Transfer of data from one place to another is one of the most important day-to-day activities. The rate of increase in use of mobile communication is very high. The current wireless networks that connect us to the internet are very slow when multiple devices are connected. Different wireless technologies are used for wireless communication such as Li-Fi, WI-Fi and WIMAX. In our research work, a relatively new technology is studied and analyzed i.e. (Li-Fi) light fidelity. The subset of visible light communication LI-FI is 1000 times faster than Wi-Fi and much efficient than WIMAX. Li-Fi is based on “data through illumination”. The VLC modulates the intensity of light from LED array which is detected by photo detector (PD) and then demodulated to produce electronic array. In this research work, the comparison is performed between Li-Fi and existing wireless technologies such as Wi-Fi and WIMAX. It is found that Li-Fi is better than existing wireless technologies in terms of speed, safety, cost, security, bandwidth and applications.

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Performance of satellite communication under security risk and its possible solution are presented in this paper. Risk analysis is a four step process that includes; threat assessment, vulnerability assessment, impact assessment, and risk mitigation.The top five risks associated with satellite communications systems can be identified as Meaconing, Intrusion, Jamming, Interference, (MIJI) and physical security. Meaconing is the interception and rebroadcast of signals to confuse communications between organizations. Intrusion in the penetration of the system using processes such as hacking or cracking. Jamming is a technique of preventing RF signals from reaching their destination. Interference caused by the generation of noise or atmospheric conditions makes it difficult to send intelligible message traffic. Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) hardening must considered a high risk item. RF broadcasts directed at the system can damage equipment and disrupt communications. The possible solution are to prevent these security risks are Anti-jamming Communication without Shared Secrets, for these is one solution another is Uncoordinated Spread-Spectrum Techniques, Detection of Reactive Jamming, Error-correcting codes of reliable transmission of information on a noisy channel detecting unknown intrusion using abstract signatures, Diversity Techniques for Broadband Wireless Communications etc.[1][2][3][4].

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The problems faced by bioinformatics researchers in order to carry out their research in an economic and fast manner can be solved easily with the help of Cloud computing concepts. Thus, cloud computing is a boon for bioinformatics research. In this paper we have discussed how the cloud computing will be helpful for bioinformatics researchers. Cloud Computing offers large scalable computing and storage, data sharing, on-demand anytime and anywhere access to resources and applications, and it supports easy but powerful distributed computing models, for facing those issues. In fact, in the recent years it has been adopted for the deployment of several applications in healthcare and bioinformatics both in academia and in the industry. However, cloud computing presents several issues regarding the security and privacy of data.

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Electrical discharge machining is an unconventional machining process that uses the concept of controlled spark discharges which increases the temperature of the surface of work-piece and results into the removal of material from work-piece. EDM is used to machine materials which are hard in nature and have very high strength. There is no direct contact between the tool and work-piece, hence there is no mechanical energy involved in this process. There are three main performance characteristics of EDM –Material removal rate, Electrode wear rate and Surface roughness. In this paper we are going to review multiple published research papers which are mainly focused on the Analysis of the Material removal rate of work-piece by optimising different combination of process parameters like peak current, voltage, pulse-on time, interval time, rotating speed of electrode, arc gap and addition of electrically conductive particles in dielectric.

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Content-based image retrieval (CBIR) is the process of searching for image based on features such as color, texture and shape in large databases. From the previous couple of years, Content based mostly Image Retrieval (CBIR) gained increasing attention from man of science. CBIR may be a system that uses visual features of image to go looking user needed image from giant image info and user’s requests within the style of a question image. Necessary features of images are color, texture. Different image retrieval techniques using content are mentioned during this paper.

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Image scrambling is an encryption method that transforms an image which is ordered into an image which is disordered or meaningless. This method provides security to the image data that is, it cannot be visually readable. This solves the problem of decryption of image data by unauthorized users. Studies on some image scrambling techniques are done here like Rubik’s cubic, Arnold transform, Improved Arnold transform etc. If the image is scrambled well then better information hiding can be done.

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The Ahmed body is a simplified car used in automotive industry to investigate the influence of the flow structure on the drag. The external aerodynamics of the car determines many relevant aspects of an automobile such as stability, comfort and fuel consumption at high cruising speeds. The flow around the vehicles is characterized by high turbulent and three dimensional flow separations and there is a growing need for more insight into the physical features of these dynamical flows. The CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) analysis is used to find the parameter in the automobile industry. The air flow over ground vehicle is analyzed and coefficient of drag is calculated using CFD (Ansys Fluent). For this calculation, Ahmed body (simplified car body) as ground vehicle is considered which is commonly used as test case in industry. The Ahmed body is made up of a round front part, a movable slant plane placed in the rear of the body to study the separation phenomena at 25º and 35º angles. Aerodynamic drag is one of the main obstacles to accelerate a solid body when it moves in the air. About 50 to 60% of total fuel energy is lost only to overcome this adverse aerodynamic force. To win a race, which may be decided by fraction of second, the racing cars need a faster acceleration, which is possible by reducing the drag force by optimizing its shape to ensure stream-lining or reducing the separation. By adding vortex generators on the roof and extending the rear body of the car aerodynamically which could reduce the drag of the vehicle by 25% which further improves the fuel efficiency of the vehicle. The amount of grip available in the tires along with aerodynamic drag and engine power set the theoretical limits for the vehicle's velocity around the track, especially in cornering and it is thus of particular interest when designing a vehicle to increase this grip while keeping drag to a minimum. By adding a pair of flaps to a spoiler its aerodynamic downforce can be improved and additional downforce can be generated while cornering and braking by an actuating mechanism which closes the gap between the flaps. Also leading edge slats are also added to delay the separation of the slack side of the spoiler which reduces the aerodynamic drag at high angle of attack.

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Image based password genuine for illiterates with touch screen interfacing provides an images based security system, which can be invest in poultry forms, houses and all kinds of domestic and industrial application. The main direction of this paper is to provide a security system for uneducated. This system provides convenient environment for the users with a kind of images interaction. Here the password need not be a cord of character it can use few images; this may be easy for the illiterate to remember. This device makes use of a touch screen sensor based distinctly LCD which makes the things still easier. This paper gives us the exposure about how to conveniently make use of the touch screen technology to interface with the appliances in our practical life. It can also be managed very easily with the hand so can be used even by very old people and also by the illiterates. Touch screens provide fast approach to any and all types of digital media, with no text-bound interface getting in the way. Faster input can mean better benefit. Using a touch interface can effectively increase operator accuracy, reduce training time, and improve complete operational efficiencies, thus keeping costs down, a properly designed touch interface can upgrade each operator’s precision. Touch screens are practical in automation, which has become even simpler with touch screen technology.

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Super-resolution is the process of recovering a high-resolution image from multiple low-resolution images of the same scene. The key objective of super-resolution (SR) imaging is to reconstruct a higher-resolution image based on a set of images, acquired from the same scene and denoted as ‘low-resolution’ images, to overcome the limitation and/or ill-posed conditions of the image acquisition process for facilitating better content visualization and scene recognition. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of existing super-resolution techniques and highlight the future research challenges. This includes the formulation of an observation model and coverage of the dominant algorithm – Iterative back projection .We critique these methods and identify areas which promise performance improvements. In this paper, future directions for super-resolution algorithms are discussed. Finally results of available methods are given.

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This research work includes the study of problems that were faced during the cutting of young coconut in commercial purpose. By studying such problem the need of efficient coconut cutting machine was developed. If the developed machine is commercialize the problem of use of coconut water at hotels and restaurants will get benefited. The purpose of this research is to develop, test, and evaluate the young coconut fruit cutting machine. This research work include the description of such a machine which will not only used to cut the coconut but also can be used to drink coconut water at parks and beaches. The application of screw jack for the development of this machine reduces the cost of fabrication.

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Printed & handwritten text recognition is the part of pattern recoginition.In the era of computer science, it has become important to collect database for future use. This data may handwritten & machine written In current work the OCR(optical character reader) for Gurmukhi Punjabi text is performed. Basic aim is to differentiate between machine written text and hand written text. It includes two issues first is detecting the letters and then classifier will classify the machine written text and hand written text with the different parameters like as PSNR,SSIM,MSE.

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To ensure the actual presence of a real legitimate trait in contrast to a fake self-manufactured synthetic or reconstructed image is a significant problem in authentication, which requires the development of new and efficient protection measures. The paper mainly deals with the detection of morphed images. In this digital world we come across many image processing software that produce doctored Images with high sophistication, which are manipulated in such a way that the tampering is not easily visible to naked eye. There is a need for developing techniques to distinguish the original images from the manipulated ones, the genuine ones from the doctored ones. There are number of ways of tampering an Image, such as splicing two different images together, removal of objects from the image, addition of objects in the image, change of appearance of objects in the image or resizing the image. In this paper, we present a software-based fake detection method that can be used in systems to detect different types of fraudulent activities. This Image Morphing detection technique detects traces of digital tampering and implemented using image processing with Demosaicing Algorithms. The objective of the proposed system is to enhance the security of image frameworks, by adding liveness assessment in a fast, user-friendly, and non-intrusive manner, through the use of image quality assessment. And also it helps to differentiate the original and manipulated images and to trace the area morphed.

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Electrical discharge machining is a non-traditional machining process that involved a transient spark discharges through the fluid due to the potential difference between the electrode and the work piece. Improper choose of electrode material in EDM may result highly poor machining performance and electrode wear that would increase the cost of production. This papers reviews research for optimization of various parameters in the experimentation on EDM by using Taguchi Method as a Design of Experiment and response for Tool Wear Rate(TWR).In the study main objectives of the best selection of electrode material for EDM machining provides longer tool life, lower tool wear and machining accuracy.

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This paper presents Design and implementation of a computer based information system by utilizing a developed methodology. This methodology includes a set of procedures and processes to analyse blood smear images (image reading, pre-processing, feature extraction, RBCs classification, results and diagnosis). Essentially an efficient method using the image processing technique (image enhancement, segmentation and feature extraction) has been constructed which can be used to analyse blood smear images taken by photomicroscope. Usually blood smear images contain red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. In this work the method isolates and determines the type of all red blood cells in the smear which could be either normal or abnormal. Taking into consideration that abnormal red blood cells indicate to the associated blood anaemia. Focus is directed to the process of classifying types of abnormal cells. The system counts the overall red blood cells and calculates percentage of different types of counted abnormal cells (macrocyte, target cell, howel-jolley body, sickle cell, elliptocyte, tear drop, spherocyte, stomatocyte and nucleated RBCs). The existence of different abnormal types and the related percentages indicates the type of anemia.

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The amount data in the health industry is increasing rapidly and is expected to increase drastically in coming years. Healthcare services although equipped with modern technologies for remedial the diseases grapple when it comes to preventing the diseases beforehand. Adoption of Machine Learning solutions will play an important role in transforming the outcomes of the healthcare industry by promoting facts based analysis and providing patient-centric manner. In this age of Data mining, we can provide solutions to identify individuals who are prone to certain lifestyle diseases. Think of identifying an individual having an increased risk of diabetes after 10 years, now. With the advent of new data analysis equipment and technologies, such analytical systems can be designed which can identify individuals with increased risk. This document provides an overview of data analytics, different technologies that can be used in data and its force on this field to make some useful predictions based upon analyzing a variety of datasets. Finally, we provide a model which can be used for predictive analytics using data mining and machine learning algorithms to predict the chances of a person to be prone to a disease.

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Bacopa monnieri L. is an important medicinal plant of Ayurveda to cure various diseases. It is also considered to have property of memory enhancer. Lots of medicinal importance of this plant attracted the scientist attention towards it. The present work is a comparative study for standardization of growth medium and growth hormone for in vitro culture of Bacopa monnieri L. Three different medium (MS, B5 and SH) was compared. These growth medium was supplemented with different concentration of auxin (NAA, IAA and IBA) and Cytokinin (BAP and KIN) alone and in combination. Best shoot bud induction was achieved on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/ L BAP and 1.0 mg/ L KIN. In other medium shoot bud induction was low. Highest number of shoots and shoot length was also observed in the same medium. Highest root induction was achieved on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/ L and 1.0 mg/ L IBA. Root number and root length was also highest in the same medium. Rooted plantlets were first acclimatized in green house and then successfully transferred to field. Survival rate of this plant was achieved 90%. This in vitro regeneration protocol provides a large scale production of Bacopa monnieri L. which will prevent the natural resources of this plant.

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Assessing the past work is a vital piece of growing new equipment effective strategies for the usage of DWT through Lifting plans. The point of this paper is to give a survey of VLSI structures for proficient equipment usage of wavelet lifting plans. The inborn set up calculation of lifting plan has many preferences over routine convolution based DWT. The designs are spoken to as far as parallel channel, push segment, collapsed, flipping and recursive structures. The strategies for examining of pictures are the line-based and the piece based and their attributes for the given application are given. The different models are broke down regarding equipment and timing multifaceted nature required with the given size of info picture and required levels of deterioration. This review is helpful for determining a productive technique for enhancing the speed and equipment complexities of existing structures and to outline another equipment usage of multilevel DWT utilizing lifting plans.

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Earthquake is a very important aspect to be considered while designing structures. Lots of work has been reported by many researchers who have worked to study the effect of structures with irregular plan and shape. In recent years, there has been a significant rise in usages of irregular structures in plan. Irregular buildings constitute a large portion of the modern urban infrastructures. Such irregular structures needs to be taken care by structural engineers especially in a high seismic zones. Unexpected effects can be observed on irregular structures under various load patterns and it causes extra shear, torsion etc. Asymmetry in the plan increases stresses of certain structural elements. Hence it is necessary to choose good building configuration. This paper presents a comparison of the seismic provisions of the two seismic codes, namely IBC-2012 (International building code 2012) and IS-1893-2002 (Indian Standard-Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures, Part-1, General Provisions and Buildings). For this study, two plans of G+7 storey reinforced concrete framed buildings have been selected. The first one is a regular in plan which has rectangular-shape and second one is irregular in plan which has T-shape. For analysis, both selected shapes of building are analyzed by STAAD. Pro V8i SS6 software and the analysis is done by Linear Static Method. The aim of this study is to compare provisions of IBC-2012 and IS-1893-2002 codes and study the response of irregular buildings. Conclusions are made on the basis of comparisons of various structural parameters of building.

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The excess heat in the Off-Gas (which is at ~1150°C) is recovered as steam in the Waste Heat Recovery Boiler System along with collection of off-gas dust. Some of the Dust in the stream gets collected at the bottom of the Boiler which is conveyed by a chain conveyor to the common dust chain conveyor of Dust Collection System. This dust which is rich in lead (~60% Pb) in the form of PbO is then sent to the SKS feed pelletizer through a weigh feeder and a Bucket Elevator.

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This work focus on removal of arsenic from prepared synthetic sample using laterite soil as an adsorbent. Effects of pH, adsorbent dose and contact time on arsenic removal were found out. Laterite soil was found to be very effective for arsenic adsorption. It was found that 70 min contact time at pH 6.4 and temperature 32±1º C was sufficient for approximately 90.2% removal. Batch adsorption study were conducted by varying the contact time, adsorbent dosage & pH.

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In Electronics industries in order to communicate design information for the manufacturing of various types of PCBs Gerber format file is used. Since the manufacturing of PCBs is costly process so any defect during manufacturing must be avoided, especially with the high complexity level or many of today's boards. A PCBs Defect detection and classification system uses machine vision which is used to find difficulties occurred in manual inspection. It eliminates subjective aspects and gives fast, quantitative and dimensional quality. It is also very crucial to classify the defects in order to examine and identify root causes of the defects. Defects present in PCBs are as short or open circuit, under-etch, mouse-bite and missing hole. This project proposes a PCB defect detection and classification based on imaging morphological algorithm for segmentation and simple image processing theories. Some PCBs defects exists only in certain groups. Hence, it is obvious that to improve image processing algorithm for applying a segmentation exercise. The referential approach has been implemented on defected PCBs images and template in order to detect number of defects present on bare PCB just before the etching process, because etching generally contributes most damages found on PCBs. So, PCB inspection system is then improved by using a geometrical image registration, minimum Thresholding and median filtering in order to solve alignment and uneven illumination problem.

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Rocket motors when transported in a container, there is a definite chance of development of vibrations due to the unevenness of the transportation path selected. This may damage the rocket motor inside. It is required to see that, the rocket components are not affected by vibrations during the transportation. This work attempts to design a suitable container with vibration isolators for absorbing the shock produced. Container is designed to carry 2 rocket motors each weighing 70 kg, made up of composite material, E-glass epoxy, and Isolators (generally made up of different materials) are placed symmetrically below the container. While transportation, the truck (the vehicle carrying container) is assumed to undergo an acceleration of 15 times of gravity, which is to be damped to less than 3 times of gravity, as 3*g is the maximum vibration the container can resist. Mathematical model based on Laplace Transformations is built and solved for checking the shock response with and without Vibration Isolators, for this MATLAB software is used. The 3D model of the container with Rockets is modeled in CATIA and the structural and Dynamic Analysis is performed using OPTISTRUCT of Hyper works.

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In India the soil mostly present is Clay, in which the construction of sub grade is problematic. In recent times the demands for sub grade materials has increased due to increased constructional activities in the road sector and due to paucity of available nearby lands to allow excavate fill materials for making sub grade. In this study Stone Dust and Coal Ash is mixed with Parent Soil in various percentage ( 3%, 6%, 9%, 12%, 15% and 18%). The main objective of this study is to evaluate shear strength characteristics, CBR and Unconfined Compression behaviour of untreated and stabilized soil with Stone Dust and Coal Ash. Based on the results obtained from Modified Proctor compaction test, the ideal MDD and OMC value used for further, unconfined compression and CBR tests. The present investigation has therefore been carried out with waste materials like Stone Dust (SD) and Coal Ash (CA) which was mixed with soil to study improvement of weak sub grade in terms of compaction and strength characteristics.

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This review paper studies the conventional and advanced wheelchair. There are various types of wheelchair. The need of wheelchair and its modification is elaborated in this paper. There are some essential components in the wheelchair and modified parts which give ease to the patient but researchers always try to modify the existing models for more comfort. So this paper highlights the work of such modifications in wheelchair. The literatures are reviewed which includes the use of electricity, manual work, biometric signal, mechanical arrangement for the modification of wheelchair.

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Speaker Recognition system has been an active area of research for several decades, as it finds application in many access control systems, recognizing a person from a telephonic conversation, etc. The goal is to automatically identify or recognize a particular person without the need of a human as an identifier. This paper presents a Text-Dependent Speaker Recognition system based on Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) classifier which models speaker identity. The system is evaluated on Sylheti Speaker Database prepared from 100 Sylheti speaking people of various age groups.

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