Geometric shapes and geometric features are indeed involved in a wide variety of digital images. Much of these features carry within itself useful information that can be exploited for a broad range of real-world applications. One method to detect basic geometric shape is based on extreme boundary points of shape itself. This method first find the centroid (xc, yc) and boundary points of the region. Distance between centroid and boundary points is stored in one one-dimensional array. Plot of this array is called Centroid to Boundary Distance (CBD) profile is unique to each shape. This uniqueness ease identification and classification of geometric shapes. Implementation of CBD method for detecting regular shape on raspberry platform is discussed here. Test results for different images of geometric shape are presented here.

Read More...

Over the years roller shutters have been used for security purpose with opening and closing feature in every commercial as well as residential areas like doors for vans, garages, shops, schools, prisons and warehouses, if not maintained properly it gets rusted, and it takes a lot of effort to lift them, usually this effort is so high that it can cause back injury to the operator. Even for large size shutters it is impossible to lift them without any mechanism. Considering these problems it is important to design a motorized system which can facilitate the opening and closing of shutter by the press of the button and thus reduce the back injuries. Thus it is important to design such mechanism for safety purpose. In this project keeping in mind those problems, we have designed Gear Motor system assembly to automate the Rolling shutter operation that can provide safety to the operator. First we have studied different types of shutters available in the market and accumulated the design specification for selected shutter from the manufacturer. Using this design specification, a CAD model of Gear motor system assembly of rolling shutter modeled in CAD software solid works. In fem software HYPERMESH mesh model of the Gear motor system assembly generated and processed to the linear static analysis using NASTRAN. From the results we concluded that stresses obtained in static analysis are within the limits, hence the design of gear motor assembly to automate the rolling shutter operation is safe.

Read More...

Heat transfer enhancement over surface results from the pin fin forming circular recesses. Heat Transfer enhancement using hollow pin fin. The aim of the present study is to improve the heat transfer characteristics and to investigate the performance of fin efficiency by using fins of different size hollow circular pin fin. Here the system follows natural convection as the mode of heat transfer and it is the principle used in it. This experiment accomplished by using brass circular pin fin, which connects to the thermocouple. From the heater the pin fin gets heated and the surrounding air convicted out it from the surface of the pin fin. This procedure followed for the fin of different inner diameter of size of hollow diameter. This paper studies the temperature variation along the fin length for the various inner diameters of hollow pin fin, under the natural convection.

Read More...

The MIG welding is one of the most popular welding techniques used in industries. This uses a consumable metal electrode. The input parameters in MIG welding play a significant role in deciding the weld quality, strength, cost and speed. Most of times manufacturer faces a problem to select optimum process parameters for a good quality weld. The main objective of this study is to find out optimal parameters such as under bracket chamfer, steering shaft chamfer and weld run to find out the variation in three performance characteristic such as forging height, penetration and pull out load. Based on experiments are conducted on L-9 orthogonal array, analysis has been carried on by using Grey Relational Analysis, a Taguchi method. Response tables & graphs were used to find optimal level of parameters in welding process. The obtained results show that the Taguchi Grey Relational Analysis is being effective technique to optimize the parameters for welding Process.

Read More...

Being renewable in source of energy the vegetables oils can be use as fuel for CI engine. However, poor volatility and high viscosity lead to increased emissions and reduced performance. Hence the properties of vegetable oils need to be modified. The most commonly used method for this modification is converting into biodiesel by transesterification process and blending with diesel are considered in this work. The scope of present work includes, characterization of Rapeseed oil, examining the suitability of this oil as fuel by evaluating performance, combution and emission characteristics and comparing the same with that of diesel.

Read More...

The project mainly describes the utilization and the advantages of the adaptive neural fuzzy inference system while the application of the same is done at the dual unified power quality conditioner. The basic idea of compensating for the power quality issues like voltage sag and swell will remain same but the controlling part that was involving with a PI controller initially will be replaced with an adaptive neural fuzzy inference system. The ANFIS system will be trained using the same PI controller output only and it will be designed or more specifically it will set its own rules based on the output it is getting from the PI controller. The two different inputs that this ANFIS will take up are one from the same steady state error evaluation block and the other the derivative block involved which is for the change in the error value with dynamic changes in the system behaviour. The same conditions like as of the PI controller is checked with the ANFIS and the output graphs are plotted for various cases. The output compensation graph is seen for the case and from that it could easily be make out that the voltage compensated waveform is having a greater system response compared to the PI controller and the output voltage starts hitting the magnitude which was given as the reference in the parallel active filter quite earlier than the other controller. One more advantageous feature of this same controller could be noted down while be calculating for the THD. The THD values variation could easily be seen for the ANFIS. A MATLAB/SIMULINK concept will be proposed here along with the comparison study for the both the controllers and various cases of the power quality issues will be checked.

Read More...

In this study, encompasses the properties of the brass, gun metal, aluminium and the assessment of their tribological response when subjected to Pin-on-Disc wear test, which will perform on wear and friction monitor machine. The EN31 steel disc will attach with motor of machine and varying the speed. The Pin of Gun metal, brass, aluminium will fit in the pin holder of wear and friction monitor machine. An attempt has been made to study the influence of wear parameters like sliding speed in rpm, time in second, load in N and also study friction force and temperature. A plan of experiments, based on the techniques of Taguchi, will perform to acquire data in controlled way. An orthogonal array and the analysis of variance (ANOVA) will employee to investigate the wear behaviour.

Read More...

India is the youngest country of the world and is now facing a dire need to increase its technical force to accomplish as a developed country. The technical standards have been declining in India for the past 2 to 3 years despite of the competitive admission process. In India the number of the elite engineering colleges has seen a rise by 55 %( from 90153 to 140000) where as the number of the students are now growing smaller. The author has made a study regarding the major sets of the input based indicators i.e. the quantity and quality of new engineering students, the finance of undergraduate courses, availability of qualified factory and many more. This study may promote re-assessment of the current curriculum and accredited principles for Engineering Educational System. This study should foster an examination fit and stop the descent of the engineering students by not paring with quality. Author has applied Failure Mode Effect Analysis (FMEA), Cause and failure analysis and has used Pareto principle to contemplate and has recommended some suggestions by using the Six Sigma Methodology.

Read More...

Notched shaft is the most important component to any power transmission application; automotive notch Shaft is one of this. A notch shaft, also known a s a propeller shaft or Cardan shaft, it is a mechanical part that transmits the torque generated by a vehicle's engine into usable motive force to propel the vehicle. Substituting composite structures for convention al metallic structures has many advantage s because of higher specific stiffness and strength of composite materials. This work deals with the replacement of conventional steel notched shafts with fiber glass epoxy composite notched shaft for an automotive application. The design parameters were optimized with the objective of minimizing the weight of composite notched shaft. The design optimization also improves the performance of notched shaft. Present work deals with FEA analysis of composite shaft with different degree of orientation of glass fibers. It includes the modeling of shaft in CATIA. The meshing and boundary condition application will be carried using Hypermesh, Stuctural analysis and modal analysis of composite shaft will be carried out using ANSYS.

Read More...

Recent leading in micro-manufacturing technology have approve the evolvement of low-cost, low-power, multifunctional sensor nodes for wireless communication. It counts the environmental monitoring, intrusion detection, battlefield surveillance, and so on. In a wireless sensor network (WSN), how to maintain the finite power resources of sensors to spread the network lifetime of the WSN as long as feasible while performing the sensing and sensed data reporting tasks, is the most condemning issue in the network design. In a WSN, sensor nodes distribute the sensed data back to the sink through multi-hopping. The sensor nodes near to the sink will almost always waste more battery power than others; consequently, these nodes will quickly lose their battery energy and minimize the network lifetime of the WSN. Sink relocation is a skilled network lifetime spreading out method, which minimize the wastage of too much battery energy for a specific group of sensor nodes. In this paper, we propose an Artificial bee colony (ABC) optimization technique to overcome from the drawbacks of Energy Aware sink re-localization technique (EASR), which is a moving strategy for mobile sinks in WSNs. The proposed mechanism used for solving the coverage problem and uses the information related to the residual battery energy of sensor nodes to adaptively adjust the transmission range of sensor nodes and the relocating scheme for the sink and main motive to locate sensors, global main positioning system (GPS) is also used by which sensor knows their position.

Read More...

The main objective of the this paper is to establish ultra-low power wireless communication between two RF modules consisting of MSP430F169 microcontroller and CC2500 RF transceiver and controlling the receiver by sending commands through the transmitter with very low power consumption. In idle mode both the IC’s can enter sleep mode, which consumes in micro amperes current on 3.3V. This system simulates data with variable parameters of the receiver from the transmitter through RF communication. The system provides long battery life for the RF communication devices. This system can be used in ultra-low power and battery powered applications especially in medical and consumer applications where frequent interactions between transmitter and receiver are required. In addition to low power the system is compact also.

Read More...

Due to global civilization and industrialization, there is a great demand for the water. A small fraction of the same is utilized and rest is being generated as wastewater. The disposal of such wastewater into water courses creates an adverse impact on the human health, flora and fauna. With the introduction of precise effluent standards it is the responsibility of wastewater engineer to treat the wastewater to satisfy the requirements of receiving body. Hence the safe disposal of such wastewater either on land or water bodies is the most challenging task before the engineers. This project is study to show the general wastewater characteristics collected from the HKE’S M.A.M, hostel and also to treat by attach growth process. The attach growth process considered for treating wastewater is Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC) model. Result showed removal efficiency for 40% submerged Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC) for Biochemical Oxygen Demand was efficient for rotational speed of disc at 4rpm after treatment and are within desirable limits of effluent standards as per CPCB, New Delhi.

Read More...

This paper is a discussion about the introduction of restructuring and deregulation in Indian Power System. In modern era, deregulation has an important impact on power sector. In this paper, recent use of deregulation in Indian Power Sector has been described and measures to be taken in order to improve deregulation are also suggested.

Read More...

A brief study of small signal analysis of energy unit including wind power technology and energy storage capacitor system structures (ECSs) is explained on this paper. Designing of wind device technology with squirrel-cage induction generator linked to energy system device via a full-scale AC/AC converter and ECS unit are defined in detail. The Energy storage capacitor system unit includes electric double-layer capacitors (EDLC) and DC/AC converter. Small signal conduct of 3 test structures are analyzed and compared with one making a different use of simulations system technique. The three program models are: 1) WSCC Nine-bus procedure system units with three conventional synchronous generator (SGs), 2 the WSCC system devices with one of the traditional Synchronous generator modified by using wind strength device system units, and 3) The unit identical as second machine unit but with including of an ECS unit. The study at includes evaluating of dominant Eigen values, the participant state variables, and the related participation variables for the 3 program systems units. In addition further more cause of loading on the unstable modes of the machine system with conventional synchronous generator, wind energy machine procedure and ECS unit (Device 3) are considered utilizing the trajectory of different modes increased load in the device.

Read More...

This paper presents a short summary of the researches conducted in past few years concerning the MMCs with A356 Al-Si alloy matrix and different second phase. The results are divided in two groups. In the first group are the results that concern the influences of amount and size of reinforcement (Al2O3), and in the second group are the results that concern the influences of type of reinforcement (Al2O3 and SiC) and graphite

Read More...

Solar storms is a condition that effects various systems and power equipment’s. During solar storms a geomagnetic induced current (GIC) starts flowing through long conductor such as power cables and system. When this Geomagnetic Induced Current flows through a transformer it saturate the core, which then leads to increase in reactive power consumption and harmonics in the power system and heating of the transformer. Harmonics levels can cause protective relays to sense wrong and trip the circuit this can lead to a problem such as loss of production, blackouts. Heating of transformers can also lead to permanent damage to parts and replacement of it. A mitigation technique to reduce the effects of geomagnetic induced currents (GICs) on high-voltage power systems. The method consists of connecting switching devices at the neutral grounding connection point of transformer banks. Only one transformer bank needs to be grounded through a switch.

Read More...

In the present study the concept of using acetylene gas like other gases used with biodiesel blend in various investigations. In a dual fuel mode acetylene was used as an alternative fuel blended with karanja oil methyl ester (KOME) and its performance in a compression ignition engine was investigated. Experimental investigation has been carried out on a single cylinder, direct injection, and compression ignition engine run on dual fuel mode with diesel is injected as primary fuel and acetylene inducted as secondary gaseous fuel to obtain data on engine performance with different flow rates of pressure at 0.5kg/cm2, 0.8kg/cm2 is drawn to intake air manifold. In Dual fuel operation at 0.5kg/cm2 flow rate of acetylene thermal efficiency obtained is nearer when compared to neat diesel operation in the internal combustion engine such that it reduces the demand of the petroleum products that is going to be extinct in near future. It includes about the emissions of harmful gases that can be reduced by the use of acetylene instead of petroleum products. Due to the increasing demand for fossil fuels and environmental threat, a number of renewable sources of energy have been studied worldwide. The performance, combustion and emission characteristics of the diesel were evaluated and compared with dual fuel operation (KOME + Acetylene) at compression ratio 17.5:1. Based on the performance, combustion and emission parameters the flow rate of induction was optimized which were 0.5kg/cm2. The acetylene blend reduces in CO & HC emissions compared to diesel.

Read More...

Pin on disc is still the most common method used to test wear of material products in most areas. However, the coast of product is high and the machine is large and products may have adverse economic effects on domestic and international markets. Our project has made more portable and used in all industries and in small scale industry and convenient to travel and the various readings are digitalized.

Read More...

An extensive research carried out to understand the contact stresses, Von-misses stresses in a Helical gear in recent years. The contact stresses can be analyzed and evaluated by using different parameters such as helix angle ,varying load and material, etc. among all parameters helix angle plays a vital role. “Helix angle” is used to evaluate contact stress developed and deformations in a helical gear. In this paper a study has been made on contact stresses developed in a helical gear and their respective deformations at various helix angles 100 , 150 , 200 for different composite materials i.e. Steel, Al-SiC, C-SiC. Further analysis carried out on Von-misses stresses developed using ANSYS that shows the Composite gears offer improved properties over steel alloys and these can be used as better alternative for replacing metallic gears.

Read More...

Concrete is by a wide margin the most comprehensively used advancement material today. It is evaluated that present utilization of cement on the planet is of the request of 10 billion tones each year. The concrete business is in charge of around 6% of all CO2 discharges. So nowadays there is an incredible enthusiasm for the advancement and usage of different distinct options for ordinary Portland cement as a cover in cement furthermore different options for fine and coarse in concrete to diminish the vitality make used as a part of generation of concrete. Specialists and researcher are in pursuit in creating elective materials that are ecofriendly and contribute towards waste administration. This dissertation work deals with the study of replacement of Bagasse Ash over Cement and Natural Sand by M-Sand in M40 grade Concrete. In this Investigational work, We have made an endeavor to examine the Strength of M40 concrete by utilizing M-Sand and Bagasse Ash as incomplete substitution to fine totals and cement. The compressive strength studied examine for 3, 7 and 28 days of curing period and the split tensile and flexural-strength is examine for 28 days of curing period.

Read More...

The aim of present study is to analyze the performance and emission characteristics of C.I. engine using a suitable bio diesel as a fuel. The bio diesel selected to conduct this experimental investigation is Jatropha biodiesel. The performance of single cylinder water-cooled diesel engine and methyl-ester of Jatropha oil as the fuel is evaluated for its performance and exhaust emissions. The fuel properties of biodiesel such as kinematic viscosity, calorific value, flash point, carbon residue and specific gravity are discussed. Results indicated that B25 have closer performance to diesel and B100 had lower brake thermal efficiency mainly due to its high viscosity compared to diesel. The brake thermal efficiency for Bio diesel and its blends was found to be slightly higher than that of diesel fuel at tested load conditions and there are no difference between the biodiesel and its blended fuels efficiencies. For Jatropha biodiesel and its blended fuels, the exhaust gas temperature increased with increase in power and amount of biodiesel. However, its diesel blends showed reasonable efficiencies, lower smoke, CO2 and CO. Methyl ester of Jatropha offers fuel conservation as well as reduce pollution. The emission constituents are carbon monoxide (CO), unburnt hydrocarbons (HC), oxides of nitrogen (NOX), carbon dioxide (CO2).

Read More...

Present days the demand for high speed passenger vehicles is increasing but doing so involves dealing with vehicle stability concerns. Forces like Drag, Lift and weight acting over a vehicle when moving on road have significant impact over the fuel consumption. So it is important to optimize these parameters to obtain greater efficiency. Spoiler is such a device which is used to increase fuel efficiency by reducing drag and also improving the down force. Adding a spoiler at the very rear of the vehicle makes the air slice longer, gentler slope from the roof to the spoiler, which helps to delay and reduce the flow separation. Reducing flow separation decreases drag, which increases fuel economy and less pollution as well; Also a spoiler is in a shape of inverted airfoil produces negative lift (down force) which helps to keep the vehicle attached to the ground at high speeds and corners. This thesis will present a simulation of flow around Passenger vehicle with spoiler positioned at the rear end using commercial fluid dynamic software. The thesis will focus on CFD-based lift and drag prediction of a passenger vehicle with and without spoiler, where the spoiler is mounted at the rear edge of the vehicle. A 3D computer model of 4-door passenger vehicle (which is designed with commercial CAD software Catia®) will be used as the base model. Different spoilers will be positioned at the rear end of vehicle to reduce the overall drag produced and the simulation will be performed using CFD code CFX to determine the aerodynamic effects of spoiler.

Read More...

The established scientific facts can be used to produce power from anything where there are two different sources of temperatures. Generally it is difficult to take conventional electricity to all places. Hence by using the human body heat as one source of temperature and the surrounding climate as another source of temperature we can generate power using the Peltier effect. The Peltier effect is a temperature difference created by applying a voltage between two electrodes connected to the sample of semiconductor material. The Peltier effect can also be reversed and used to generate power in conditions where there are differences in temperature additionally the amount of power produced is proportional to the difference in the temperatures. The power thus produced can be used for various applications ranging from charging portable communication devices like radios and phones to even lighting up a dark place and many other applications.

Read More...

Traffic patterns in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) generally follow a many-to-one model. Sensor nodes close to static sinks will deplete their inadequate energy extra quickly than additional antennas, since they will have supplementary data to a head during multi hop transmission. This will source set of connections partition, remote nodes and much shortened network lifetime. Thus, how to balance power consumption for sensor nodes is an important research issue. Exploiting sink mobility based technology is in advance more and new recognition in recent years to achieve better energy efficiency and lifetime performance. portable sink nodes touching at a certain speed through a sensing ground can accumulate monitored information from the stagnant sensors in a single-hop or multi-hop transmission method. The proposed system focus the influence of multiple mobile sink nodes on power consumption and network lifetime, and mainly focus on the selection of movable sink node number moreover the selection of parking positions, as fine as their impact on performance metrics above. Simulation results show that the proposed routing algorithm has better concert than traditional routing ones in terms of energy consumption. For the lifetime maximization of the network is improved with the help of Ant Colony Optimization algorithm at the same time as well as Short cut tree routing algorithms are used. Without referring the router table information data could be forwarded through the shortest path. And the verification process of the data could be achieved by Short cut tree routing algorithm. By using the proposed algorithm the lifetime of the network could be increased.

Read More...

In VANET, the communication between the vehicles takes place. As the vehicles are in motion the main aim is to provide efficient routing. The position based routing protocol are better than topology based routing protocol. Working on GPSR routing protocol main aim is to improve the performance of the GPSR as well as E-GPSR routing protocol. The proposed methodology considers the border node and angle of orientation of the neighboring nodes. Based on this the I-GPSR outperforms the GPSR and E-GPSR routing protocol in terms of throughput, average end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio and network load. I-GPSR is methodology and algorithm is studied in detailed.

Read More...