The main part of the study concerns about the comparison of temperature and pressure difference between flat plate without fins and inline circular fins and staggered circular fins at the heat sink test section. In the design of a heat sink test section, the plate thickness, the hole diameter, the hole centre pitch and the plate pitch are some of the important geometric parameters. Diameter (10mm o/d, 7mm i/d) and height (100mm) of the all fins and centre pitch span and stream wise (50mm) is selected throughout the dissertation. In whole process mass flow rate is kept at constant and power input is varied. Initially, temperature at inlet, outlet and at flat plate without fins are measured. Then same process is repeated for inline and staggered fins. The heat sink is heated by a plate heater and temperatures and pressure drop are measured at the various positions. All thermocouples are connected to a digital recorder to record the temperature once the steady state is achieved. The power input to the heater is controlled by a variac. A digital wattmeter is use for recording the power of the heater. An enhancement of heat transfer was observed in the given case as compare to the heat sink having a conventional duct.

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Steel-concrete composite frames are form by casting flange of steel beam in concrete slabs or by connecting steel beam and concrete slab with the help of shear connectors. Steel-concrete composite beams, particularly, are structures consisting of two materials, a steel section located mainly in the tension region and a concrete section, located in the compression cross sectional area, both connected by metal devices known as shear connectors. This mechanical connector allows the joint behavior of the beam-slab which also restricts the vertical deflection and longitudinal deformation. Shear connector in the type of checkered plates were used in this paper to obtain the results. In the present study an accurate nonlinear finite element model of the push-out specimen has been developed to study the structural behavior, with emphasis on the beam-slab interface, the capacity of embossed steel plate connectors embedded in a solid slab in addition to vertical deflection and longitudinal deformation. Simulation is carried out using ANSYS.15 based on the Finite Element Approach. The material nonlinearities of concrete, embossed steel plate, steel beam were included in the finite element model. Contact between the elements is simulated using surface-to-surface and embedment techniques. The results obtained were compared with those provided either by Standards, experimental work or found in the literature, with variation about 15 to 20 %. It shows the good agreement of results and demonstrated ANSYS.15 is a valid tool in analyzing steel concrete composite beams performance for various parameters.

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India is well known worldwide for its vivid culture, it is a matter of fact that this is because of all rich villages and sub-urban areas that differentiate one culture from another. Every city that is developed look same, with same form of architecture, tall buildings, broad-acre, roads full of vehicles, polluted, full with glare of city-lights and industries on outskirts. On the other hand, it’s all different and pleasing in villages. Every capitalist and planner in order to expand cities, is capturing and merging villages into cities. This happens majorly with the villages close to cities, national highways, state highways and air ports. Gradually the village turns into suburb then eventually it becomes part of that city. The place which was once a pleasant and silent, turns into a place full of honking, smokes, dust, waste etc. This paper is a part of research that is been carried on concern of conservation of villages. What is village conservation? In this scenario in which cities are engulfing up nearby villages and making them a part of itself, we really need to preserve village and elements of it. Which were once identity of our country. Agriculture and dairy were, what our country used to rely on for everything. When it comes, the discussion of global climate change, every Indian factor behind it is related to cities and urban areas but not villages. May it be CFCs or may it be chemicals polluting rivers. What makes villages so pleasant? Why people living in villages don not need conditioned air? How they are really adapted to the climate over there? This paper boldly deals with the study of practices of villages in India, which are adaptable for people living in urban areas to deal with many problems regarding sustainability. The aim is to come up with a model of approach for architects to include vernacular architecture in urban construction practices with acceptance of urbane client. Also some design examples are given to support the model.

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Distillation column is the most common thermal separation unit used in various types of industries, i.e. Petroleum refineries, Chemical process industries, Pharmaceutical industries, water purification and desalination plants, etc., understanding its behaviour and accordingly designing a control system has been defined a good characteristic of a process control engineer. In order to perform separation distillation column requires a huge amount of energy for both heating and cooling. Thus, to make the whole process more economic, it is desirable to design and control the energy efficient process in order to improve the purity of finality and the intermediate products. As the distillation column is a multivariable, non-linear and highly interactive process, to control it efficiently, there is always a need to develop innovative and advanced control strategies in order to obtain high economic performance. When traditional PID controller tuning methods fail to provide optimal values of PID parameters, we need to go for advanced control strategies. In order to use these advanced control strategies, the process model is required to obtain. In recent times, many advanced control strategies are available like Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and many other soft-computing techniques can be used for an optimal tuning of PID controller.

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Trans-esterified Mahua oil, also known as Mahua bio-diesel is best replacement for diesel fuel in CI engine due to several reasons. Mahua Bio-diesel is a renewable, inexhaustible and a clean burning fuel. It can be used in diesel engine without modification. It has no aromatic, no-sulfur and contains 10-12% oxygen by weight. The purpose of this study is to summarise the effect of blend of Mahua oil methyl ester and cooled EGR in order to reduce pollutant from diesel engine emission of NOx, CO, HC. To study various performance parameters such as brake thermal efficiency (BTE), BSFC, Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT).

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The scarcity of spectrum is increasing day by day due to the spectrum scarcity faced by the wireless based service providers led to high congestion levels. The main reason that leads to inefficient utilization of the radio spectrum is the spectrum licensing system itself. Due to this static and rigid allocation, wireless systems have to work only on a dedicated band of spectrum and cannot change the transmission band as changing the environment. To address these critical problems, the FCC recently approved the use of unlicensed devices in licensed bands. Consequently, dynamic spectrum access techniques based on Load balancing are proposed to solve these current spectrum inefficiency problems. In Cognitive Radio Network (CRN) during the transmission period of a secondary connection, multiple and frequent requirement from the primary users result in multiple channel requests and the need of determining a set of target channels for spectrum utilization. In this work a suitable load balancing scheme has been proposed whose aim is to help cognitive user to find suitable channel in case of overload so as to enable the resumption of unfinished transmission as quickly as possible. The simulation results of the proposed scheme show that the model works well in reducing channel overload thereby reducing delay time in Cognitive Radio Networks.

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The proposed rectangular microstrip-feed antenna consists of split ring resonator for different application. The proposed antenna uses FR-4 substrate having thickness of 1.6mm and dielectric constant of 4.4. By using split ring resonator multiband antenna is designed. The antenna has resonating frequencies 2.35GHz, 2.75GHz, 4.48 GHz, 5.28 GHz which operates for ISM (industrial scientific medical), Bluetooth, wimax, WLAN respectively. The proposed antenna was designed by using software HFSS 13.0 (Higher frequency simulation software).

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The Objective of the sandwich beams are used to reduce the self-weight, deflection and shear which being the major concern in case of conventional reinforced concrete beams subjected to loading. In this project work ,sandwich beams that are cast by the inclusion of thermo-col and weld mesh in the place of steel re-bars that are used in reinforced concrete beams has been the subject of several studies devoted to determine the influence of the main parameters. Due to the small value of span-depth ratio, the strength of beams are usually controlled by shear ,the yield strength and ultimate capacity of sandwich beams subjected to bending is to be determined through experimental methods. The experimental works are conducted to understand the various modes of failure that could occur due to the possible combination of shear and bending moment acting at a given section of a sandwich beams. Apart from highlights the experimental set-up, typical crack patterns, failure modes and load deflection behavior to be reported.

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Big Data is generating many business opportunities regardless of computer power or physical storage at hand it needs some techniques to use this unstructured data. Marketing is considered as vital field many scholars have done marketing research in order to set some trends in managerial practices. Several surveys have been determined for understanding the customers and in their behavior. This paper will focus on the preceding discussion on the trend over the years has been to conduct multiple studies, implement field experiments, and accumulate data from authentic consumers in an effort by consumer researchers to increment generalizability of their results and develop theories that explicate authentic-world situations.

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An LED lighting system requires a driver for to the power conversion from ac voltage to dc regulated current output. The electrolytic capacitor is use in the LED driver. But life of electrolytic capacitor is less then LED. Here we use film capacitor instead of electrolytic capacitors. But it’s Maximum capacitance per Unit volume is lower Then electrolytic capacitor. The output current in above driver is pulsating. In this paper we use harmonics injection Technique for make output current constant.

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This paper offers a basic understanding of the analyzing the effect of eliminating belt drive in lathe Gear Box by directly engaging of gears. Here we lay a virtual thinking of directly engaging of gears in order to eliminate the power losses due to belt drive. This work has cherished us in realizing the complexity in design and the problems we face during removal of belt drive.

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The primary objective of the project is to design a De-activation unit to reduce the fuel consumption of a diesel engine during idle condition. At this condition, large amount of fuel is spent to the cylinder and therefore causes more pollution to the environment. De-activation unit consist of 2/2 cut off solenoid valves, permanent magnetic proximity sensor which is governed and controlled by Arduino micro-controller. This unit is fixed to the inlet of the injector, so as to control the fuel to the cylinder. The sensor probe is fixed in such a position that the permanent magnet contact to it at the neutral. When the sensor detects the neutral position, then the Control transferred to the Arduino micro controller with sufficient time delay the control passes to 2/2 cut off solenoid valve which normally open. When the signal sends to the valve, the valve closes and de activate the cylinder by cutting down the fuel. Thus the fuel is saved; consequently, the emission due to burning of fossil fuel is also reduced.

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Road accident has become the major issue for all the developing countries of the world. The number of accident rate is increasing every year in all the developing countries of the world. There is severe loss of the lives and the property damage due to Road traffic injuries. The accident data analysis and their cost are calculated. In Indian context the traffic is hitrogenous in nature so rate of accident is increasing drastically. In this paper the study is up to Sanand circle to sola junction of selected stretch of S.G Highway Ahmedabad. The study of accident and the cost of the same are calculated with the help of GDP and VSL.

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Entity Resolution is the problem of extracting, matching and resolving real world entities present in different records. Such techniques always play an important role in an organization as the amount of data is growing rapidly and Entity Resolution is useful for managing the quality of data. The information in the unstructured data is said to be important and can be helpful but it is difficult to analyze the unstructured data as it has no meaning and can be difficult for machine to understand. One approach to analyze unstructured data such as text is to recognize the entities i.e. words in a text and label them. The proposed work here uses the Named Entity Recognition which is a subtask of Natural Language Processing technique.

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The study here aims to analyze the changes that occurred in Landuse/ Landcover over a time span from 2001 to 2015 using remote sensing and GIS techniques. This paper focuses on evaluation of impact of branch canal in study region using satellite images with the help of software such as ArcMap, ERDAS.Impact of canal irrigation in the Sanand branch command area has been assessed and evaluated. About 16.399% of area has increased under cultivation during the period of study. This trend is continuing at present also.

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There are many systemic diseases that affect the functioning and working of the eye. Some of the major parts of the eye like iris, retina, and optic nerve are affected due to systemic diseases like diabetes, AIDS, glaucoma, hypertension, macular degeneration, swelling in the brain and many more. Glaucoma is the condition of eye caused by increase in intraocular pressure. Early detection of this can help prevent complete vision loss. In this paper, the optic disc, optic cup and neuroretinal rim regions were extracted from the retinal fundus images using unsharp filter, morphological as well as logical operations. Their corresponding features like cup-to-disc ratio (CDR) and neuroretinal rim (NRR) ratio were found, based on which, the fundus images were classified as glaucomatous or normal patients.

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Wire EDM is an emerging technology in the field of machining to fabricate very complex products. Wire EDM is a very complex process involving the different process parameters. In the present investigation an optimization of wire EDM has been carried out using Full factorial method. The parameters involved are current, voltage, and wire feed rate are taken as the response criteria. The present work demonstrates optimization of Wire Electrical Discharge Machining process parameters of material as used AISI 52100 alloy steel with multiple performance characteristics such as Material Removal Rate (MRR), kerf width and Surface roughness.

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The use of nonconductive ceramic materials is increasing rapidly in industrial and engineering applications due to its high hardness, low thermal conductivity, and resistance to oxidation. Machining operations for fabricating structures from nonconductive ceramic materials are difficult and most of the traditional machining techniques are not applicable because of its high brittleness. Electro discharge machining (EDM) technique is applied for processing nonconductive ceramic using assisting electrode. In this technique, pyrolytic carbon layer on the ceramic surface formed by the cracked carbon from the carbonic dielectric plays the key role for continuous EDM. The formation of pyrolytic carbon and its stability depends upon the input power, work piece material, tool electrode material, dielectric substance, polarity, and discharge duration. In this study assisting electrode method and its formation on work piece, some consideration to machining a nonconductive ceramic and effect of various parameters on process performance has been reviewed.

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The valves are frequently used for controlling the flow within different medium. Due to the interaction between the sealing elements of the valve, wear occurs that directly affects the life cycle of a valve in service. Specifically, in ball valves a seal is created between the valve ball, usual a metal material, and the valve seats made of a softer material. Due to the mismatch in material hardness, the valve seats exhibit wear. In this report several different methods of examining the loading configuration and the affect it has on the wear the valve components will be studied. The mechanical and chemical properties ball valve studied through experiments. An application of valve body was analyzed by using finite element method(FEM) to evaluate the structural safety. An optimization containing several variables based on different method was conducted to find the optimum dimension of the valve.

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CNG is one of the most feasible and accessible option as a replacement of conventional fuels likes Gasoline and Diesel nowadays. But major problem of using it as fuel for automotive purpose is reduced engine performance in terms of power and torque. Out of some parameters that may overcome this deficiency, “swirl motions of charge” in cylinder is emphasised in this study to enhance the performance of engine and so to negotiate mentioned difficulty. The component that prepares the charge by mixing CNG with air must be the primary source that imparts the swirling motion and so optimization of CNG Mixer design considering various factors is carried out. Using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) most suitable Mixer design is selected that has highest tendency of producing swirl motion and testing that Mixer experimentally, the performance of engine is recorded. Thus by varying swirl intensity the enhancement in engine performance is obtained.

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To reduce traffic congestion at an at-grade intersection near a big city, one method is construction a flyover bridge at the old junction in two directions on one of the main highways. The flyover facilitates the traffic flow in the directions of the bridge, but the infrastructure cannot fully solve all of the problems especially on the secondary road. The traffic signal still uses the same control as the “before” situation, that is the fixed time control plan. Ahmedabad is the seventh largest metropolitan and fifth largest city in India. Here in this research paper assessment of flyover is carried out in terms of saving time, saving in fuel and reduction in the accidents.

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Time & Cost overruns has been a noteworthy issue in numerous Indian High rise construction projects. The successful execution of construction activities and keeping them within recommended plan and cost is imperative for compelling time execution and cost execution. This thesis work is done on concentrating on Reasons of Time & Cost overruns in Indian High Rise construction industry. A valid questionnaire for the overview was produced taking into account reasons for time & cost overruns recognized from writing survey. The information from the survey was broken down measurably. Construction project managers/engineers were surveyed to identify which construction activities in each category cause the most time & cost overrun. The result accomplished from the survey revealed that the major cause for time & cost overruns are during construction execution time only. Study of advance construction techniques and utilize for control the time & cost overrun.

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Pipe racks are essential for the operation of industrial facilities but because pipe racks are considered non-building structures, code referenced documents will usually not cover the design and analysis of the structure. Commonly steel pipe racks are used to facilitate fast and flexible construction; however fire hazard and economy are its prime demerits. Present study aims a comparative study of combined pipe rack made with steel rack and R.C.C support with steel pipe rack which are general in common construction practices. Combined pipe rack is far more advantageous over steel pipe rack regarding structural aspects and construction cost. The result assists to understand a comparative structural behaviour and cost effectiveness of combined pipe rack over steel pipe rack and also can be used as guiding tool for the selection of better system for the pipe racks.

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This Research Paper describes effects of laser Engraving on various materials by varying process parameters and by using different laser engraving machines. Laser Engraving is a non conventional machining process for engraving/marking and it is a non contact type process. Previously where only Electrical Discharge Machines were used, laser engraving and marking have replaced them due to a unique combination of speed and versatility. In Laser Engraving process material removal is done layer by layer and which is in the range of very few microns. In This paper parametric Optimization of fiber laser engraving is done on EN31 bearing and SS304 by selecting various input parameters like Engraving speed, Frequency and power and response parameters to be optimized were Surface roughness and line width.

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In India, agriculture field is the mother of all cultures. This is a global agricultural economy. Due to uneven climate conditions, the crops are affected, Because of that agricultural yield is decreasing. Therefore to avoid this, we are designing a project to detect the crop diseases using image processing. In this project we detect different diseases on pomegranate. In this, firstly we capture the image using a web cam and do image pre-processing on that. Secondly, we perform the process of color moments on the resized image. Thirdly, we extract its features using texture feature. Lastly, using Minimum Distance Classifier the features are classified with database and finally we detect the diseases.

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