One of the important research areas in Image processing is the retrieval of images. When size of database increases continuously, the applications involving images face new challenges such as storage management, indexing, knowledge management and retrieval presentation. We need an efficient retrieval mechanism to retrieve images from the multimedia database. CBIR- Content-based image retrieval is an image retrieval technique used to retrieve images efficiently by using low level image features like texture, shape and color. This survey paper focuses on different features descriptors for image retrieval and analysis of various retrieval techniques using low level features- color, texture and shape –to improve the performance and accuracy in CBIR system.

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We know that the spring plays very essential part of every automobile for suspension point of view. Leaf spring is the main type of suspension system which is used in many light and heavy vehicles. Leaf spring used in many vehicles due to having some main characteristics which are shown below. 1) Uniformly load distribution 2) Lower cost 3) Rough used 4) Easier in Isolation and Tightly attached with working frame Today every automobile company has been working on increasing the efficiency with reducing the weight without having any load carrying capacity. In this paper we would like to review some previous research work performed on the leaf spring by previous researchers for increasing the working condition and capacity with load reduction. The paper based on material composition, experimental testing and load (Steady, Dynamic) study etc.

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A people becomes more interested to watching their weight, eating healthy food, and avoiding the obesity, the system can measure calories and nutrition in every day food intake. The method of food calorie and nutrition measurement systems are used to measure and manage daily food intake for patients and dieticians. The system has built on camera for food image processing and uses nutritional tables. Recently, these are increased in the personal mobile technology usage (i.e. smart phones or tablets). In special calibration technique, our system has the built-in camera of mobile devices and a photo of the before and after eating food can records and it to measures the consumption of calorie and nutrient components. Result of our system is acceptable accuracy and it efficiently improved and it facilitated the current manual calorie measurement techniques.

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Image retrieval plays an important role in many areas like fashion, Engineering, Fashion, Medical, advertisement etc. As the process become increasingly powerful and memories become increasingly cheaper, the deployment of large image database for a variety of applications. It has now become realisable. Content Based image retrieval is method of extracting the similar image or matched image from the image database. It has become popular for getting image from the large image database. By using low level features like colour, texture, shape the retrieval become more efficient. There are many research algorithm developed for CBIR. In this paper we have used two retrieval process query by colour and query by texture. Colour features contain colour histogram in RGB colour space and texture features involve the invariant histogram and mean and standard deviation to retrieve the image. It is observed from the experiment that query by texture is more effective than colour for retrieving images. Precision and Recall provides the performance measurement.

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In now days the information sharing is very important. One organization shares the information of user to another organization for the better survey purpose. But the sensitive data of user will not be disclosed. So for that purpose we have to hide some sensitive data of user for that the data must be encrypted. K-anonymity algorithm is one of the ways to encrypt data so that data cannot be stealing and the information in the data will not modify. But there is some way to attack on the k-anonymity encrypted data. One of the way is background knowledge attack, in this if the attacker knows some basic information about the use then he can get the detail from database. If we can add some more data in the original database and the apply k-anonymity algorithm so that the attacker is get more rows of data and he will confuse so the data should be protected from the attacker.

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The aerodynamic performances of the Ahmed body is explored statistically using ANSA software for pre-processing and for post processing and solving ANSYS FLUENT software and in the learning the K-Ô‘ (k-epsilon) turbulent model is recycled in demand to decrease at computational price at extraordinary Reynolds number. In the following analysis the four configurations with slant angle of 100, 200, 300 & 400 are measured. The correlation between aerodynamic drag and rear diffuser angle is precised and flow apparatus are evaluated and discoursed. In the explored the completely established turbulent flow in excess of Ahmed body and evaluate the effect of slant angle, four separate cases have been solved for different slant angle and results are compared. The results understand the better lift and drag for a body.

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Current trends in construction industry demands taller and lighter structures, which are also more flexible and having quite low damping value. This increases failure possibilities and also problems from serviceability point of view. Now-a-days several techniques are available to minimize the vibration of the structure, out of the several techniques available for vibration control, concept of using TLD is a newer one. In the present work, the structure without and with tuned liquid damper buildings of G+10, G+20, and G+30 storey height structural models are considered. The vulnerability of without and with tuned liquid damper structures under various load conditions are studied and for the analysis seismic region 3 with different soil types are considered. Analysis is carried out for different heights to study the seismic behavior of structure without and with tuned liquid damper building analysis is for different heights to see what changes going to take place if the height of both structural systems varies. Therefore, the characteristics of the seismic behavior of both structural systems suggests the additional measures for guiding the conception and design of these structures in seismic regions and also to improve the performance of these structural systems under seismic loading. Present work provides a good source of information on the parameters lateral displacement, storey drift, base shear, and time period. The analysis is carried out by E-Tabs software.

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Cement concrete paver blocks is a versatile blocks, Now a days which is used widely for road construction. Cement concrete paver blocks roads are very easy to construct because these blocks are easily placed and easily removed. Sugarcane bagasse ash is by product of sugar industries. Residue which is left after juice taken out from sugarcane is known as sugarcane bagasse, when these sugarcane bagasse are dried and burnt then this residue are known as sugarcane bagasse ash. In this article sugarcane bagasse ash are partially replaced by cement in concrete paver blocks upto 50% with an interval of 10% and its compressive strength and workability is determined.

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Electronic waste or e-waste describes discarded electrical or electronic devices. Used electronics which are destined for reuse, resale, salvage, recycling or disposal are also considered as e-waste. Informal processing of electronic waste in developing countries may cause serious health and pollution problems, as these countries have limited regulatory oversight of e-waste processing. Solid waste management is one of the major environmental concerns in our country now a day. The present study covers the use or recycled e-wastes as replacement of coarse aggregates in concrete. The main aim of the study is to investigate the change in mechanical properties of concrete with the addition of e-wastes in concrete. It is found that the use of e-waste aggregates results in the formation of lightweight concrete. In this dissertation coarse aggregate is partially replaced by coarse aggregate upto 25% with regular interval of 5%, along with fly ash partially replacing cement in concrete of grade M50.

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Optical character recognition (OCR) is the mechanical or electronic conversion of images of typewritten or printed text into machine-encoded text. Character recognition becomes difficult if the document images are degraded. So binarization is a technique that is used to remove the degradations. Libraries and archives around the world store large amount of old and historically important documents and manuscripts. But, due to many environmental factors, the poor quality of the materials used in their creation and improper handling cause them to suffer a high degree of degradation of various types. Today, there is a strong move towards digitization of old documents such as manuscripts so that their content can be preserved for future generations. Character recognition from noisy and degraded documents is still a challenging task. While considering historical document analysis, old printed documents have a high occurrence of degraded characters, especially broken characters due to ink fading. The objective of document image analysis is to recognize the text in degraded document images and extract the intended information. Here, a character recognition technique is proposed for the degraded document images. A strike removal method is also implemented to remove the strikes that are drawn over the text in the document images. Also, a contrast enhancement has been done to the adaptive contrast image using three methods which are linear contrast enhancement, piecewise linear stretch and homomorphic filter. The performance analysis is done based on the contrast enhancement that is done to the adaptive contrast image. The character recognition step includes horizontal scanning, vertical scanning and recognition using Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). The proposed system recognizes almost all characters of the input image.

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This work covers the comparison of opc,ppc,psc cements manufactured in Chhattisgarh in different brand name. the properties of each type of cement have been tested in lab and analysed with respect to the physical properties such as consistency, initial and final setting time, specific gravity, fineness and initial and final strength of mortar cube. The aim of the of this paper is to compare the different type of cement produced in the state, to find stability for different type of work. The rate of the strength development in initial and final stage have been analysed so that a field engineer can be understand what type of cement can give the best performance for different type of work. In this paper we are comparing different brands of cement available in Chhattisgarh in terms of their strength development. By comparing their physical and chemical requirements as per IS Code recommendation and performing various laboratory tests like Compressive Strength, Initial and Final Setting Time of Cement, Fineness of Cement, Specific Gravity of Cement and find the strength development in different types of cement available in market. Strength development has been carried out at 3 days, 7 days, 14 days and 28 days of different brands of OPC grade cement. The advantage of performing this experimental work as a paper, we can select the best cement brand available in Chhattisgarh.

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Investment casting process is used worldwide to manufacture as cast precision castings specially for super alloy castings mainly for Aerospace and Automotive Industry. The process of investment castings is very complicated compared to other commonly used casting processes. Very crucial stages in this process are 1) first coat of zircon silica on pattern assembly and 2) Metal pouring in preheated shells. These two stages of the investment casting processes are usually performed manually in small scale Investment casting foundries causing defects which increase the cost of quality and scrap. This increases delivery lead time affecting profit gains. This scenario is typical for small scale investment casting foundries making small yet high production castings.

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The heat transfer rate of solar air heater can be increased by increasing the heat transfer coefficient on absorber plate. Various artificial geometries have been developed and experimented to determine the effect of geometry roughness on heat transfer rate. Moreover, a DPSAH with artificial geometry is more efficient than a single pass with artificial geometry. A review of such studies is presented in this paper.

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There are many ways to use two servers for authentication purpose like symmetric and asymmetric authentication servers. In symmetric authentication server two servers contribute equally to each other for the authentication purpose. In asymmetric two servers one server helps to another server for the authentication purpose. In this paper two symmetric servers for the purpose of authentication. This is first system that providing periodic backup facility. Also it is showed here that how the two server contribute equally in process of password authentication scheme. Client can share files from another client or to the another client. This phenomenon provides security against active attack and passive attack also.

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In this paper a method for segmenting optic disk from retinal images is presented. In this work the retinal image is preprocessed and then converted to Hue, Saturation, Intensity image. The optic disk is then extracted using Image processing technique. For a patient with diabetic retinopathy exudates along with optic disc is extracted. The presence of exudates indicates diabetic retinopathy. According to the severity of the extracted exudates, the condition of the patient can be identified as mild, normal or severe.

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Improving the quality of image has always been an issue of image technology. Enhancing the quality of image is a continuous ongoing process. To ensure the quality of image in image processing noise estimation and removal are very important step before analysis or using image. An example-based method for super-resolution and denoising of images is proposed. The objective is to estimate a high-resolution image from a noisy low-resolution image, with the help of a given database of high and low-resolution image patch pairs. This method uses a redundant dictionary learning to reconstruct the HR image. The redundant dictionary is trained by K-SVD algorithm which is an iterative method that alternates between sparse coding of the examples based on the current dictionary, and a process of updating the dictionary atoms to better fit the data. Denoising and super-resolution of images in this paper is performed on each image patch. In this paper K-means Singular Value Decomposition (K-SVD) and Iterative Back Projection methods are proposed for denoising and Super Resolution of images. These algorithms significantly improve the resolution and eliminate the blur and noise associated with low resolution images, when compared with the other existing methods.

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Fingerprints marks are the most extensively used biometric feature for Human identification and verification in the field of biometrics till today. There are two main types of features that are used for fingerprint identification that are ridge and furrow pattern. The location and orientation of each minutiae is unique which is acquired and used for further references. This paper presents the implementation and defining of a minutiae based approach to identify fingerprints and serves as a review of the different steps involved in the development of minutiae based Automatic Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS). The technique described in this paper is based on a new case of removal of the false minutia extracted from the fingerprint image which is binarized and thinned as a part of pre-processing.

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Manufacturing problems are very crucial, need vigilant and immediate attention otherwise it damages to company’s not only profit margins but also reputation. Quality Management includes quality assurance and control. It is an important technique to maintain and continuously improve quality of the product. Out of many techniques used to improve quality, reduce rejection, Ishikawa diagram is very well known and widely used. Ishikawa diagram is very useful to identify the probable causes of error or problem from different perspective. Our research is in chain link manufacturing, the Ishikawa diagram is used to identify various root causes for chain link rejection due to ovality problem. After detailed study of chain link manufacturing process and data gathering for many problems which causes rejections, first problem chosen to ovality problem and scrap of product, because it contributed heavily around 7% to 8% of total production. The root causes identified as outcome of Ishikawa diagrams implies that many causes behind rejections. To reduce the rejection related to chain link, identified causes have to priorities and attended. [1,2].

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For visually handicapped people a mental support is important in their daily life and participation in a society. The select clothes with complex patterns, colors of clothes is a challenging task for visually impaired people. We have developed a camera-based system that is use to recognizes clothing patterns in four different categories that is (plaid, striped, patternless, and irregular) and identifies different 11 clothing colors. We used the CCNY Clothing Pattern dataset. The system integrates a camera, a microphone, a computer, and a Bluetooth earpiece for audio description of clothing patterns and colors. The output of this system is audio signal. The clothing patterns and colors are described to blind users verbally. This system can be controlled by speech input through microphone. in this survey paper I provide a comparison report among all technique which are provide a clothing pattern and color recognition of cloth for visually impaired people.

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Images play an important role in the real world, images are used for describing the changes in the environment and also use of traffic analysis. Images are captured in open environment due to the bed whether or atmosphere images are not a clear. Images acquired in the bad weather, such as the fog and haze, are extremely degraded by scatting of the atmosphere, which creates the image color gray, decreases the contrast and create the object features challenging to recognize. The bad weather not only lead to variant of the visual outcome of the image, but also to the difficulty of the post processing of the image, as well as the inconvenience of entirely types of the tools which rely on the optical imaging, such as satellite remote sensing method, aerial photo method, outdoor monitoring method and object identification method. There are some prior assumptions which need to be considered in removal of the fog. So basically fog removal algorithms work by estimating the depth. There are numerous applications of fog removal such as in the case of navigation and tracking, entertaining industries, and customer electronics.

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Mobile devices get more involved as media delivery platforms; the worth of advertising on these devices becomes significant. Many systems have been developed to make use of this opportunity. In existing system, the peers among the group will request directly for advertisements to ad-server which leads to lack of privacy in the system. Because of this act of the peers, the other peers among the group can easily access the request of the particular peer which is not a valid process on ad-server. To overcome this, we propose a model to enhance the security process of previous system and to reduce the communication cost. We developed three roles: Service Provider, Content Provider, and Mobile Peers. Service provider provides the advertisement to Ad-Server. Ad-server distributes the advertisements to the Content Provider. Mobile peers (user) install third party application. The peer group formation starts when a peer broadcasts an ad announcement. We used three different algorithms to overcome the problem of existing system, we generate key signature using HMAC algorithm, the data transformation between the peers and the ad-server process is done securely using Base64 algorithm and the energy efficiency in the primary peer is increased using RSA algorithm. We introduce the concept of re-encryption process using the intermediate peer among the group of peers to enhance the security so that the peer’s id is hidden from the ad-server as well as the primary peer to avoid unauthorized process.

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Now a days, We are using “open Applications”, are (e,g Social Networking ,News and Blogging), these applications are non-confidential. My work involves securing the web services over SOAP, based on the HTTPI. Approach through an experiment and show that provides higher throughput, lower average response time and lower response size than HTTPS based web service security. The end to end security guarantee of HTTPs only allows web content Delivery Networks (CDN). Based on these observations, we have designed a lite protocol for secure web HTTP Integrity. HTTPI relies on HTTPS to share session keys and use them for keyed hashing HTTP page.

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India has made remarkable progress in engineering and technical education over the last two decades. In a teaching-learning environment a teacher plays various roles. Ramsey (1999) says, “The role of an effective manager is to create a climate that welcomes, supports, and rewards innovative thinking and problem solving”. A teacher provides students’ motivation and interest for life-long learning and urges them to become autonomous learners. Technical education is widely recognized as an important part of the total education and training system. The real challenge is how to reposition it in response to the global forces driving change in a knowledge based economy. Since Independence, the Technical Education System has grown into a fairly large-sized system, offering opportunities for education and training in a wide variety of trades and disciplines at certificate, diploma, degree, postgraduate degree and doctoral levels in institutions located throughout the country.

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The primary function of the gate drive circuit is to convert logic level control signals into the appropriate voltage and current for efficient, reliable, switching of the IGBT module. An output driver stage consisting of small power MOSFETs or bipolar transistors convert the logic levels by alternately connecting the IGBT's gate to the appropriate on and off voltages (VON and VOFF, respectively). Most gate drive circuits also isolate the low level logic signals from the dangerous high voltage present in the power circuit. In this paper, V/f control principle is summarized and simple IGBT gate drive circuit with over-current protection is proposed with frequency control module and rectifier bridge module to implement of V/f drive for induction motor. Driver circuit test results are shown.

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In this paper, while using capacity of Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Method (ANFIS) to master via instruction facts, you possibly can develop prediction of Inverse Kinematics of 5-degree of flexibility (DOF) manipulator in this function. Soon after researching the end result, it can be concluded that the couples capacity of Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Method (ANFIS) is very useful because this method comes with a normal figure work with mix of Nerve organs Multilevel and also fluffy reasoning. This Productivity of ANFIS may be concluded by seeing the symptoms plan, continuing plan and also normal possibility plan. This particular existing examine with applying different nonlinear products with the prediction from the Inverse kinematics of 5-degree of freedom robotic manipulator will offer an invaluable way to obtain info with regard to different products. On this document all of us use anfis formula with matlab and discover forwards and also inverse kinematics of all 5 dof robotic arm.

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