The most of the Refrigerators used in India work on electric energy and use traditional refrigerants such as Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) and Hydrofluorocarbons (HFC). Such refrigerators consume too much running cost annually. Also even in current situation electricity is still not available in many remote areas and villages. It results in spoilage of food, meat and medicines. The traditional refrigerants like CFC and HFC have ozone depletion potential (ODP) and global warming potential (GWP). This paper investigates comparative study of domestic electric refrigerators and LPG refrigerators. In LPG refrigerators, refrigerant used is LPG. It is easily available and currently being used in India at both domestic and commercial level. LPG is a byproduct in fuel refinery and comprise of 24.4% propane, 56.4% butane and 17.2% isobutene which have very low boiling point (lower than 0 °C). The use of LPG for refrigeration purpose can be environment friendly since it has no ozone depletion potential (ODP). LPG is available in cylinders at high pressure. When this high pressure LPG is passed through the capillary tube of small internal diameter, the pressure of LPG is reduced due to expansion and phase change of LPG by isenthalpic process. Due to phase change from liquid to gas, latent heat is gained by the liquid refrigerant and the temperature drops. In this way LPG can generate refrigerating effect for a confined space. From experimental investigation, we have found that the COP of a refrigerator which uses LPG is higher than a domestic electric refrigerator.

Read More...

This paper illustrates a street light system based on vehicle movement. India faces a major problem regarding power consumption and power production. This paper presents an idea on how power consumption can be reduced in the street light systems using laser source as sensor and PIC microcontroller. LASER sensors are implanted at a distance away from the street light systems which detects the vehicle and street lights then glows. Until then, street light will be in dim state. Thus this proposed system helps in saving a lot of energy. A programmable microcontroller controls light intensity according to the need.

Read More...

stability limits due to economics and environmental reason and due to of this, the secure operation of power system is very important and challenging issue. A system enters a state of voltage instability when a disturbance occurs, increase in load demand & change in system conditions because of voltage collapse. Based on review, to compensate this problem the SVC is used in transmission system. These papers investigate the effect of Static Var Compensator (SVC) on voltage stability and improvement of that stability in power system. In this paper shunt FACTS devices SVC is used in a transmission line for improving a voltage profile and stability. MATLAB Simulink platform has been used in this study. The voltage at various buses is calculated and weak buses are identified to place the FACTS devices to improve the voltage stability limits are analyzed before and after the placement of svc.

Read More...

This paper aims at designing and executing the advanced development in embedded system for energy saving of street lights. Nowadays, human have become too busy and are unable to find time even to switch off the lights wherever not necessary. The present system is like the lights are switched on in the evening and they are switched off next day in the morning. This paper gives the best solution for electrical power wastage. Also the human effort required is minimised. The paper basically uses two sensors namely LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) and the IR (Infrared) sensor; the LDR will be used to detect whether it is the day or night time and IR sensor will help in finding if the object is present or not. The Raspberry Pi will act as brain to control this system which uses Python programming language. This system is successfully implemented as prototype system.

Read More...

Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan (English: Clean India Mission and abbreviated as SBA or SBM for "Swachh Bharat Mission") is a national campaign by the Government of India, covering 4,041 statutory cities and towns, to clean the streets, roads and infra structure of the country. The aim of the mission is to cover all the rural and urban areas of the country to present this country as an ideal country before the world. This project is designed for the effective dry and wet dirt collection using Embedded System. The main motto of this application collecting of dry and wet waste separately into the dumping vehicles. We will place a conveyor belt on which the dry waste collected dust bins are placed left side and wet waste collected bins on right side. The system gets the input through the dust collecting boy through switches. The switches send the signal to the Micro controller using RF technology and that makes the H-bridge to rotate the conveyor belt. When the belt is rotating the dust bins are emptied to the dumping vehicle in sequence. Here we are using LPC2148 as our microcontroller. This project uses regulated 5V, 500mA power supply. 7805 three terminal voltage regulator is used for voltage regulation. Bridge type full wave rectifier is used to rectify the ac output of secondary of 230/12V step down transformer.

Read More...

orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is used in most new and emerging broadband wired and wireless communication systems. It is an effective solution to inter-symbol interference caused by a dispersive channel. OFDM is also a promising technology for optical communications. It became the basis of many communications standards for wireless and wired applications. The bulky receivers can be replaced by OFDM technique. For better speed we can construct it using SOI technology. For faster operation and better stability we can combine both techniques. The performances of various systems are explained in this paper.

Read More...

The concept of this paper based on electricity consumption and energy savings. The energy consumption is important in energy management includes planning and operation of energy-related production and utility units. We also presents the strategy for purchase and use of electrical equipments and house appliances, which consumers’ decision and behaviour within a framework of their culture to manage electricity consumption and bills in the household and building sectors. About 4 in 5 respondents indicated that their households used CFL (Compact Fluorescent Lamps) or LED (Light-Emitting Diode) lights. 94.8% of the respondents who used CFL/LED lights and more than 70% of the survey respondents indicated, off the top of their heads, that purchasing a more energy efficient fridge or air conditioner (more energy label ‘ticks’) aware that doing so would help them save electricity. For successful electricity consumption and energy savings policy will need to take these factors into account.

Read More...

An operating system (OS) is generally containing of software that operates computer hardware resources and provides some basic services for computer programs. The operating system is a vital component of the system software in a computer system. In simple word operating system acts as an intermediate between the user and hardware. Now –a-days operating system plays an important role for processing the system. It is the first thing that is freighted in to memory. It takes a main role to release the burden from application programmers during the process of different application. It also behaves as an interface as an host for computing paradigms. Operating system offers multiple numbers of services to different application programmes and users. This paper aims to provide a brief idea about different challenges and security issues of operating system and also discusses how to optimize the work of operating system which will be helpful for enhancing the performance of the system.

Read More...

Now a days, password files has a lot of security problem because of affected millions of users and many companies. Password file is generally stored in encrypt format, if a password file is stolen, then using the password cracking techniques and decryption technique it is easy to find most of the plaintext and encrypt passwords. For trouble shoot this here we create the honeyword password i.e. a False password by using a perfectly flat honeyword generation method and try to attract unauthorized user. Hence that time we detect the unauthorized user. Here also protect the original data from unauthorized user. In propose work, it generates honeyword passwords i.e. untrue passwords by using flawlessly honeyword generation way, and also it tries to invite prohibited or unauthorized users. Also in proposed going to authenticate the users using hashing algorithm which gives us more correctness to select authenticate users. Hence notice the illegal users. Here also protects original info from illegal users using other file format.

Read More...

Socio-Economic study of a village will give existing status and it helps to draw road map for the future development. This study coupled with spatial information, adds more precision and it leads to construct complete developmental plan in detail. So in order to find the best choice of achieving sustainable socioeconomic development, it is necessary to find out the association of socio-economic and biophysical condition in different spatial gradients of an area. The location-based problem solving strategies can be tested in producing best possible recommendations for the future. In the present study, an attempt has been made to create a geo-database and assess the Socio-Economic status of T.Puthur village, Andipatti taluka, Theni district with the help of field survey and advance technologies like remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS).

Read More...

Colloids are ubiquitous in nature in the form of solid or liquid or gas. The presence of colloids is significant in environments; hence the study has attained its significance. The current study focuses on groundwater colloids quantifying by filtration method in four different sizes and assessment of requirement of filter membranes for the same. As the result of filtering in four different size membrane we could have get four size ranges of colloids. Two coastal bore wells were selected for this study along the southeast coast of India. The results show that higher accumulation of colloids will increases the number filter membrane due to blocking of pores in the membranes. Compared to these bore wells Kalpakkam Township has higher accumulation of colloids than Anupuram Township and consequently it needs more number of filter membrane to filter the groundwater sample. In both locations 0.8µm size fraction got the least accumulation of colloids and conceding least number of filter membrane for filtration.

Read More...

there are many natural resources, which we are using in our day to day life, water is one of the most important resources from all of them. Water is required to produce Energy, and Energy is required to produce potable water by reverse osmosis process. In this paper our main focus is to help in reducing the energy consumption by utilizing the energy stored in the reject water pressure. There are many methods to reduce energy consumption in various capacities reverse osmosis plants. Seawater reverse osmosis desalination plant with various energy recovery systems is studied using exergy analysis. These energy recovery devices and pressure exchangers as well as infinite area based single and two-stage pressure retarded osmosis units.

Read More...

In the present scenario of developing plastic utility in engineering applications, demand For reliable and faster joining processes had been increased. Ultrasonic welding of thermoplastic is one of these joining methods which is based on application of high- frequency vibratory energy in the work pieces held together under pressure without melting. Ultrasonic welding of thermoplastic Composites has become an important process in industry because of its relatively low cost and high Quality resultant joints.

Read More...

Green Computing also called Green Technology, is the environmentally sustainable to use of computers and related resources like-monitors, printers, storage devices networking & communication system - no impact on the environment Green Computing whose goals are to reduce the use of hazardous materials, maximize energy efficiency, promote the recyclability of defunct products & factory waste computers are not used only in office but also at homes. Computer usage is increasing day by day, so the amount of electricity consumed level also increased by them which in turn in increasing the Carbon content in atmosphere. This problem has been realized by people and measures are being taken which help in minimizing the power usage of computers. This is called as Green Computing. It uses to reduce the energy usage, lower CO2 emissions. Green Computing even includes changing government policy to encourage recycling lowering energy use by individuals and businesses. Its main goal is Saving energy& resources as well as saving money.

Read More...

In this paper we measure the input and output data of the power amplifier. We use memory polynomials and introduce Least Square approach to deduce the polynomial coefficients from the measured data. We compare the measured data with AM-AM and AM-PM model using memoryless and memory polynomial, three box model. Memory Polynomial Model Fitting to a simulated nonlinearity is also performed where measured data is not present. The simulation of performance metrics is based on the measurement of the autocorrelation function and the power spectral density of the output of nonlinearity for different input signals. Phase response, frequency response of input and output filter using three box model also measured.

Read More...

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are important for monitoring most of the distributed remote environments. Nodes fault detection is one of the key technologies involved in WSNs, is indispensable in most WSN applications. The distributed fault detection scheme checks out the failed nodes by exchanging data and mutually testing among neighbor nodes in this network The fault detection accuracy of a scheme would decrease rapidly when the number of neighbor nodes to be diagnosed is small and the node’s failure ratio is high. An improved scheme is proposed by defining new detection criteria. Simulation process demonstrate that the improved scheme performs well in the above situation and the fault detection accuracy can be increased greatly. wireless sensor-actor networks, sensors probe their surroundings and forward their data to actor nodes. The Actors respond collaboratively to achieve predefined application mission. Since the actors have to coordinate their operation, a strongly connected network topology is necessary to maintain at all times. Also, the length of the inter-actor communication paths maybe constrained to meet latency requirement. Cost-Aware SEcure Routing (CASER) is a protocol to address these two conflicting issues through two adjustable parameters: energy balance control (EBC) and probabilistic-based random walking. CASER has an excellent routing performance in terms of energy balance and routing path distribution for routing path security. A non-uniform energy deployment scheme is also proposed to maximize the sensor network lifetime. Our analysis and simulation will show that we can increase the lifetime and the number of messages that can be delivered under them on-uniform energy deployment by more than four times. CASER has flexibility to support multiple routing. The main objective to have a network which gives assurance of packet delivery and give the node time to regain is that it will be able to carry further load Packets on the network. This can be done by using shortest path. Multi-hop-based schemes often impose high node repositioning overhead and the repaired inter-actor topology using two-hop schemes may differ significantly from its prefailure status.

Read More...

The big data field is now not unknown. As the data is expanding from mere bytes to petabytes and zettabytes, the word big data is becoming more and more popular. And so the field of data analysis is also getting bigger and bigger. The big data analysis is also playing a vital role in the healthcare organizations, where the data is now increasing and managing that data is also a big issue in the present world. The information gained by this big data can improve the quality of healthcare provided to the patients. So to provide correct information to the customers we need to do data mining. We will take a look at the techniques used for doing data analysis of the data in the healthcare organizations.

Read More...

This study presents the inequality of district population using probabilistic model. The size distribution of districts and the inequality of population in the districts are related. District sizes are increased based on the area and its population. Pareto model was used to describe the district size distribution. Gini index was used to measure the inequality of population in rural and urban area of the districts. This study includes all districts of Tamil Nadu and their respective population as per 2011 census for an empirical analysis. As per this study, the inequality of the rural population is more than the urban population of all districts in Tamil Nadu state using Gini index or Gini concentration ratio based on Pareto model.

Read More...

The global need for energy is constantly increasing and makes it inevitable to reinforce the use of alternative resources. The sun is one of the richest energy sources in this context and is almost inexhaustible. In the past two decades there has been a significant increase in the use of domestic solar water heaters around the world Solar water heaters are simple solar thermal applications that convert solar radiation into heat that is used to warm water for bathing, washing, cleaning, and cooking. A domestic solar water heating system can provide close to 60% of the energy required annually for water heating in a household.

Read More...

Over the last century, the global population has tripled, and water consumption has increased threefold. Water use in India is no exception to this general trend. The main cause of the increase are growing population and rising food demand. In an agrarian economy like India, the importance of water for agricultural productivity hardly needs any emphasis. With increasing scarcity and growing competition for water, judicious use of water in agricultural sector will be necessary. This means that exact or correct amount and correct timing of application should be adopted. In addition, it will need more widespread adoption of deficit irrigation, especially in arid and semiarid regions. Recent advances in new irrigation technologies will help to identify irrigation scheduling strategies that minimize water demand with minimal impacts on yields and yield quality, leading to improved food security. Irrigation in India includes a network of major and minor canals from Indian rivers; groundwater well based systems, tanks, and other rainwater harvesting projects for agricultural activities. The estimation of "Crop Water Requirement" is essential for irrigation planning and management. The increasing demand and scarcity of water makes it important to use the available water in the most economic way. The accurate determination of an irrigation schedule is a time-consuming and complicated process. The introduction of computer programs, however, has made it easier and it is possible to schedule the irrigation water supply exactly according to the water needs of the crops. Ideally, at the beginning of the growing season, the amount of water given per irrigation application, also called the net irrigation depth, is small and given frequently. This is due to the low evapotranspiration of the young plants and their shallow root depth. During the mid-season, the irrigation depth should be larger and given less frequently due to high evapotranspiration and maximum root depth. Thus, ideally, the irrigation depth and/or the irrigation interval (or frequency) vary with the crop development."Irrigation Scheduling" is necessary to improve the overall efficiency of irrigation projects. Correct assessment of crop water requirement under superior condition is an essential element in order to determine the amount of water required and time of irrigation. The objective of this study is to estimate the crop water requirement and irrigation scheduling using "CROPWAT" for Banana. The CROPWAT is based on penman-monteith method. The study area is Dhandhoda station of Vadodara district in Gujarat, India. Various soil data, i.e. type of soil, infiltration rate, water holding capacity are determined by field experimentation. Climatological data of ten years (2005 to 2014) are used for this study. Irrigation scheduling is carried out for various scenarios as Irrigation at critical depletion, Irrigation at fixed depletion (40 mm) , Irrigation at fixed intervals per stage (7 to 10 days) , Irrigation at user defined intervals (40/50/60/70/80/90/100 days). The study reveals that out of four scenarios studied, the critical depletion scenario is the best one as the yield reduction is minimum. Crop water requirement for Banana varies from 936.6 mm to 745.6 mm over a period of ten years. Crop water requirement of Banana crop for the year 2014 is 853.8 mm and as per irrigation scheduling carried out by Critical depletion scenario, the total depth of irrigation is 878.8 mm with 0.1 percent yield reduction. It is recommended to irrigate the field as per critical depletion scenario as it applies water before the crop goes under water stress and hence it gives maximum yield.

Read More...

The wide growth of wireless technology and Mobile devices in this era is creating great impact on our lives. Some early efforts have been made to combine and utilize both of these technologies in advancement of industry. This research work aims to automate online table booking and food ordering process in restaurants. This system successfully over comes the drawbacks in earlier PDA based food ordering system and is less expensive and more effective than the multi-touchable restaurant management systems. This system allows the user to select the food items from the displayed menu. The user orders the food items. The payment can be made online or pay-on-delivery system. The restaurant owner manages the menu modifications easily. The mobile application on mobile devices provide a means of convenience, improving efficiency and correctness for restaurants by saving time, reducing human efforts and positive customer feedback. The advancement in information and communication technology has greatly influenced business transactions.

Read More...

A Go Cart also spelled as Go Kart is a four wheeled vehicle designed and meant for racing only (though in some countries it is used for fun personal transportation). It is a small four wheeler run by I.C Engine. It is a miniature of a racing car. Go Cart is not a factory made product; it can be made by Automobile engineers. This report documents the process and methodology to produce a low cost go-kart. Simple but innovative. We are reviewing the data in various papers about go-karts. We will review hybrid go-karts, go-karts steering design and their analysis. We have kept our focus majorly on eco-friendly karts and the data presented in the papers.

Read More...

The project involves the analysis and design of sub structure of steel and aluminium roof truss such as column, column base and baring plate with their comparison. The proposed structure is a 10 m height with different spans. The design involves the load calculations, member selections. This paper contains complete overview of use of aluminium in building construction. How it is beneficial in modern age of building construction.

Read More...

In the present work external centerless grinding machine, the manual feeding of work pieces can be replaced by designing and development of automatic feeding system which helps to feed the work pieces automatically into the centerless grinding machine. After grinding of the work piece automatic unloading can be done and finally collected in the tray.All the parts and assembly modeling of automatic loading and unloading system using CATIA V5R19.The cycle time analysis result shows to find the number of work pieces grind per minute and also show how the process takes place with respect to the time.

Read More...

An exploration on face draw amalgamation and acknowledgment of face picture utilizing voracious approach is done by means of scanty representation. The past technique will work not legitimately on components, for example, non-facial variable. Eg: hairdo, fasteners, glasses and so forth. If this elements are incorporated into the preparation picture set. The past system will function admirably on controlled states of a given picture and flop on picture with various sizes, foundations and glasses. This paper joins both earlier information and picture patches to blend a criminal face photograph. Client will give a photograph portray combines by utilizing preparing picture set, word reference taking in picture of a man from the preparation picture set, then fixes it and replaces the photograph fixes by utilizing a scanty coefficients strategy amid the seeking procedure of the picture. To get the yield of photograph fix, first get the meager coefficient of patches by utilizing lexicon learning (DL) technique and afterward look the closest neighbors in all preparation picture set by utilizing scanty coefficient. At that point finding the closest neighbors with earlier information of the suspect, then a last draw can be get by the client from the framework. It has a few applications in law authorization, computerized amusement and activity generation to seek the suspect and split a criminal case.

Read More...