Fossil fuels are an incredibly dense form of energy and clearly, they are finite. Due to excessive usage of these resources, they have become scarce and that makes it a necessity to find other alternatives. The automotive industry is slowly moving towards electric powered vehicles. Textron Specialized Vehicles (TSV) are transitioning from gas powered to electric vehicles that cater to their customer requirements. Because the battery plays a vital role, it is essential to examine the mechanical integration of high voltage battery within these vehicles. The most common method that helps the battery to be held rigidly in its position is by using a battery hold-down. Designing improved versions of the battery hold-down would require understanding the range of possible bolt loads acting on it. Specifications of battery (such as weight and dimensions) can help calculate the torque acting on the hold-down and how the stress is spread across the design. Based on these values, alternate hold-downs can be designed that can effectively take higher torque values. And since the battery hold-down must also be cost efficient, it implements value engineering concepts to ensure that the new design is cheaper and performs its intended functions.

Read More...

The project entitled License scanning automobile security system is designed for the users to use vehicles with high security using license scanning system. Here in this project we use radio frequency identifiers (RFID) which is connected with the micro controller. The microcontroller kit is also connected with the key section of vehicle is connected with the microcontroller kit. The data of RFID of the license is already stored in the micro controller. When the user keeps the RFID tag in front of the scanner the system reads data on the tag and search for the matching details of RFID, the software in the micro controller recognizes the data and checks it with the existing data stored in the device. If it matches, it sends signal to the microcontroller. The microcontroller receives the signal and sends signal to the relay section through drivers. The relay section is connected to the electric starter of the vehicle. Thus the operation of the vehicle depends upon the data in the RFID. If the software does not recognize it, the starter section will not start.

Read More...

The main goal of this smart staircase climbing wheelchair project is reduce the cost of powered wheelchair and also locomotion of staircase by using of middle class people. The population of people with increase disabilities has significantly during the previous century. As the data come from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), two distinct developments have contributed to the increasing generally predominance of disability.as well as rapid increase that is due to health deficiencies and accidents. More individual persons have problem to use a conventional wheelchair. A current clinical appraisal indicates that 9%-10% of patients who received power wheelchair training found it extremely difficult to use for their activities of daily life style .40% of patients found the maneuvering, directional and steering tasks difficult or impossible. Generally the physically challenged people and paralyzed patients do their daily activities on wheelchairs. The disabled persons are to face an more difficulties, when they have to locomotion of ascend or descend the staircase. For example, to enter or exit erections, that have no slopes, go up and down in erections that have no lifts or pedestrian bridges, in these state of affairs, several helpers are necessary to carry a disabled person and their wheelchair. This leads to a possibility of injury for both the disabled persons and the helpers. This project was aimed to enhance the quality of life provides for the disabled people by supporting the wheelchair to climbing the staircase. To reduce number of helpers to only one person and wheelchair. This system is used to control the locomotion of a manual operated wheelchair by means of joystick control system wheelchair depends on the motor control and drive system, which consists of arduino microcontroller and low speed DC stepper motor. The steel rod is penta shaped and each rod is equally inclined of 72°from each other. At the time of climbing, one wheel that is the idle wheel will be in contact with the ground and the another wheel will be in contact with the stair. The motion takes place only when we pull the wheel chair backwards towards the staircase. The main aim of our project is to provide stability to the person who travels in the wheel chair (i.e., a large support base and maintain the overall centre of gravity as low as possible) the designed stair-climbing system consisted of two 5-spokes wheels and the slot plates. The 5-spokes wheels were used for climbing the stairs. The slot plates were used for sliding the rear wheels of the wheelchair. The 5-spokes wheels were installed at the rear of the wheelchair and were driven by power from an electric motor. When climbing the stair, the rear wheels were slid to the front of the wheelchair. To move on the floor, the rear wheels were slid back to the rear of the wheelchair. From test results, the wheelchair with the stair-climbing system could ascend and descend the stairs with the maximum riser height of 200 mm. The maximum payload was 80 kg.

Read More...

Attendance recording and management is very important now-a-days. It is one of the important ethics which is valued by many employers and educational institutions. Even today, many small scale companies and educational institutions are still using the paper based method for recording and maintaining attendance which is prone to manipulation and impersonation. These traditional methods of attendance recording must be replaced by biometric attendance systems. The unique nature of fingerprint makes these systems more secure. This feature of fingerprint matching makes it ideal to be used in applications such as identity management and access control. This paper reviews the problems in attendance systems used presently, its working, study of different systems, advantages and disadvantages of those systems based on important parameters.

Read More...

In this paper, we describe various skin detection methods (HCM), image filtering methods and comprehensive comparative study among these methods proposed to detect adult classified images. It is based on concept of pattern recognition techniques. First the images are changed to identify areas with low color intensity by the color model. In the next part of the proposed system specify that the image is filtered using skin detection. The main aim has to segment a person or people within the image. By counting all pixels(red and green channel) with identical skin tone, then we can treat the image with porn content The development of Internet make changes in dramatically falling costs of data storage and improvement in coding technology are generating wide variety of wall papers, images, animation, graphics, sound and video . Now a day’s it is obvious that the computers with internet connection. There are facilities in large amount of adult images for free to access. This kind of media is available for children and making problem for many parents. The searching principal of Internet browser programs to avoid adult classified content should be filtering of images. There are ways available to stop adult classified content images on computers. This process is carried out by blocking unwanted sites or identifying images that show explicit content.

Read More...

Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a unpredictable network, the nodes are in the variable state. The node can effortlessly enter and exit from the network. It is a group of autonomous systems which is independent of infrastructure and hence it decreases the cost and deployment time. In the existing work, they used fuzzy logic which decides the rules for the trust evaluation of the nodes. Rules should be defined previously which is difficult to manage for the unknown variables. This method is not suitable for the dynamic nature of the network. So we applied better technique which generates the more trustful network. In our proposed work, trust is calculated by sending the Route Request (RREQ) packets to the network then the destination node send Route Reply (RREP) packet. Calculate RTT for distance between the sender and destination nodes. We select the path by taking the shortest RTT and then form clusters. Calculate the energy of each node in cluster and select cluster head of maximum energy. Cluster head forward the data from source to destination. This method removes the chance of malicious node from the network.

Read More...

Not all the projects finish on time and within given budget. Delays and changes occur during construction that impact the schedule, consequently impacting the project in its completion. Delay in construction projects is defined as late completion of project as compared to the planned schedule. Delays in construction projects are quite expensive; sometimes they may result in severe damages to involved parties. The time and cost for the performance of project are usually important to the employer and contractor. Time overruns always contributed as expensive to all parties. The purpose of this research is to identify critical success and delay factors which can help project parties to reach their intended goals with greater. Totally Twenty Eight delay factors & seven success factors were shortlisted to be made part of the questionnaire survey. According to the case study results, the most contributing factors and categories (those need attention) were discussed, some recommendation were made in order to minimize and control delays in construction projects. Also this project can serve as guide of all construction parties with effective management in construction projects to achieve a competitive level of quality and a time effective project. Statistical Prediction model for estimating actual project duration with delay was implemented on a real case study & tested the accuracy of prediction model.

Read More...

The aim of this work is to generate free electricity for general use, through wind energy which is created due to the motion of trains. This is achieved by using a dynamo with adjustments such that it can support a fan and then using it as a small wind turbine. By creating a closely developed arrangement of many such dynamos mounted on the roofs of each compartment of trains, supported by feeding the outputs of all these dynamos systematically to a central electrical transmission line, we can feed all the energy produced to a battery for further use. Energy resources in our modern fast paced techno world is fast depleting .Hence, a renewable energy source is much required at the moment. Thus researching new and innovative systems in renewable energy sector is an indispensable prerequisite. This project attempts to propose a model for generating clean energy by harnessing the power of wind on moving trains by installing a windmill on the top (roof) of train and then coupling it with a dynamo. The energy generated through the rotation of the blades is stored in a battery.

Read More...

Reinforced concrete frames with masonry infill walls are termed as infilled frames. The provisions of the masonry infill wall increase the strength of the frame. But masonry infill walls are considered as non-structural elements and their bonding interaction is ignored in the design. However during strong lateral loads this infill walls contribute to the response of the structure and may induce a load resistance mechanism different from that predicted for bare frame structure. The objective of the work is to study the seismic performance of the infilled RC frames with and without opening using pushover analysis. The stiffness of the masonry infilled walls is included in the model by converting them into an equivalent diagonal strut (EDS) with references to FEMA-356. The seismic parameter like base shear, storey drift, storey displacement, hinge states are studied for different models and the conclusions are made. The RC frame is designed as per IS 456-2000 and the Static Non Linear Analysis is done using ETABS.

Read More...

The present study aims to utilize an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) for modeling the rainfall runoff relationship of Machhundri catchment area located in Junagadh district, Gujarat, India. An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) methodology was employed to predict monthly runoff as a function of precipitation, temperature, evaporation losses, infiltration losses and humidity. The paper illustrates the applications of the feed forward network for the Runoff prediction with various algorithms and accordingly, different structures of ANNs were used and their efficiencies in terms of the mean squared error ‘MSE’, training and validation determination coefficients ‘R’ to select better predicted Runoff data were examined. The monthly hydrometric and climatic data of Machhundri Watershed in ANN were ranged from 1991 to 2016 and analyzed in order to calibrate the given models. Efficiencies of the Back-Propagation (BP), conjugate gradient (CG) and Levenberg-Marquardt (L-M) training algorithms are compared to improving the computed performances and 72 models were prepared to select a best model having mean square error ‘MSE’ nearer to zero and co-relation factor ‘R’ nearer to unity. The results revealed that the best model is composed of the feed-forward networks, trained by the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm and considering only one hidden layer. The results extracted from the comparative study indicated that the Artificial Neural Network method is more appropriate and efficient to predict the river runoff than classical regression model. The ANN model provides a more systematic approach, reduces the length of calibration data, and shortens the time spent in calibration of the models.

Read More...

An automotive brake disc rotor is a device is use to slowing or stopping the motion of a wheel while it runs at a certain speed. The widely used brake rotor material is cast iron which consumes much fuel due to its high specific gravity. The main purpose of this paper is to develop the material selection technique and choice the finest material for the application of brake disc system emphasizing on the substitution of this cast iron by any other lightweight material. Two methods are introduced for the selection of materials, such as cost per unit property and digital logic methods. Material performance wants were analyzed and different solutions were evaluated among cast iron, aluminum alloy, titanium alloy, ceramics and composites. Mechanical properties including compressive strength, friction coefficient, wear resistance, thermal conductivity and specific gravity as well as cost, were used as the key parameters in the material selection stages. The analysis led to aluminum metal matrix composite as the most suitable material for brake disc system.

Read More...

The solenoid are used extensively in large number of devises that are used in various industries like refrigeration, air conditioning, automobiles, hydraulics, pneumatics, and many more. Solenoid requires boost supply when they are switched on, in order to achieve sufficient magnetic field so that its moving component state can be changed. The primary objective of this paper is to provide a PLC-controlled booster circuit for turning on solenoid or its excitation with optimum power consumption using a minimum number of components. This objective leads to reduced power loss in solenoid thereby increasing the durability of the solenoid.

Read More...

The clutch is part that is used to connect the driver element to the load or driven element at the will of the operator. The clutches are categorized as manual engagement or automated clutches. The automatic clutches form an integral part of the modern automatic transmission system. The conventional clutches use full ace lining for the clutch meaning that the entire face of clutch is lined with friction material and conventionally the friction lining material used is asbestos base. Here in the project non-asbestos liners will be used and the two conditions of liner application will be studies namely the full face lining and the staggered lining. Test will be done by replacing theses linings one by one to evaluate torque Vs speed, power Vs Speed, Efficiency Vs speed and comparative analysis will be done for the same to propose the best operating conditions for each case of liners.

Read More...

The amount of road accidents and fatalities at intersection in worldwide is alarming. A large number of traffic accidents take place at intersections on urban roads in India. These statistical data indicate that intersections are the place of serious safety concern. Roundabout is a type of intersection which is designated for safe and smooth channelization and movements of vehicles in desired direction through a central island. Weaving, Crossing, merging, diverging are some process, which leads to complex movement conditions at roundabouts especially on mix traffic condition in Indian roads. It may be said that roundabout intersections are among the most hazardous locations on Indian roadway system. Hence, objective of this study is to develop some strategies that can be useful to enhance the safety at roundabout. There are a total number of fifteen factors which effects the roundabout safety and among them we present the major three of them in our study. The proposed strategies are illustrated with the help of three roundabouts of the capital city of Bhopal. It may be concluded from the study that the strategies proposed are useful to enhance safety at roundabout. Thus, it is expected that this analysis may be useful for enhancing safety on urban roads in India.

Read More...

Functional textiles are mainly focused and developed for their performance in the particular field. Presently, Activated carbon is used in most of the field and it has the remarkable adsorption and odour control properties at low cost and better efficiency. In this study, Activated carbon is used as a functional material especially for Anti-Microbial and Odour control finishing on textile fabric. Regarding to this function, Activated charcoal is applied in the surface of the fabric by direct application and Micro encapsulation. Finished fabrics are assessed the effectiveness of the anti-microbial property through disc diffusion method which against the microorganisms of staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Aspergillus niger. The odour measurement are conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the anti odour property through organoleptic test (in house method). The carbon coated fabric shows the Good functional properties.

Read More...

Copper vapour laser (CVL) is an efficient, high power and high repetition rate pulsed laser, giving output at two wavelengths of the visible region- green (510.6 nm) and yellow (578.2 nm) and being used for many research and industrial activities. Development of copper vapour lasers is taken up at RRCAT, Indore. Laser system consists of several subsystems like pulse generator system, switched mode power supply (SMPS), vacuum and gas system, cooling system etc. Various parameters and signals of these subsystems are to be monitored and controlled. Project includes hardware development for interfacing field signals to PLC, programming of PLC and Human Machine Interface (HMI) for logic implementation and graphical user interface development required for CVL operation.

Read More...

The present study was conducted on effect of academic stress on dietary pattern among adolescents (16-17 years). The total samples selected were 100 adolescents (50 boys & 50 girls) by using purposive sampling technique. Academic stress scale constructed and standardized by R. Balaji Rao and 24hour Dietary Recall method was used to gather data. The data was then analyzed by using chi square and unpaired T Test by Statistics package for social sciences (SPSS) version 21.Results revealed that 52% adolescents experience mild stress with academic score <53 & 48% adolescents experience moderate stress with academic score 54-106. The academic mean score of girls was found to be 58.0 which were higher than boys (53.74). So it can be concluded that academic stress was higher in girls as compared to boys. But statistically non- significant difference was observed between boys and girls at p<0.05. On comparing the dietary intake of boys and girls with recommended dietary allowance, it was found that both boys & girls energy intake was statistically significant (p<0.05).Protein intake was non-significant (p<0.05) and carbohydrate intake of both adolescents was found to be significant (p<0.05). Fat intake of boys was found to be non-significant in comparison to fat intake of girls which was found to be significant (p<00.05).

Read More...

Multiplication can be measured as a chain of repeated additions. The number which is to be added is called the multiplicand, the number of times which is added is called the multiplier, and the result being given is known as the product. The necessary operations associated in multiplication consist of generating and adding the partial product. As an outcome, to speed up the whole multiplication technique, these two most important steps must be optimized. (a) Creation of partial products (b) partial product addition using speed adders. The modified Wallace multiplier uses MUX realized from transmission gate for partial product generation and also for addition achieving significant improvement in power and area.

Read More...

This paper illustrates the application of Multiple-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) mathematical model to the problem of the selection of a new automobile from the variety of automobiles available in the market. Buying of automobiles, now a days in the marketplace is very hard job to the customers due to day to day changes in numerous technical and operational parameter specifications like style, life span, fuel economy, suspension and cost etc. Therefore, to overcome from this confusion state some selection procedure techniques are required TOPSIS is one the selection procedure technique is adopted for this problem. This paper shows the basic steps involved in the technique TOPSIS (Technique for Ordered Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution), for choosing the most suitable alternative from among the varied options under consideration. This technique provides a base for decision-making processes where there are limited numbers of choices but each has large number of attributes. In this work, some cars are considered with different attributes and select the best car using TOPSIS technique.

Read More...

Now a day’s portability is most important. So to achieve this, we are designing such a system which can carry anywhere. Using this system we can not only transfer the data but also we can see the transfer of the particular file which we want to send by using LCD display. Now a days to transfer a data between two Pen drive we use PC or laptop, but it is not always possible to carry such a large device only for the data transfer. So to overcome this problem we design a system which is more compact. In our project we are transferring the data between two pen drives without using any computers or laptops.

Read More...

Cloud Computing provides different services to the users with regard to processing the Bigdata. The services such as S3 (Simple Storage Service) for storing data, EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud) to build a private Cloud Computing environment and EMR (Elastic MapReduce) for processing the BigData. Generally EMR uses original Hadoop to process BigData. Beacuse Hadoop is a framework that allows distributed processing of large datasets across clusters of computers using simple programming models. Hence cloud computing leverages Hadoop framework to process BigData in parallel. Hadoop has certain limitations which reduces the job efficiency. These limitations are mostly because of data locality in the cluster, jobs and tasks scheduling, and resource allocations in Hadoop. The challenge remains in Cloud Computing MapReduce platforms is efficient resource allocation. Hence there is an improve system, H2Hadoop. An absolute analysis about H2Hadoop architecture and development is to store the metadata of the executed job. Common Job Blocks (CJB) tables is stored in the name node and metadata of the similar jobs are stored in Name node. Name node helps to direct future jobs to specific Data node that carry the required data sets. The CJB table gets updated with the new common features each time a new job reaches this file. The size of this table should be controlled and limited to a specific size to keep the architecture reliable and efficient. We propose the improved system, which is an enhanced Hadoop architecture that reduces the computation cost associated with BigData analysis. Comparing with H2Hadoop, this system reduces CPU time, number of read operations, and another Hadoop factors for a sequences which has common features.

Read More...

An intrusion detection system (IDS) monitors the system activity and tracks abnormal activity patterns thus ensuring system and file integrity. Proposed research is based on the combination of clustering and classification techniques which are used in Hybrid IDS. Clustering is a technique which groups similar data objects into a single cluster. Classification is a technique which predicts a new class for the test object. Proposed IDS works on NSL-KDD dataset. NSL-KDD dataset is a revised version of KDD99 dataset. First, clustering is performed using Enhanced K Strange Points clustering algorithm on NSL KDD consisting of Denial of Service (DoS) attacks. This output is given to the Naive bayes classifier, which classifies the dataset into 6 types of DoS attacks. The results of the proposed system are then compared with existing IDS which uses Kmeans clustering and KNN classifier. The proposed concept aims at improving the detection rates and classification rates of existing Intrusion Detection System (IDS) by using the new approach. It also focuses on reducing the false positive rates compared to the existing system.

Read More...

From the last few decades the microprocessor industry is rapidly shifted to multi-core architectures, much of the research is going on for faster computation in conventional computer systems. Scientific application takes longer time to execute as it contains more mathematical calculation, there is need to parallelise the codes in much efficient way. Many algorithms have been proposed to parallelise the code effectively, but still there are certain limitations that prevent scalable implementations of many well known algorithms. In this research work we have presented a comparative study of CUDA, OpenMP by using two well known scientific applications of Rodinia benchmark suit, a benchmark suite for heterogeneous computing. We are comparing the execution times for serial, OpenMP and CUDA codes of LavaMD and kmeans. We found that CUDA can be utilized effectively to parallelise the application.

Read More...

The cycloconverter is a power electronic device used to convert constant voltage constant frequency AC power to adjustable voltage adjustable frequency AC power without a DC link. Single-phase induction motors are widely used in many applications due to their energy efficient characteristics. Improvements in its performance mean a great saving in electrical energy consumption. A cycloconverter fed variable frequency motor is a typical example of such improvement. In this regard, the paper presents an analysis of the performance and speed control of the split phase induction motor when it is fed with cycloconverter. The various speed of induction motor is obtained by varying the supply frequency by using cycloconverter. The speed control by this method is simple and can be made economical by using different methods to control the operation of cycloconverter which in turn controls the performance of motor. The formula for speed for induction motor is Ns=120f/p. from this formula we can conclude that the speed of the motor can be varied in two ways, one is by changing the number of poles and the other is by changing the frequency. The speed control through the first method is uneconomical and the number of poles can’t be varied under running conditions and the size of the machine also becomes bulky. These problems can be overcome by the second method. In this method the frequency can be varied under running conditions also and there is no change in the size of the motor. In among all the methods this method is simple, reliable and economical. The various speed of induction motor is obtained by varying the supply frequency by using cycloconverter.

Read More...

Authentication is the act of proving the truthfulness of data or entity. But with respect to the protocol, authenticating a connection is the process of authenticating the mobile station with respect to its Network (SN) in mobile telecommunication system. The prime objective of this research paper is to propose an enhancement to UMTS AKA in order to remove the above defined redirection attack and make authentication in 3G networks more secure. The main contribution of this research paper is to define a secure authentication method for communication between Mobile Station (MS) and Home Network (HN) and preventing eavesdropping between MS and the Serving Network (SN). The proposed protocol can minimize number of flows and also it can reduce computational overheads to as much as possible. The simulation results indicate that proposed ELI-AKA protocol can more efficiently provide data security and reliability.

Read More...