In general Flyovers/Bridges are built with conventional method. In conventional method various elements like Bearings, Expansion joints need regular inspection and maintenance. The expansion joints and bearings, by virtue of their functions are sources of weakness in the bridge and there are many examples of distress in bridges, primarily due to poor performance of these two elements. This can be avoided by adopting Integral type of structures. Integral Bridges are the structures without joints. Integral bridges are characterized by monolithic connection between the deck and the substructure (piers and abutments). They span from one abutment, over intermediate support to the other abutment, without any joint in the deck. Integral bridges have been constructed all over the world including India. The work includes analysis and design of Integral structure by using STADD PRO software and manual analysis for simply supported structure.

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The aim of my work is to understand and to investigate the forging defects. Initially some very important terms related to forging are discussed. A brief description about classification of forging process on the basis of temperature (hot, cold and worm forging) and on the basis of arrangement of dies (open, impression and closed-dies forging) is given. Die design parameter, die material requirements and selection of proper die material are briefly discussed. Also, briefly described forging equipments (hammer & press). Forging defects those are repeatedly occurring such as underfill is centre point of the work. Non-linear FEM analysis based process modeling is applied on crankshaft with aid of DEFORM. By analysis of velocity vectors, defects such as laps, folds and underfill in forged crankshaft were predicted. To identify forging defect and for better process design, flow stress of crankshaft material, AISI 5140, is studied. Then fish-bone diagram was used to explore the possible cause of forging defects like underfill, mismatch and scale pits.

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Travel has become an integral part of all of us and hence traffic congestion has been one of the major problems in India especially in metropolitan cities. This study investigates the causes, effects and remedies of traffic congestion which become common in the most roadways in the Satara City. This paper includes analysis of the traffic congestion in Satara city, when studying traffic congestion in Satara city, the main causes of traffic congestion have been measured indicating the inadequate road capacity, poor road pavement, poor road network, poor parking facilities along the road and presence of heavy traffic. By reducing traffic congestion and road maintenance, Satara city can play the significant role by ensuring healthy environment free from traffic congestion.

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Profitability remains a charming subject and a prevailing issue in the development area, promising cost reserve funds and productive utilization of assets. Efficiency is a standout amongst the most critical issues in both created and creating nations. The created nations know about the significance of financial development and social welfare. The creating nations which confront unemployment issues, swelling and asset shortage look to use assets and so as to accomplish financial development and enhance subjects lives. The point of this venture work is to distinguish factors influencing work profitability and furthermore to think about causes i.e. work issues nearby and its consequences for the development ventures. A portion of the essential variables influencing work efficiency are nature of site administration, material lack, opportune installment of wages, work understanding, false impressions amongst work and administrator and so forth. Here issues confronted by the work on Indian development destinations are managed in detail. Issues like non-accessibility of legitimate settlement, fundamental enhancements, low wages, wellbeing related issues, security and so on, exists in all Indian development locales. This work focuses on work efficiency proportions that are decreasing step by step, which thus hurts association's benefit. In this examination an endeavor has been made to relate the evil impacts of falling work profitability with the efficiency of different assets, for example, material, hardware and capital. Examination of the information gathered was finished utilizing distinctive factual techniques. This report incorporates clarifications on work profitability, efficiency change utilizing work examine, factors influencing work efficiency and the solutions for the same.

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In recent years' market requirements of power plants have been changed. As a result, efforts in the improvement of material and design for efficient power plants have been increased. The possible way to achieve high-efficiency requirements is by installing Ultra-supercritical steam power plants whose steam temperatures have T ≥ 601o C. The turbines need to operate at high-temperature conditions by withstanding SCC, LCF and Wire Wooling. As a result, materials with creep, corrosion, and oxidation resistance are required. Existing materials are less resistant towards high-temperature applications such as for ultra- supercritical power plants. This paper aims at designing a single, continuous, monolithic turbine rotor and analyze the steam turbine component, especially turbine rotor by using a different alloy with HAYNES® 188 which can replace the existing alloy 18CrNiMo 7-6. The design of rotor is carried out in Solidworks part design and the analysis of rotor with different alloys is carried out in Solidworks Simulation.

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The analysis of a structural system to determine the deformations and forces induced via extranal loads or ground excitation is the fundamental step in the design of a structure to resist seismic forces. Many methods are available from linear analysis to a sophisticated nonlinear analysis depending on the purpose of the analysis in the design process. In this paper seismic response of a residential G+12 RC frame building is analysed by the linear analysis approaches of Equivalent Static Lateral Force and Response Spectrum methods using STAAD.Pro software as per the IS- 1893-2002-Part-1. These analysis are carried out by considering different seismic zones, medium soil type. Different response like lateral force, overturning moment, story drift, displacements, base shear are plotted in order to compare the results of the static and dynamic analysis.

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Diagnosis of plant disease is a task of identifying the disease in the leaf or fruit or vegetable. About 42 percent of the world’s agriculture harvest is destroyed yearly by disease and pest. However, losses of harvest can be minimized and specific treatments can be applied if plant diseases are correctly identified early. Manual identification of disease in the plant is not only time consuming but also does not give accurate result. So, providing fast, automatic and accurate solution using image processing techniques can be a good realistic significance. Automatic identification of diseases using image processing techniques can be done by using five methods like Image Acquisition, Image Pre- processing, image segmentation, Feature extraction and classification using multiple classification algorithms. This paper shows the result of research conducted on detection of diseases on cotton leaves found in Khandesh region with the help of different classifiers such as Neural Network and Naive Bayes classifier and their combinations.

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The electrical substation which supply the power to the consumers i.e. industries or domestic can have failures due to some faults like open or short circuit faults which can be temporary or permanent. These faults lead to substantial damage to the power system equipment. This project introduces hardware implementation to develop an automatic tripping mechanism for the single-phase supply system. The project output resets automatically after a brief interruption in the event temporary fault while it remains in tripped condition in case of permanent fault. Along with effective solutions for problems faced by India’s electricity distribution system such as power theft, and transmission line fault with the help of software module also incorporates different data aggregation algorithms needed for the different pathways of the electricity distribution system. The proposed system will trip the load in the event of the input voltage falling below/above a set value. Two comparators are used as window comparator formed out of one quad comparator IC. This delivers an error output if the input voltage to them crosses the range beyond the voltage window. A relay is then operated to cut off the load for safety reasons. An alarm, which sounds when the tripping takes place. It can also be enhanced by interfacing with a GSM modem to convey alert message to the user via SMS to take appropriate action.

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From the last few years, the field of internet of things (IoT) is transforming the concept of e-healthcare. The patients can be easily monitored wirelessly and the record of the patients is available as well as communicated online. But along with every new opportunity, new problems arise. In case of IoT, the major problem is limited security as IoT mostly deals with resource constraint devices. Security is the major concern in the IoT based electronic health (e-health) system. Wireless attacks like eavesdropping, masquerade attacks, replay attack, snooping attack poses a threat to the network security. In this paper, various privacy as well as security issues in e-healthcare IoT are analyzed in tabular form.

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Solar energy is the ultimate source of energy for the Earth. Parabolic Trough Collector (PTC) is the widely used solar energy collector as it can give a temperature range varying from 50°C to 400°C.Various methods are being employed to enhance the efficiency of the PTC system. Most common methods are enhancing the reflectivity of the collector surface, absorptive capacity of the absorber tube, using high thermal capacity fluid in the absorber tube and using inserts in the flow of fluid in the absorber tube. In this review paper, a detailed study on different types of inserts in PTC absorber tube done by researchers have been presented.

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Clay soil can be stabilized by the addition of a small percentage, by weight, of lime as, it enhances many of the engineering properties of the soil. This produces an improved construction material. Generally the amount of lime needed to modify a clay soil varies from 1 to 3 per cent, whilst that required for cementation varies from 2 to 8 per cent. Montmorillonitic clay soils respond more rapidly to lime treatment than do those in which kaolinite is the dominant clay mineral. Thus, this paper presents a concise investigation on insitu physical and mechanical properties of soil samples collected from Solina Site Srinagar and the subsequent stabilization with lime. Laboratory tests involved determination of insitu physical properties, compaction characteristics and shear strength parameters. The test results showed that the soil mainly consists of high plasticity clayey silt. The test results indicate that in-situ state of soil is not suitable for using construction site either as foundation medium or as construction material. Therefore, effects of lime on Atterberg limits/Consistency limits were evaluated. Test results indicate that lime can effectively improve the engineering properties of soil under consideration. Thus, the aim of this study is to improve the soil characteristics for sustainable development in the capital City.

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Traditional Butter Extraction Machine is developed & fully mechanized in automated form using electromechanical application in previous study. In present scenario many different kinds of butter extraction machine working on different principles and mechanisms. When shaft is rotated in clockwise and anticlockwise direction & vice versa, stirrer shaft is continuously rotated without lagging. One end of stirrer shaft is fixed and other end is freely rotating (over hanging) during butter extraction, due to centrifugal force jerk acted on shaft. During extraction process, stirrer shaft moves away from the center of axis of rotation. Study on design of shaft for continuous clockwise and anticlockwise rotation, in highly efficient machine for stress calculation & fatigue failure is to be carried out using ANSYS & analytical methods. The study implies on parameters like diameter, material, length & speed of motor for butter extraction machine. Analysis of stirrer shaft & stresses occur during twisting moment can be carried out to be optimized. Aim & Objective of study is to re-design and fatigue failure analysis of the stirrer shaft. Length & critical speed can also be studied for further analysis as future scope of study.

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To take care of critically ill patient one requires accurate decisions so that we can protect as well as save the life. The major function of this paper is to deal with pulse/heart rate and temperature of body. This paper mainly Focus on pulse rate and temperature of the body. The sensors are used sense the Parameters and Microcontroller is used to receive the data from the sensor using Bluetooth module. Using sensor senses the pulse rate and temperature and enables early detection of the emergency .If the person's temperature or pulse rate exceed given limit it will alert to patient's or patient's relative by using alarm also it displays that parameters on LCD display, and it will be shows/displays on mobile also using Bluetooth module. if the pulse rate and temperature exceeds beyond limits it displays message on mobile .The main advantage of this final proposed system is that it detects processes and sends patients data like pulse rate and temperature of body over a wireless. The major advantage of this system to reduce the cost for monitoring patient health using different types of sensor which is harmless to patient's body.

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[1] Cloud computing uses distributed architecture that enables use of scalable resources to provide computing services to cloud users using virtualization concept. It allows sharing of resources, scalability, elasticity, pay per usage and self-provisioning of resources from cloud providers.[2] Cloud computing moves application software and databases to large data centers where management of users’ data and services provided to them may not be fully secured. Communication between services providers and users using cloud network is done through service legal agreements (SLA). Because data transfer is between user and provider is done remotely; data security comes into concern as it opens the door to attacks such as intrusion. This paper is a study of encryption algorithms that are used to prevent intrusion with the intention to achieve data confidentiality, integrity and availability.

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Engineering materials, mostly steel, are heat treated under controlled sequence of heating and cooling to alter their physical and mechanical properties to meet desired engineering applications. In this study we did research on formation of bainite patches i.e. acicular ferrite cementite matrix on normalizing heat treatment. Desired microstructure for SAE 8622 steel BP shaft is uniformly distributed fine pearlite. To solve the problem three way approaches are followed. First is software based using JMatPro to get cooling curves like CCT and TTT transformation curve second heat transfer laws and unsteady state heat transfer equation to get the actual cooling curve followed by sample and then validating both two by practical heat treatment operation and result analysis. In my work effect of sample size on microstructure is studied while performing same heat treatment operation. After studying all these it is concluded that gear blank of SAE 8622 steel with desired microstructure cannot be achieved by normalizing heat treatment. To achieve this microstructure isothermal transformation is to be used. By using CCT curve raw data from JMatPro and time temperature relation of sample while cooling calculated using heat transfer equation with the help of Microsoft Excel is clubbed on origin software to see the exact cooling curve followed by sample helps in optimizing heat treatment operation to be done. Selected heat treatment is performed on sample and desired results are obtained.

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Seepage and evaporation are the most serious forms of water losses in an irrigation canal network. Seepage loss depends on the channel geometry, whereas evaporation loss is proportional to the area of the free surface. The conservation of water is becoming increasingly important as the demand for this vital natural resource continues to rise rapidly and new sources of supply become scarcer. The importance of lining irrigation channels with the view to save these losses cannot be over emphasized. In this paper seepage rate for the Madhya Ganga canal phase-2 at Bijnor District of Uttar Pradesh, India is calculated by the empirical formula and USBR formula and is presented in this paper.

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The study focused on groundwater recourse assessment through steady-state flow modelling in Bina River basin. Bina River is a tributary of Betwa River and is the main source of water for domestic water supply and irrigation supply. Despite its importance for the people in the region, the hydrogeological system of the Bina River basin is not well understood. This study reports a simulation study for better understanding of the groundwater balance at Bina River Basin using Visual MODFLOW. The model involved a steady-state hydrogeological simulation of the two-layered aquifer. The groundwater modelling approach was found to be efficient in identifying the dominant hydrological processes in Bina River basin including evapotranspiration and recharge. The aquifer system was modelled numerically by Visual MODFLOW (flex). The model domain was delineated based on field traverses, topographic maps and digital elevation model extracted from Survey of India toposheet contour lines in ILWIS platform. Aquifer parameters were assigned based on given data by CGWB and WRD, which were then adjusted during the model calibration. The main recharge mechanism considered was direct recharge from rainfall. The model was calibrated to static water levels during 2009 pre- monsoon in each block of Bina River Basin. The overall model results are comparable with the observation well data. The sensitivity of the calibrated model was tested by systematically changing one parameter or input variable at a time and it was found that the model is highly sensitive to changes in ET and recharge rate.

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The data on cloud computing is encrypted due to security concern or the factor of third party to excavate into it. As the consequence to this, the search over encrypted data becomes a complex task. The traditional approaches like to search in plain text cannot be apply over encrypted data. So the searchable encryption techniques are being used. In searchable encryption techniques the order of relevance must be consider as the concern because when it is large amount of data it becomes complex as relevant documents are more in number. We have discussed the probabilistic OPE technique which known as one-to-many OPE. The expected result is to be that cloud server cannot penetrate in actual user data and provide the search on encrypted data will be performed and results will appear in order of relevance score. Even though with good security of one-to-many OPE the cloud can get the information of the plain text if differential attacks occurred on the cipher text by calculating the differences between the cipher text.

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Presents the portable get to composed remote sensor arrange - a novel vitality productive plan for time-delicate applications. In ordinary sensor systems with portable get to focuses (SEN-MA), the versatile get to focuses (M-As) navigate the system to gather data specifically from singular sensors. While rearranging the directing procedure, a noteworthy impediment with SEN-MA is that information transmission is constrained by the physical speed of the M-As and their direction length, bringing about low throughput and expansive postponement. With an end goal to determine this issue, we present the MC-WS-N engineering, for which a noteworthy element is that: through dynamic system organization and topology outline, the quantity of jumps from any sensor to the M-A can be restricted to a pre-indicated number. Examine the ideal topology plan that limits the normal number of bounces from sensor to M-A, and give the throughput investigation under both single-way and multipath directing cases. Also, putting MC-WS-N in the master plan of system outline and improvement, we give a bound together structure to remote system demonstrating and portrayal. Under this general system, it can be seen that MC-WS-N mirrors the joining of structure guaranteed dependability/effectiveness and specially appointed empowered adaptability.

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Urbanization is growing rapidly all over India as well as indulged the growth of slums over a time period and surrounds the city from all sides. Slums are more widespread in the metropolitan cities in India, but now are gradually developing in other cities and small towns also. The living conditions in the slums are hazardous with little or no access to public services explicitly worse off than non-slum dwellers. In general, the visual manifestation of poverty is hallmark of slums which is not only a product of material deprivation but of a set of interlocking factors. The study aims to explain the faces of urban poverty in reference to livelihood framework. Data have been collected randomly from two hundred urban poor living in twenty slums (out of 185-slums) of 25-wards in Midnapore Municipality, West Bengal, by using a structured questionnaire. The data are analysed by simple mathematics and cross tabulation using SPSS-20 software.

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In Modern world, Robot is used in many of the fields such as defense, surveillance, medical field, Industries and so on. In this paper, the robot system is used to develop the process of cultivating agricultural land without the use of man power. The aim of the paper is to reduce the man power, time and increase the productivity rate. The applications of this robot are to plough the land, sowing the seed, watering the plant, or spraying the fertilizer by using microcontroller. Also, it detects the obstacles present in the way by IR sensors. The actions performed by the robot are displayed in phone. The energy required for this robotic machine is less as compared with other machines like tractors or any agriculture machinery, also this energy is generated from the solar radiation which is found abundantly in nature.

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Area mindful sensor directing (LAS-eR) convention is a novel answer for the difficulties of steering in portable remote sensor systems (M-WS-Ns). This talks the high dependability and low idleness necessities of developing presentations. The convention utilizes area data to keep up an inclination field even in exceptionally portable conditions, while lessening the directing overhead. This enables the convention to use a visually impaired sending system to spread parcels towards the sink. The convention inalienably uses various ways at the same time to make course differing qualities and increment its strength. LAS-eR is intended for usage in a high assortment of M-WSN tenders with self-sufficient land, ocean or air vehicles. Explanatory terminologies are determined and assessed against the recreations. Broad demonstrating and reproduction of the given directing convention has indicated it to be very versatile and strong. It is contrasted and the current M-WSN active exceptionally wandering sensor directing convention, the elite portability versatile cross-layer steering convention, and in addition adhoc on-request remove vector and upgraded interface state directing. Conventions are assessed on bundle conveyance proportion, end-to-end delay, over-head, through-put and vitality utilization. The outcomes highpoint both the elite of LAS-eR in different testing situations and its predominance over the cutting edge.

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A number of studies has been conducted to examine factors affecting on project performance in developing countries. The construction industry is complex in its nature because it comprises large number of parties as owners (clients), contractors, consultants & regulators. Contractors have to be capable of continuously improving their performance. The first step involves general information collection, including both first-hand and second-hand data, in order to identify major themes from the literature. Surveys and interviews are conducted, in which a list of important factors for successful performance are identified. With these factors, experts interviews, conducted in second step, are used to decide the most significant factors among them. The main purpose is to improve the performance of construction achieving the economy and give the satisfaction to the construction.

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In this field research paper explores the design and analysis of Static Random Access memories (SRAM) that focuses on optimizing delay and power. CMOS SRAM cell consumes very less power and have less read and write time. Higher cell ratios will decrease the read and write time and improve stability. PMOS semiconductor unit with less dimension reduces the ability consumption. Our propose design propose low power static access memory (PLPSRAM) cell is implemented with reduced power and performance is good according read and write time, delay and power consumption. It’s been noticed typically that increased memory capability will increase the bit-line parasitic capacitance that successively slows down voltage sensing, to avoid this drawback use optimized scaling techniques and more, get improve performance of the design. Memories are a core a part of most of the electronic systems. Performance in terms of speed and power dissipation is that the major areas of concern in today’s memory technology. PLPSRAM cells supported 6T, 10T configurations are compared on the basis of performance for read and write operations. during this paper completely different static random access memory are designed so as to satisfy low power, high performance circuit of our propose design circuit PLPSRAM.

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A Shock absorber or suspension system is a mechanical device designed to smooth out or damp shock impulse and dissipate kinetic energy. Shock absorber is a critical part of suspension system, connecting the vehicle to its wheels. Shock absorber has a significant influence on handling performance and riding comfort. As per Michel S. Talboat and John starkey[2] who presented mathematical model of a gas charged Mono tube racing damper, The model includes bleed orifice piston leakage, and shim stack flows. The model is validated with experimental tests on an Ohlins WCJ 2216 damper. This study pertains to Mono tube gas charged dampers appropriate to automotive applications. Shock absorber plays an important role not only for comfort of riders of the vehicle but also the performance and life of vehicle. Thus for modification it is necessary to optimize the performance of existing mono tube damper. The model is exercised to show the effect of turning on damper performance.The analysis is done by considering loads vehicle weight and concluded that the model is reliable and Precise able to improve its performance by using MR Fluid.

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