Edge detection is a necessary tool in image processing, machine vision and computer vision and plays a vital role in the field of feature detection and feature extraction. Edge detection has various applications in image processing such as image automation, remote sensing, criminology, security, medicines, military applications etc. Edge detection has a major role in pharmaceutical industries. In Pharmaceutical industries, drugs i.e. Tablets and Capsules are produced in a large scale every day. These tablets and capsules may not be produced precisely i.e. .they are in damaged form when produced. It could also happen that drugs are missing in a blister. So, Proper inspections of these pharmaceutical drugs are required. So edge detection helps in inspection .This paper presents comparative analysis of various edge detection techniques.

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Exception handling is a mechanism that provides an efficient way to handle errors in software applications. In object-oriented programming handling of exceptions constitute problems of code tangling and repetitive code. A spoofed parent class in place of parent class may be used to manage the exception. If we implement security concern using Object-Oriented Programming we face not only the problem of code scattering and code tangling but also there is a problem of unreliable implementation of security concern. Traditional techniques have lack of modularity to implement concerns like exception handling and security that creates many difficulties in the development and maintenance for the concerns. In order to centralize security and exception handling that increase its modularity and reusability and provide intensified verification and security in accessing of resources, we put forward existing methodology for Aspect-Oriented security and exception handling into an Object-Oriented System.

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License plate recognition is process of extracting License plate area from image and converting them into human recognizable characters. License Plate Recognition has been widely used for Traffic surveillance, law enforcement, Parking and toll collection System. Automatic License plate recognition (ALPR) is also called as automatic number plate recognition (ANPR). ANPR system is divided into Image acquisition, License Plate extraction and Segmentation, and Character recognition. This paper represents different algorithms proposed by researchers for recognizing license plate from captured image.

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This paper gives you a brief idea about how we can design, plan and implement computer networks. The knowledge of this makes you a solid, well-rounded network designer. It trains you in multiple levels and areas regarding the ability to work with routed and switched networks. It includes the decision about which networking device to choose. How to assign IP addresses and what are the various schemes available for the same. What are the various security measures which are there for a network? It includes detailed knowledge about all the devices which we can use for designing a network. It fully develops your networking knowledge and helps you add value to any organization’s network.

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Purpose: Accuracy in dose prediction of dose calculation algorithms is very important aspect in external beam radiation therapy. This study investigates the effect of deformity on dose calculations computed by treatment planning system. Methods: A phantom (30x30x30 cm3) containing rectangular solid water blocks and two 5cm air gaps was used for central axis dose calculations computed by collapsed cone convolution superposition algorithm (CCCS) and Pencil Beam Convolution algorithm (PBC) in Oncentra Dynamic Environment treatment planning system. Phantom is scanned by computed tomography scanner and the image data set is transferred to the planning workstation. Depth dose measurements were taken using a cylindrical ionisation chamber for identical beam parameters and monitor units as in the depth dose computations. The calculated and the measured percent depth dose (PDDs) were then compared. The data presented in this study included 6MV photon beam and field sizes of 3x3 cm2, 5x5 cm2, 10x10 cm2 and 15x15 cm2. Results: The x ray beams traversed through the different media and interact as per the densities of the inhomogeneous material and deposits dose. The collapsed cone convolution superposition was within ±1.1% in the first water medium. However, upon traversing the first air gap and reentering the water medium, in comparision to the measurement s, the CCCS under predicted the dose , with difference ranged from -1.2% to -3.1% for 3x3 cm2, from -2.4% to -4.1% for 5x5 cm2, from -2.3% to -6.2% for 10x10 cm2 and -1.2% to -6.1% for 15x15 cm2.After the second air gap, the CCS continued to under predict the dose , and the difference ranged from -3.3% to -3.1% for 3x3 cm2, from -2.1% to -5.3% for 5x5 cm2, from -2.1% to -6.4% for 10x10 cm2, and from -1.3% to -5.4% for 15x15 cm2. Conclusion: The CCCS under predicted the dose in water medium after the photon beam traversed the air gap region.

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This project aims at the implementation of Interrupt Controller using VHDL (Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description Language). The Interrupt Controller is an integral part of the computer system. It accepts all the interrupts generated, selects the interrupt with the highest priority and generates the appropriate redirected location. The 8259A is one of the most popular interrupt controllers in use today. The 8259A manages 8interrupts according to the instructions written into its control registers. It is designed to minimize the software and real time overhead in handling multi-level priority interrupts. It has several modes, permitting optimization for a variety of system requirements. In this project, the 8259A is designed to handle 15 vectored interrupts using VHDL.VHDL is chosen as the synthesis methodology for the ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit) design. The key advantage of VHDL, when used for systems design, is that it allows the behaviour of the required system to be described (modelled) and verified (simulated) before synthesis tools translate the design into real hardware (gates and wires). Another benefit is that VHDL allows the description of a concurrent system. VHDL is a dataflow language, unlike procedural computing languages such as BASIC, C, and assembly code, which all run sequentially, one instruction at a time. Through this project, the Interrupt Controller is intended to be designed in VHDL and tested using simulation in Model Sim.

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In Digital world information security is very important, there is must required transmit secure and private information over the network. safety is also serious in broad variety of purpose. So whenever we transfer information between two parties it required cryptography techniques. In this paper we describe some different techniques and Core idea about the public encryption techniques and symmetric techniques that provide the security and how to generate key in different way and provide confidentiality and secure our data. Finally it conclude all types of techniques and compare it.

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The process of image enhancement to improve image in form of brightness and contrast in different parameters. Many images suffer from poor contrast. Image enhancement improves an image appearence by increasing dominance of some parameters in image. Histogram equalization (HE) is that which is widely used for enhancing image due to its functionality which is simple. And another technique is Brightness preserving Bi-histogram equalization (BBHE) which is widely used for for enhancing brightness of the image. In this paper, hybrid approach by combining both these techniques to get more suitable result than original result is proposed.

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With the quick development of versatile cloud services, it becomes extra and additional liable to use cloud services to share knowledge in associate passing friend circle among the cloud computing surroundings, Since it isn't potential to implement full life cycle privacy security, access management becomes a tough task, significantly when we tend to share sensitive data on cloud servers, thus on tackle this drawback, we've got an inclination to propose a key-policy attribute-based secret writing with time-specified attributes (KP-ABTS), a novel secure data self-destructing theme in cloud computing, among the KP-ABTS theme, each cipher text is labeled with a amount whereas personal secrets associated with a time instant, the cipher text can solely be decrypted, if every the time instant is among the allowed amount and so the attributes related to the cipher text satisfy the key’s access structure. The KP-ABTS is in a place to resolve some necessary security problems by supporting user outlined authorization quantity and by providing fine-grained access management throughout the quantity, the sensitive info are aiming to be firmly self-destructed once a user-specified expiration time, the KP-ABTS theme is tried to be secure beneath the choice l-bilinear Diffie-Hellman inversion (l-Expanded BDHI) presumption, comprehensive distinction of the protection properties indicate that the KP-ABTS theme planned by USA satisfies the protection wants and is superior to alternative existing schemes.

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In cognitive radio network TCP Throughput is one of the measure issues to improve the performance of the CR network. However most research work concentrated on performance improvement of TCP has weaknesses as follows:-The underlying parameters are only considered to increase the TCP Through-put, keeping the transport layer parameter unchanged. Hence to solve the above problem markov decision process base Algorithm is used in this paper. Formal decision analysis has been increasingly used to address complex problems in cognitive radio Network. The proposed work provides a study on the construction and evaluation of Markov decision processes (MDPs), which are powerful analytical tools used for sequential decision making under uncertainty. In this proposed work each CRN users autonomously decides modulation type and power to be transmitted in PHY layer, channels which is to be selected in MAC layer to get best TCP Throughput. Simulation result shows that the network can learn the optimal policy to improve the TCP Throughput in cognitive radio network.

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The study was undertaken in the Namasudra Community residing in the Bharatinagar village in Habra-I block of Barasat sub-division of North 24 Parganas district in West Bengal state. The focus of the present paper was: to study the people their place of education that is the context of educational spheres, to study the concept of educational system, levels of education of the study area. To study the organizational structure and role of institutions and their changing aspects, to understand the issues and impacts of development projects on the people in the spheres of education in the area under study. The study possesses two major components In-depth school studies and Investigation ethnography. The data as per requirement of the aims and objectives collected from different sources, like, household’s members, teachers, school, students, parents and other welfare as well as administrative units. The primary as well as contextual data have been collected through: 1. Case studies 2.Intensive Interviews, 3. Participant Observations, along with the Structured Questionnaires. The secondary data have also been used from books, journal, administrative reports, under the purview of anthropological ethnography. The main findings of the study are: Formal Education and knowledge of villagers, Mead-Day-Meal scheme which is the main attraction for pre and primary level students in the village and its present situation. The education as well as knowledge of traditional norms and values has to be incorporated in the formal educational system of the village through campaigning, awareness camps along with the incorporate of the same in the course curricula.

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Satellite remote sensing imagery has been used to path changes on the Earth surface for applications including, plantation monitoring, and urban database updating. To achieve this, different sensors have been investigated including optical, synthetic aperture radars (SAR) or multi-spectral sensors. Optical sensors provide high resolution images due to the involved wavelengths. Remote sensing images are commonly used to monitor the earth surface evolution, this surveillance can be directed by perceiving changes between images acquired at different times and possibly by different kinds of sensors. A demonstrative case is when an optical image of a given area is available and a new image is acquired in an crisis situation (resulting from a natural disaster for instance) by a radar satellite. In such a case, images with heterogeneous properties have to be equated for change detection. This paper proposes a new approach for similarity measurement between images developed by heterogeneous sensors. The approach exploits the considered sensor physical properties and specially the associated measurement noise models and local joint distributions. These properties are inferred through manifold learning. The resulting similarity measure has been successfully applied to detect changes between many kinds of images, including pairs of optical images and pairs of optical-radar images. In addition, both low resolution and high resolution are taken for speckle noise removal with various thresholds and are taken for similarity measurement and image classification using Enhanced Fuzzy C-mean Clustering (EFCM) algorithm.

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An Electrocardiogram (ECG) signal may be affected by different types of noises such as Power line interferences, Base line interferences and Electromyogram. For the accurate analysis of ECG signal these types of noises has to be removed. In this paper, we present a method to remove power line interference of 50Hz noise from an ECG signal. ECG signal is taken from MIT-BIH arrhythmia database. An IIR notch filter of cutoff frequency 50Hz is designed in Spartan6 FPGA for the removal of the power line interference noise

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Research and development in the field of IOT are really boomed up in the modern days. Taking the advantage of this, we are trying to extend the concept of IOT for improving users’ security at any place at any instant. This idea basically works under SMAC (social mobile analytics cloud) to provide security and reliability to users. The fingerprint scanner is placed in a car. Any user who want to use the car need to register their fingerprint with basic information like name, blood group, age, etc. only at first time on the cloud. We placed a number of sensors in the car which get activated when an accident is happens and gives information to the system. The system in the car sends the information to users mobile as well as a number of emergency services like hospital and police through a cloud. If a user didn’t require any kind of help he can notify to a system. As user identification is done through fingerprint scanner specific user information is shared with emergency services which are the main goal of our research.

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This project presents a technique for single phase power factor correction of non-linear loads employing an active power filter. The current control strategy is the same used in the boost pre-regulator, which is the average current mode technique. The project will focus on the design methodology and the analysis of the control strategy which allows the compensation of harmonics and phase displacement of the input current, for single and multiple non-linear and linear loads. Experimental results of an active filter controlling a 200W to 1KW rectifier with a capacitive filter, an 8OOW AC chopper and a 58OW multiple load, which consists of a rectifier with a capacitive filter and an AC chopper, are presented. In the last years the use of electronic equipment has been increasing rapidly. This equipment draws The current from the AC mains has harmonic components, which leads to low power factor, low efficiency, interference in some instruments and communication equipment by the EMI, overtaxed electrical-distribution systems, overheated transformers and electromagnetic fields. However, passive filters have many disadvantages, such as large size, resonance, and fixed compensation characteristics. Therefore, it does not provide a complete solution. The most usual single phase non-linear load is the frontend rectifier followed by a bulk capacitor, which draws current from the input during its charging. The boost pre-regulator is used to reduce the harmonic contents and improves the power factor. The current control loop consists in the average current mode technique. The boost pre-regulator has some disadvantage because it cannot be used in equipment already in service, and it is applied only to one kind of non-linear load which is the front end rectifier followed by a bulk capacitor. A very interesting solution is the use of a single-phase active power filter, which is connected in parallel with then on-linear loads. The active power filters concept uses in power electronics to produce harmonic components which cancel the harmonic components from the non-linear loads. It can limit harmonics to acceptable levels and can adapt itself in case of harmonic component alteration or even changes in then on-linear loads types. Usually the technique used to control the single-phase active filter senses the non-linear load current and calculates its harmonics. This project will focus on the design and the control strategy for a shunt single-phase active power filter.

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In this paper discuss the calculating factor of safety. The strategy of gravity retaining walls in an earthquake-prone environment is generally constructed upon still analysis using an equal seismic coefficient. This can be a suitable approach, provided that the seismic coefficient is strong-minded from a rational analysis of real dynamic behavior. The report discusses the seismic strategy of gravity walls retaining rough backfill with no hole water. The general features of behavior are exemplified by field skills, outcomes from workroom model tests and from theoretical analyses. Both the conventional technique of design and the Richards-Elms (1969) method, based upon a similarity to a sliding block, are reread. An inadequacy of the sliding block similarity is discoursed, and corrections obtained using a two-block model are presented. Numerous birthplaces of uncertainty are examined in feature. The random nature of ground motions, uncertainty in resistance factors, and prototypical mistakes, including the important effect of deformability in the backfill. All of these results are then joint to improvement a probabilistic course of action for estimate seismically induced displacements of ramparts and an improved version of the Richards-Elms procedure of design. The risk that walls planned by the conventional method might experience unnecessary displacements is analyzed. Creator supplied keywords include: Retaining walls--design and assembly (LC); Richards Elms retaining wall design method (WES).

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Intrusions in computing environment are a very common undesired malicious activity that is going on since the inception of computing resources. A number of security measures have taken place for the last three decades, but as Technology has grown up, so as the security threats. With the whole world depending on computers, being directly or indirectly, it is a very important issue to prevent the malicious activities and threats that can hamper the computing infrastructures. From a security standpoint, network security should be a high priority when considering a network setup due to the growing threat of hackers trying to infect as many computers as possible .Our concern revolve around the user traffic NIDPS is the process of identifying and responding to malicious activity targeted at computing and networking resources using Data Mining technique to rectify the intruder in network. The user can deploy our approach into the system to assure a secured intrusion free environment. In this paper, we shall discuss the technologies in details, their functionality, their performances and their effectiveness to stop the malicious activity over a computer network.

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this paper presents the inherent challenges faced by practitioners of agile software methodology. The challenges will force the developers to revert back to old mechanisms. So, we also propose methods to overcome their fears about agile strategy to develop a software. We have developed this paper in to categories and in each category we state the obstacle and how to overcome that obstacle. Agile software has been advocated by six sigma companies as being both effective and sufficient. Effective because it produces working, defect free software and sufficient because it meets all short term, long term requirements. Agile software methodology supports individuals and interactions over processes and tools. Documentation is minimal and customer collaboration is given more priority than contract negotiation. Agile software development embraces change rather than saying it's not in the plan. It progresses in response to user feedback. In agile environment the project adapts itself to changes as rapidly as it is possible.

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In this paper, we prove a common fixed point theorem for a pair of weakly compatible mappings using concept of sequentially weak contraction in which sequence of function is uniformly convergent to a continuous function, which generalise the results of Moradi et. al. [9]. Mathematics Subject Classification: (2001) AMS 47H10, 54H25.

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The sudden development of data and their broad use to solve compound tasks requires more intelligent techniques of knowledge handling. The current research work resulted in a notable number of semantic reference systems enhanced with repositories, vocabularies and ontology. The large use of ontology in the computer science has opened to many wings of knowledge. A lot of work has been done to build ontology for medical field. This paper brings an overview of the ontology that is built in medical fields such as for identifying Diabetes Mellitus, Cervical Cancer, Alzheimer’s disease which could be useful for researchers involved in medical areas and projects that include biology, medicine, health care information technology. The objective of this study is to analyze patients’ history and identify the cause for the disease.

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Magneto Hydrodynamics is a technique through which electrically conductive flue gases are passed through a magnetic field and as a result electricity can be generated. The preliminary requirement for working of MHD is electrically conducting fluids. So we replace the conventional flue gases produced by burning of coal by naturally available salty ocean water. To demonstrate this phenomenon, we conduct an experiment in which salt water is stored in a vessel. It is passed through the MHD generator located above with the help of pump as an experimental set up. Practically, ocean wave energy can be utilised to generate the pump power so that ocean salt water can be made to pass through the MHD generator at the requisite velocity needed. The MHD generator is a vertically held cuboid which contains taper on both ends designed using CAD software Creo Parametric 2.0, PTC. Two permanent magnets are arranged just outside the cuboidal generator’s two opposite faces to produce the necessary magnetic field. As salt water passes through the generator, by MHD principles, electricity is generated and extracted with the help of two copper plates assembled mutually perpendicular to flow and the magnetic field inside the generator. The water then flows back to the stored vessel after passing through the generator. In this way, pollution free and easily available ocean water can be utilized to produce energy with negligible maintenance since it has no rotating part.

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Soiling is the accumulation of dust on solar panels that causes a decrease in the solar photovoltaic (PV) system’s efficiency. The abstract is to show and quantify the soiling losses in a Solar PV Module which affects the generation efficiency. Installation of Solar Rooftop PV System are gaining momentum and its high time we realize how inefficient our PV system if it is not maintained properly. This abstract gives a quantified data of how much losses happen in PV modules due to soiling studied for a month by comparing the difference in generation between cleaned and uncleaned solar modules in a metropolitan city like Bangalore (The study was conducted on the four different types of module technologies installed in a single rooftop of Infosys MNC Building, Bangalore for a period of one month).

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Consolidating the Global Positioning System i.e. GPS and Global System for Mobile Communication i.e. GSM Technology an Embedded wireless system named Theft Detection of Goods and Vehicle Tracking system is propounded. This is a long distance real time vehicle surveillance and security system. In this system load cell is used to fulfil the critical need of continuous weight monitoring of goods in a vehicle and real time tracking of the vehicle.

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This Paper Demonstrates design and simulation of 4-bit digital phase shifter at 2.85 GHz using lumped components for beamforming. The phase shifter is developed using high pass/low pass technique. BAP51-02 PIN diode used to implement Single pole double through switches and Industrial components used as Lumped components. For demonstration purposes, a 45° phase shifter is designed with BAP51-02 PIN diode switches in ADS (Advanced Design System) software.

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This paper describes the design and simulation of a single stage Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) at 3.4 GHz frequency. The single stage amplifier is designed by using MGF4941AL super –low noise InGaAs HEMT. This low noise amplifier (LNA) is design for application of Receiver Ground Station in Ranging Transponder of Indian regional navigation satellite system (IRNSS). The key points are analysis device's stability with Stability factor and the input and output impedance matching with Smith Chart and Tuning. Finally, the performance parameters of LNA were obtained with the simulation of S parameters. The target simulation are gain (S21) with >15dB, noise figure with <2dB, Input and output return loss <-10dB. A single stage LNA has successfully designed with 18.025dB forward gain (S21), 1.750dB noise figure, -11.040dB input return loss (S11), -10.201dB output return loss (S22) by ADS software.

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