is required for many DTSNs applications. There exist delay in the network due to link congestion and routing path length to overcome this problem the routing algorithm of minimizing maximum link congestion on grid networks is being used. There can be a possibility of malware occurrence to a node so depending upon the behavior of the node the malware detection is done. The proposed work aims at using threshold based filtering propagation algorithm to detect the malware in the network.

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In construction industry concrete made has its own priority above all constructional materials in the ancient time lime was used as a binder material for construction, but as time elapses concrete took his place as a binder and its wide use makes it important. It has different properties which plays an important role among them compressive strength is the most essential one as more is the strength more will be its capacity to hold live load on it after it hardens. As we know concrete constitute of cement, sand and coarse aggregate and coarse aggregate have the maximum volume of the concrete, so on some aspect its quality may also affect the properties of concrete. Granite gravel and crushed quartzite were used as a coarse aggregate in concrete for M40 mix and design mix was as per IS: 10262-2009 and with both type of coarse aggregate super plasticizer was also used. Hence for specimens of granite gravel with and without admixture and specimen of crushed quartzite with and without admixture suggested crushed quartzite is also appropriate for making concrete by using it as a coarse aggregate without admixture.

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Concrete made from ordinary Portland cement continues to be used as one of the primary material because of its durability and strength characteristics in service life. But the contrary becomes the case when such concrete is exposed to aggressive environment created by the prevalence of chloride ions that are common in marine/coastal environment characterized by temperature extremes, that is peculiar to India. Same time, present global environmental requirements suggest the civil engineers for reducing the consumption of OPC. Use of mineral admixtures like Blast Furnace Slag, Fly Ash and Silica Fume etc. in concrete may be a suitable solution in such situation. Hot marine and coastal environment with large variations in temperature, constitute an aggressive environment that has been found to be deleterious to the strength and durability characteristics of concrete, thus causing premature deterioration of concrete structures. Research works to reverse this trend go on continuously. This paper presents one of such works which investigates the effect of partial replacement of cement with slag and replacement of normal river sand with crusher dust for concrete preparation. The specimens cured at elevated temperatures were studied for all the durability criteria at the optimized crusher sand percentage. It discusses the resistance of GGBFS blended concrete to Chloride attack, Sulfate attack, Carbonation, Aggregate-Silica reaction and Frost attack with factors influencing its performance. It was found out that partial replacement of cement with slag increases the resistance of concrete to chloride penetration. The durability of HPC specimens was evaluated on the basis of reduction in compressive strength when exposed in Sulfuric acid (pH=5) solution for 28 days. Specimens containing lesser alkali were found to have lower water absorption as compared to normal concrete.

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