The present new age learning of today’s world is characterized by the ever increasing demands and expectations posed by the society on our education system. The scientific and technological revolution and knowledge explosion have great bearing on how our children make choices while selecting the subject stream at specialized level and how their parents and other influencing stakeholders pose on them to take up a particular subject group specially in senior secondary grades. If we look into the schooling processes closely, we find that despite all booms in other subject disciplines like chartered accountancy, management and other subject areas, science stream has still not lost its lustre. This paper presents a comparative analysis of the structural nuances of chemistry curriculum at senior secondary school levels in India and a few developed countries of the world. The paper delineates various programmes of science teaching and chemistry teaching specifically that have been conceptualized and implemented across some of the most advanced countries of the world in different periods of time. The purpose of juxtaposing the curricula of different countries is to have a comparative perspective in the context of senior secondary school chemistry curriculum. This may develop further insight into exploring various dimensions of curriculum in the comparative mode and bring out some useful and meaningful ingredients for future research in the area of science education and pedagogy of chemistry.

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Innovative ideas of flying air machine has been acquainted with take up the bigger greatness and more steady speed with low irregularity at higher height in the atmosphere. "The NEXT GENERATION WINDMILL" is the up and coming era of twist turbine with impressive cost and superior over existing frameworks. It is the air fastened wind swell that pivots evenly in light of the wind. Helium Sustains the framework to a tallness with the assistance of the pressure sensor. My paper recommends a contrasting option to beat the disadvantage of existing framework. The disservice of air borne framework is briskly given .There are odds of broken association between flying inflatable and ground framework. The consideration of Controller wing and bolting framework get past the detriment.

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Classification techniques have been widely used in the medical field for accurate classification than an individual classifier. This paper presents computational intelligence techniques for Diabetes Patient Classification. This paper evaluates the selected 5 classification algorithms (Naïve Bayes, Multilayer Perception, Decision Table, J48 and FT) for the classification of diabetes patient datasets. The aim of this paper is to investigate the performance of different classification techniques. In this paper we are analyzing the performance of 5 classification algorithms. We use the PIMA Indian diabetes datasets for calculating the performance of classification algorithms by using the training set parameter. And finally a comparative analysis based on the performance factors such as the Classification Accuracy, Error Rate and execution time is performed on all the algorithms.

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Blood is the vital thing for human being because there is no alternative for replacing it. At the times of urgency, the availability of the blood creates problem due to which it is necessary for the presence of a system for providing the blood donors to the recipients by collecting the information about the blood donor, health status and blood group predicting continuous behaviour of healthy blood donors in blood transfusion organization. As the Urgent need of blood is rapidly growing it is desire need to find the blood donor information properly and efficiently. It is becoming more and more difficult to extract the information using the conventional database techniques. So, in this paper we proposed the solution for properly mining the proper and required donor information from large amount of blood donor’s database. It is necessary to analyse the blood donor database, along with his information. For retrieving the proper information from large database related to the blood donor’s data mining is used to analyse their availability, number of donors and all related information. There are various different techniques and algorithms present in data mining like classification, clustering, association, etc. which suits better for desired task.

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The aim of the present work is to reduce seismic response of structures using passive vibration control system namely Fluid viscous dampers in SAP2000. The buildings with 8 floors are considered for the study and the structures are subjected to seismic excitations on steel Building with& without bracing and dampers. The reductions in seismic response were compared. The Bhuj 2001earthquake data is used as ground motion data for performing nonlinear time history analysis. The dampers are installed in the structures only in the exterior frames. In recent years considerable attention has been paid to research and development of structural control devices with particular emphasis on diminish of wind and seismic response of buildings. In order to control the vibration response of building during seismic events, energy absorbing passive damping devices are most commonly used for energy absorption. The present work deals in reducing the seismic response using fluid viscous dampers connected to Steel Bracing for 8 floors when subjected to a seismic excitation of Bhuj 2001 earthquake ground motion. It is considered a regular steel structure with 3 variants of confirmation: Normal Steel Building, Steel Building with ‘X’ Bracing and Steel Building with Dampers. Nonlinear time history analysis has been performed for structures and observed the reduction in seismic response. Parameters studied are roof displacements, storey drifts and base shears. SAP2000 software analysis engine is used as the software tool for the seismic analysis of the structure. Roof displacements decreased highly to an extent of 70% and 21% compared to normal steel building and building with X bracings respectively. The result analysis shows a reduction of 53-65% in base shear and 31-14% in storey drift for structures equipped with fluid viscous when compared to normal steel building and building with X bracings respectively. It expresses that providing bracings with damper in outer frame of structure is more efficient than structure with only dampers.

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To support media applications in portable situations, it will be important for applications to know about the hidden natural conditions, furthermore to have the capacity to adjust their conduct and that of the real stage all things considered conditions change. Numerous current scattered frameworks stages backing such adjustment just in a fairly irregular way. This paper presents a principled approach to supporting adaptation through the use of reflection. More specifically, the paper introduces a language independent, component-based reflective architecture featuring a per-component meta-space, the use of meta-models to structure meta-space, and a consistent use of component graphs to represent composite components. The paper additionally gives an account of a nature of administration stage, giving better backing than checking and adjustment capacities. At long last, the paper clarifies a model execution of the design utilizing the article arranged programming dialect Python

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Power sector plays an important role in any nation’s development. The improved and advanced technology is always required in production of goods, services in the industrial, health, education and agriculture sector. Therefore, introduction of smart grid technology is an essential requirement that reduces the overall greenhouse gas emission with demand management. This paper discusses the benefits and features of all the renewable energy sources especially solar energy for smart grid technology in terms of challenge, cost effectiveness and efficiency in conversion. The paper also shows the improvement in the integration of smart grid technology into the national grid using solar renewable energy.

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This paper presents the numerical investigation on combined bending and shear behaviour of cold-formed (CF) steel built-up I section using the software package ABAQUS/Standard (6.10).Eight models are created in two groups, first group of four specimens with 1.2mm thickness and second group of four specimens with 2mm thickness, analyzed under single point loading conditions. The results show the modes of buckling and their influence on the bending strength and behaviour of CF built-up I sections. Finally, a parametric study was undertaken in order to investigate the influence of the height, thickness and span of the beams on its structural behaviour.

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Cotton is the world’s most widely used textile fibre. Thus the quality of cotton is extremely critical for successful critical for successful textile processing. The quality of baled cotton depends on many factors including variety, weather conditions, harvesting and storage practices, moisture, trash contents and ginning processes. The problem in ginning of cotton in India is that while separating lint from seed the ginning machine damages the cotton fibre as well as seed because of outdated local machinery. In this research our aim is to modify the existing ginning mechanism with emphasis on the design and development in saw gin blade to improve the spinning characteristics of lint cotton. Ginning machines are widely useful in rural areas where there is problem of power or electricity or use of electricity is unaffordable. The present research aims to develop human powered pedal operated ginning machine with low cost, which will facilitate the rural areas.

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Saturation flow is the most important parameter used to determine the capacity of a signalized intersection which directly influence in determining the phase time of the traffic signal. Most of the existing and popular methods available to determine saturation flow rate are established under homogeneous traffic condition where cars are the predominant users and lane discipline is strictly followed. Queue length should be known to the last vehicle to calculate the saturation flow using the traditional average saturation headway method. But it is difficult to measure the queue length during peak hours when long queue is formed. In heterogeneous traffic condition the base saturation flow considered in HCM 2010 cannot be an ideal one, since it depends on the vehicle flow rate, cycle timing, driver perspective, approach volume etc. IRC:SP:41-1994 also have explained a relationship between saturation flow and capacity. By the use of these conventional methods under Indian condition, the saturation flow rate is either over estimated or under estimated due to the heterogeneity of traffic. This study aims at determining saturation flow as per ground scenario under heterogeneous traffic condition considering a four arm fixed time signalized intersection using Root Mean Square (RMS) method. It also aims to compare the study method with equations explained in HCM 2010 and IRC:SP:41-1994.

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In recent years, location based mobile devices has an important aspect. Mobile device users can access many applications through servers based on their current locations. It is a challenge to prove their presence at a specific location in a secure and privacy protected approach. Location privacy is obligatory to each and every user to keep their location confidential. In this paper, we have presented a comprehensive study about the various methods that are well suited to protect location privacy and location proofs.

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Over the past decade, the application domain of wireless sensor networks has expanded steadily, ranging from environmental management to industry control, and from structural health monitoring to strategic surveillance. With the proliferation of sensor networks at home, work place, and beyond, securing data in the network has become a challenge. A number of security mechanisms have been proposed for sensor networks to provide data confidentiality: 1) advanced encryption system; 2) KATAN; 3) LED; and 4) TWINE. However, these schemes have drawbacks, including security vulnerabilities, need for hardware based implementation, and higher computational complexity. To address these limitations, we propose a lightweight block cipher based on chaotic map and genetic operations. The proposed cryptographic scheme employs elliptic curve points to verify the communicating nodes and as one of the chaotic map parameters to generate the pseudorandom bit sequence. This sequence is used in XOR, mutation, and crossover operations in order to encrypt the data blocks. The experimental results based on Mica2 sensor mote show that the proposed encryption scheme is nine times faster than the LED protocol and two times faster than the TWINE protocol. We have also performed a number of statistical tests and cryptanalytic attacks to evaluate the security strength of the algorithm and found the cipher provably secure.

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Shadow is creating because the light source has blocked them. Shadows in an image can inform information about the object's shape, orientation and information about the light source. Shadows degrade the quality of images and affect the information thus the correct image interpretation it is important to detect a shadow. Thus, Shadow detection in real scene images is a challenging but interesting area. Shadow detection is useful many applications like object recognition, scene interpretation and segmentation etc. Many algorithms and methods have been developed for different environmental circumstances to detect a shadow from the images. This paper reviews on some methods to detect shadows. This paper is aimed to provide a survey on various methods of shadow detection with their comparative study and disadvantages and advantages.

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The application of geopolymer technology substantially reduces the CO2 emissions by the cement industries and utilizes the waste materials such as fly ash. In this project a study has been carried out on manufacturing of geopolymer binder based compressed blocks using fly ash, GGBS and quarry dust as fine aggregate. A mixture of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate were used to prepare the blocks which were cured at ambient temperature. This project also covers the material and the mixture proportions, the manufacturing process, the fresh and hardened state characteristics, the influence of various parameters on the fresh and hardened state of geopolymer concrete(GPC), the utilization of the material in structural members, and the long-term behaviour. The huge demand from housing industry due to population explosion has entailed the need for sustainable building materials especially bricks. The most basic building material for construction of houses is the usual burnt clay brick. About 22 million tons of coals are consumed in the production of burnt bricks apart from 10 million tones of biomass. The alternatives to these bricks are compressed cement blocks which have gained popularity recently. The main drawback of cement blocks is consumption of cement which is deterrent to sustainability. It is important to find an alternate material which has less carbon footprint than cement. Researchers have tried to incorporate Fly ash, Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS), lime stone dust, rice husk ash, welding flux slag and other waste products into bricks so as to improve its sustainability.

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Floods cause maximum damage throughout the world. 37 % of Natural disasters in India are floods which cause maximum damage. This paper studies “The Real Time Stream Flow Forecasting and Reservoir Operating System (RTSF & ROS)” in Krishna and Bhima River basin, an ICT tool which provides single platform for accessing collected and processed data to manage floods in Maharashtra. The paper studies defining features of this system, challenges in its implementation and suggests practical solutions to leverage data, information, and monitoring capacities available with the RTSF & ROS to create risk knowledge, an innovative early warning mechanism ensuring last mile connectivity to achieve the targets set by the Sendai Framework of Action for disaster risk reduction and sustainable development.

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Soil is that the major and most typically used material within the field of engineering. Wherever it's used construction, foundation, bricks, pavements it ought to give respectable strength for the soundness of the structure. There are varied varieties of soil within the earth relying upon the fabric property, size, texture, varied properties. There in clay soil is one in its entire group A fine-grained natural rock or soil material that mixes one or additional clay minerals with traces of metal oxides and organic matter. Relying upon the fabric composition clay conjointly possess varied properties. It’s slow to empty, quickly to harden, and tough to use for love or money owing to its finer particle size. Black cotton soil may be a quite expansive soil within which it expands in its volume in wet condition and shrinks in dry condition. Some things construction on the clay soil isn't avertable one so soil stabilization is one in all the foremost usually used ways to extend the engineering properties of the soil, as a results of soil stabilization, the bearing capability of the inspiration of the structure is raised and its strength, water tightness, resistance to washout. The essential ways of stabilization are cementation, bituminization, silicification, resinification, ways victimization chemical science or thermal action, and artificial state change. These ways will cause some effects on the atmosphere. Within the context of property development the natural atmosphere, the utilization of natural Fibres like fibre in geotechnical applications is fascinating. Reinforcing the soil with fibre Fibres/coir geo-textiles may be a price effective resolution to the ground/soil improvement issues. This experimental study deals with the utilization of coconut Fibre for soil stability. The study includes the properties of fibre Fibre and clay and experimental workouts like tri-axial take a look at, Stress state throughout a tri-axial take a look at, California bearing magnitude relation, unconfined compression take a look at, direct shear take a look at.

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The reinforced concrete building slabs are provided with openings in general buildings. These openings are not taken into account while analyzing the building structures for loads. Especially in case of seismic analysis, these openings invariably affectthe performance and response of structure. In this study, an attempt is made to compare the performance of building structure having different percentage of opening in slab. The performance is assessed by applied earthquake load and finding displacement of building.

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In recent times there have been accidents involving trains where fire broke out in railway coaches causing death or severe burns to passengers. This is basically due to the lack of safety features in the train and ill-preparedness of the general public. Through this project we plan to provide a fire safety mechanism so as to overcome fire disasters in trains. We plan to introduce a fire safety mechanism that would if not prevent a fire, at least cut it out before it can spread. In this project we plan to install fire sprinklers and sensors on the ceiling of railway coupes. We have arranged an array of sprinklers and sensors in a prototype that is meant to represent the interior of a railway train coach. We are using a fire sprinkler to detect and start off the process of firefighting. A fire sprinkler is a device that consists of a nozzle that is blocked by a glass bulb containing liquid. This device is connected to a source of water. As smoke rises and heats the bulb, the liquid expands and breaks the glass bulb. This opens the flow of water and douses the fire.

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Microstrip patch antenna are becoming very popular day by day because of its ease of analysis and fabrication, low cost, light weight, easy to feed and their attractive radiation characteristics. This paper presents the comparison for Performance of Rectangular Microstrip patch Antenna with different shape. Rectangular Microstrip patch antenna was fabricated on FR-4 board with a substrate thickness of 1.6 mm to 3.5mm and dielectric constant εr = 2.7 to 5.0 with different frequency band. The patch antenna is being designed for radio and satellite applications and thus resonates in C-band and X-band. In this paper we compare Return loss, Gain, bandwidth percentage, VSWR and radiation pattern for different shape Rectangular Microstrip patch antenna.

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A 5x7 matrix LED Display board with 8051 microcontroller has been designed. The LED’s are connected like a matrix with 7 rows of 5 LED’s per each row is designed on a board to display. For a 5x7 LED matrix, it is impractical to assign one I/O pin per LED, as a 5x7 matrix requires 35 I/O pins. These characters are switched continuously with a delay of 05msec. This design can be extended to number of units by using shift registers to display a message consisting of many numbers of characters. By controlling the data bits connected to the LED’s, we can display any character. The 5x7 LED matrix display with 35 LED’s are arranged in 7 rows and 5 columns structure. The program required for displaying character ‘A’, ‘B’, ‘C’, etc. on the LED matrix, with a delay between each character display has been developed in software keil uvision4. The program code is written in to the keil uvision4 and burn into AT89c51 microcontroller and is verified by interfacing the microcontroller pins for any given character, a corresponding pattern of LED is generated and is used to display the character at run time. The application and advantages that can be used at public transport places like bus stop, railway station, and airport.

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The Internet of Things is enabling smarter use of water at home. The water usage is monitored by deploying Automated Meter Reading (AMR), which helps in monitoring pressure, flow, usage of water. AMR based water supply applications, there is a loss of privacy and increased security risk from network or remote access. In this paper, Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) based nodes with Zigbee communication module are installed in each and every consumer’s place instead of AMR to sense and store the parameters like pressure, flow, and usage of water. The geographical region is dived into Zone based clusters for managing the nodes in an efficient way. Zone Head (ZH) is selected using election algorithm. The data sensed by each node within the zone by the Zone Member (ZM) is forwarded to ZH. ZH sends data to the next upper level Zone Head directly or intermediate node, Duplication is eliminated by using Header based duplicate rejection algorithm. The aggregated data is sent to the sink node. Communication is established between sink node and the server for billing, troubleshooting, and analyzing.

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The main drawback of the automobile engine exhaust system is producing excess noise and it is hazardous to human being causes headache, stress etc, The maximum allowable noise level for automobile is 85 dB. The noise pollution is reduced by using well design muffler. The reactive mufflers are used for reducing noise by using the expansion chambers. The main factor, which is considered in noise reduction is minimizing back-pressure and it should not affect the engine performance. The computational fluid dynamics analysis is used for predicting the muffler performances. In this study, the geometry the perforated holes are varied and the fluid flow analysis is carried out. The three mufflers (muffler I muffler II and muffler III) are considered with different geometrical parameters and the number of the perforated holes are varied. From the result the maximum pressure drop is obtained while increasing the number of perforated holes. Due to the increase in pressure drop reduce the exhaust noise. The pressure and velocity of the mufflers are compared in this study. The ANSYS fluent 14.5 version software is used for the fluid flow for the exhaust muffler.

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Transport is an important part of India economy. since the economic liberalization 90’s there has been a tremendous increase in economic activities followed closely by great increase in the travel demand in the cities. A variety of transport modes are being used in different cities to meet the ever increasing travel demand .public transport is the main source of transportation in cities very few in Indian cities currently have and organized transportation system. There are only seven cities with local commuter rail service. Organized bus service now operates in 65 cities as compared to 20 cities in 2006. Bengaluru city has one of the most extensive bus transport network in India. Buses are the main mode of transportation in the Bengaluru city. The buses in Bengaluru city are maintained and owned by Bengaluru metropolitan transport corporation or BMTC, which operates on about 2400 routes and has a fleet six of 6700 buses, these buses are the main source of mobility in Bengaluru city, besides the buses the auto rickshaws also play an important role in transportation. The main objective of the present study is to study the effect of number of buses stopping at field location on flow parameters like delay, congestion etc. of traffic flow. Based on the studies three alternate proposals are suggested for implementation which would have tremendous effect on the smooth flow of traffic. If proposition is implemented it will reduce traffic congestion, increase speed of vehicles and cause less noise, air pollution and accident. Also, this study is aimed at studying the spacing of bus-stops on the chosen route and finding the optimal spacing between the bus-stops on this route. The main aim of the work is to help in optimization of the stop spacing on the route which will help in reducing the travel time on the route and reduce the number of buses plying per hour on this route. By carrying out optimization of bus-stops it is possible to increase the spacing between bus-stops which results in the reduction of number of bus-stops on the transportation in Bengaluru.

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In the present context we use bevel gear with shaft arrangement for rotating the shaft on which the tire is mounted. This is done for replacement of high cost tire changer which are available in markets for large workshops. Nowadays of market situation, there is always need for better design of the equipment with the maximum reduction in cost. Added to these is the human comfort which enables a person to operate it with ease and least consumption of human effort. In accordance with this situation we design and fabricate low cost semi manual tire fitting and removing machine. Due to this the road side tire punctured remover shops or small tire retailer shops can easily remove or fit the tire on to the rim of wheel. The main objective of this research is to design and fabricate low cost manual 'tire-changer' equipment to develop self-employment opportunities and help eliminating high cost of machine so that any middle class businessmen can buy it and complete their work in less time.

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This paper present a review of only five alternative refrigeration technology to replace the conventional vapour compression refrigeration technology for domestic application. Such technologies are demanded to provide energy saving and other environmental benefits. These alternative technologies are: Magnetic refrigeration, thermo acoustic refrigeration, thermoelectric refrigeration, and thermo tunneling / thermionic refrigeration and pulse tube refrigeration. The paper provides a snapshot of the future R&D needs for each technologies along with the associated hurdles. Only thermo acoustic and magnetic refrigeration technologies draw attention because recent developed in materials and prototype. And the potential efficiencies are medium to high.

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