The interior walls of all buildings in general and the external walls in particular performs a major role in buildings, both in financial point of view and in the role they play in daily habits. External walls must provide acoustical and thermal comfort, protection and security and must be long-lasting and meet the all requirements. Brick masonry has been the elected material for the execution of external walls as it has paid an important role in buildings since first civilizations. Nowadays, most external walls are built with double wall layers with an inner thermal insulation and ventilation space. Certainly, the complexity that involves a building of this kind of walls increases the possibility of several changes. As a matter of fact, the normal evolution of the buildings outside should involve the use of simple layers. It means a lower complexity in execution and less time waste which leads to economical savings as far as workmanship is concerned.

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Most of the desalination system works on the electricity, which indirectly consumes high grade or non-conventional energies like coal, gases, fossil fuel and oil. On the extraction of heat energy from these fuels, carbon footprint occurs, which causes induction of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, ozone layer depletion as well as hazards of health on mankind. It is also responsible to enhance the global warming which is burning topic and major threat to the sustainability of life. The opportunity of harnessing solar energy is most efficient and ecofriendly technique towards the green technology. The solar desalination is one time investment and low temperature process for lifetime pure water production up to 15 to 20 years. In this thesis, various methods of desalination such as direct and indirect have been discussed. On large scale desalination system for production of pure water, indirect methods are adopted. Whereas for small scale and medium scale desalination systems, direct methods are more suitable. The performance and productivity of solar still can be improved by using various locally available materials and by the simple modifications in the design of still. These low cost double slope single basin solar stills can be economically and easily fabricated for meeting daily needs of fresh water. These solar stills are sufficient for the communities live on the island and small households. It can also be used to convert brackish water into pure water for the population residing near river banks. In this project performance analysis of solar still with different storage substances were carried out at different depth of water. The comparison of productivity and thermal efficiency for still having water with jute, aluminum chips, granite, a conventional still and a non-conventional still have done and different graphs were plotted. The analysis and compilation of results have done and concluded that the maximum efficiency and productivity is obtained from jute in comparison to aluminum pieces, granite, saline water in conventional still and saline water in non-conventional still, i.e. 15.69% and 880 respectively. It can be said that "the jute is best storage material among all of them in turn to get maximum efficiency and productivity of single basin double slope passive solar still".

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Countries all over the world are developing rapidly and infrastructure sector plays a vital role in the development of nations. Transportation is the main constituent of infrastructure sector. Most of the countries are dependent on the roads and highways for transportation of all kinds as compare to waterways, railways, airways etc. In many developing countries, crushed rock and murrum is used as a base material for road pavement. These materials are required in large quantities and are not easily available in many regions. Government of India is concentrating on the development of National Highways and State Highways for the fast transportation and conveyance. Hence the requirement of the construction materials is very huge. This report consists of the study of reasons of failure of the flexible pavements. The materials used for the pavement construction in traditional method. The problems associated with these materials. This study explains the mechanism of Cement Treated Base/Sub-base. The quantity of the cementitious material required to be added for stabilization process. The construction process is explained in details. This material is beneficial because it minimizes the crust thickness and hence saves the material required for construction. The cement treated sub-base/base is tested for the unconfined compressive strength and the results are obtained. It proves that, this material gives better strength as per requirement and performance also better as compare to the traditional materials. The construction cost, quantity of material, transportation charges for material, machine requirement, machinery fuel cost are analysed and compared for the cement treated sub-base and traditional material. The result shows the saving in the construction cost for CTB/CTSB method is more. This report shows how it is beneficial to use cement treated sub-base to replace the traditional base material used for construction of highways.

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The present study aims to survey and map the types of domestic water in Kangpokpi town of Manipur, India. It also aims to investigate the supply and availability of domestic water at the household level to find out water shortage or scarcity. The study is based on field work and secondary data collected from various sources. In the study it has been found that water is available in good amount though there are shortcomings in the methods of distribution and the poverty of the people to have the buying capacity. The inability of the PHED in supplying full scale water to the town as a whole can be rooted to social factors such as insurgency. If the anthropogenic activities are not stopped there will certainly be dwindling of the volume of water in the near future.

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Bongaigaon area of Bongaigaon district is rich in rice diversity. This rich diversity of rice serves as a valuable genetic resource for its future improvement to meet the ever-increasing demand for rice production as these varieties of rice form the initial material for selecting suitable parents for hybridization for economic and genetic studies. Due to population growth and increasing demands of food the farmers have to adopt new agricultural technology for greater production using High Yielding Varieties (HYV). This ultimately has reduced the practice of cultivation of traditional varieties. Cultivation of some varieties has decreased in such a way that if care is not taken or conservation is not done timely then they will be lost forever. With an aim to study the rice diversity in Bongaigaon area a field study was made in different localities of Bongaigaon area of Bongaigaon district during the period of 2010-2015. Percentage of people practicing HYV mainly Ranjit, Aijong, Swarna masuri has increased while practice of cultivating traditional varieties like Rangjuli, Malsira, Gandubaji, Moinagiri, Goyasuri etc. have reduced drastically. But all these genotypes have great importance, as future of crop improvement needs the genetic variation and the farmers might not have new HYVs without the presence of these traditional varieties. So, it has become very necessary to aware people (especially, the farmers) about this matter and encouraged them to carry on cultivation of traditional varieties too alongside these HYVs.

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Due to various problems which are exist with the scaling of MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET) devices such as short channel effects, drain induced barrier lowering (DIBL) and saturation of velocity are limits to the performance of MOSFET. To overcome the existing problems a new device Tunnel FET is alternative to the MOSFET. This paper, propose a design for a double gate Hetero-junction tunnel field effect transistor (DG Tunnel FET). In this work, using the calibrated 2-D TCAD simulation, we demonstrate that the ON current (ION) and OFF state current (IOFF) for the double gate Hetero-Junction Tunnel FET shows the improvement with a silicon channel and SIO2 as a gate dielectric. DG Tunnel FET is explored by using the practical design parameters which shows ON-state current 13.12μA/μm and the OFF current achieved is l.68pA/μm for a gate voltage of 1V which specify that better power switch performance.

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Beels are highly productive natural ecosystem which harbours appreciable ichthyofaunal diversity along with other animals and plants. The Kankati beel is located at Sonalibori village in Gohpur of Biswanath district. The beel is open type with an area of 97.50 ha2 and connected with the Kharonijan river. The beel is a fishing hub of the area. Although most open beels are multispecies fisheries, only a few species predominate in the landings (CIFRI, 2000). The beel is an important source of living for the nearby fishing community and it is also used for other activities like agriculture, grazing etc. The study reveals about 50 no. of indigenous fish species along with one species of exotic fish species Oreochromis mossambicus. The beel also acts like a breeding ground for large number of major carps, minor carps, air breathing fishes and cat fishes. But growing human interference has posed a serious threat to the Ichthyofaunal diversity of the beel. Proper management of the beel is necessary to improve the present status of the Icthyofaunal diversity.

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The most important thing which is needed for the irrigation is water. This proposal discussed about how the water can be efficiently used for agriculture. According to this proposal Real Time Clock (RTC) is used to update the weather condition to decision making microcontroller for irrigating field in the real time. Once the ON and OFF timings are reached the controller, the motor continuously starts and stops in required time interval by using RTC. Temperature and moisture values of the irrigation area are continuously monitored and the values are send to the monitor via Internet. If the temperature and moisture values are beyond the certain limit an alert message will be display to the farmer.

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This paper is proposed the face recognition method using PCA with neural network back error propagation learning algorithm .In this paper a feature is extracted using principal component analysis and then classification by creation of back propagation neural network. We run our algorithm for face recognition application using principal component analysis, neural network and also calculate its performance by using the photometric normalization technique: Histogram Equalization and comparing with Euclidean Distance, and Normalized correlation classifiers. The system produces promising results for face verification and face recognition. Demonstrate the recognition accuracy for given number of input pattern.

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Cutting is a compressive and shearing phenomenon, where cutting a materials like paper, timber, pipes to the required length in any manufacturing industry is the initial step. Increasing in Global competition and technological advances are forcing manufactures designers and engineers rapidly produce strategies decreasing products development cost and time. Manufactures who exit at a same time have the option of selecting optimum technologies or processes to coincide with their manufacturing surrounding. The main idea of this work is to design a prototype model for automating the cutting process for varying length in continuous cutting process with reduced time and cost which may applicable in industry. Programmable Logic controller (PLC) and Human Machine Interface (HMI) is used to propose new approach, HMI is designed to enter the values like length, rpm, number of counts and HMI is connected to PLC by RS485 serial communication protocol. PLC is programmed to control the servo motor where entered values are converted to pulses and when targeted length is reached PLC will actuate pneumatic press to cut the paper to solve the problem of continuous cutting process for varying length.

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Protein engineering is the conception and production of unnatural polypeptides, often through modification of amino acid sequences that are found in nature. Proteins are the principal catalytic agents and molecular machines in cells. But individual proteins do not function alone but they must interact with other molecules to carry out their cellular roles. Hence protein interfaces have become one of the most popular new targets for rational drug design. In addition to practical applications in drug design, reliable identification of protein–protein interfaces is important for basic research on the mechanisms of macromolecular recognition also for the theoretical basis. Protein engineering is the design of new enzymes or proteins with new or desirable functions. This review article describes the basic knowledge of Protein Engineering which is used in recent days.

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Laboratory studies on larval food preference of Pieris brassicae Nepalensis showed that Brassica oleracea Var. capitata was the most preferred larval food plant based on leaf area consumption per unit time, when reared on Brassica oleracea Var. capitata (Cabbage), Brassica oleracea Var. botrytis (Cauliflower), Brassica campestris (Mustard), Cleome rutidosperma (Fringed spider flower, wild) and Tropaeolum majus (Nasturtium). Tropaeolum majus was considered to be the least preferred food plant for P. brassicae nepalensis. In the present investigation Brassica oleracea Var. capitata leaves proved to be the most preferred oviposition substrates for the female P. brassicae nepalensis. Although Tropaeolum majus (Nasturtium) was not preferred as a food plant by the larvae, adult females showed equal preference for Tropaeolum majus and Brassica oleracea Var. botrytis for oviposition. This not only increases the rate of oviposition but also ensures higher larval survivality.

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With the advancement in wireless communication, the desire to achieve data transmission at high speed is also increasing. But accomplishing high data rate transmission over broadband wireless channel seems a challenging task. Multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) communication when combined with OFDM System allows reliable transmission of data. The pilot based channel estimation is one of the most used technique for the channel estimation. This paper reviews the research that has already been done to propose different techniques for channel estimation. The paper analyses the implementation of Recursive Least Square (RLS) and Least Mean Square (LMS) algorithms for channel estimation in the MIMO-OFDM system. The information gathered through this review paper will help us to explore the work in the same field.

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Cloud computing has a lot of security crises that are acquirement great concentration nowadays, including the data shelter, network security. Data protection is one of the most important security crises that arise in real world, because associations won’t relocate its data to isolated machines if there is no definite data protection from the cloud service providers. Many procedures are suggested for data shelter in cloud computing, but there are still a lot of difficulties in this subject. The most popular security method includes SAPA i.e. “shared Authority based Privacy preserving Authentication Protocol”. Ambition of this paper is to investigate and estimate the most important security techniques for data sheltering in cloud computing. We have proposed SAPA, the shared access authority is achieved by unidentified access request and privacy contemplation, attribute based access control allows the single user to access own data. To provide the data invoking from the other trustworthy party and sharing among the multiple users proxy re-encryption scheme is used by the cloud server. It indicates that the proposed scenario is possibly applied for enhanced privacy-preservation and security in cloud applications. We have done the review study on this scenario. In this paper we will focused on implementation of this review with assuring a improved result.

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Concrete is the most versatile man-made construction material in the world and being extensively used in all types of construction activities. The strength, durability and other characteristics of concrete depend upon the properties of its ingredients, the mix proportions, the method of compaction and other controls during placing, compaction and curing. To enhance these properties, an attempt was made to study the durability property by introducing polypropylene fibers in concrete. In this paper effect of polypropylene fibers on the durability of concrete for M30 grade have been studied by varying percentage of polypropylene fibers in concrete. Fiber dosages of 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% by volume of concrete were used in the experimental study. Concrete cubes of size 150mmX150mmX 150mm were tested for compressive strength, Resistance to Acid Attack for 28 days, 56 days curing period. Polypropylene fibers were randomly dispersed in concrete. The results indicated that increasing the volume fraction of fiber showed decrease in compressive strength after subjected to acid attack. High volume PFRC was shown to be more vulnerable to acid attack.

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This paper describes design and simulation of Circularly Polarized D Shaped Microstrip Antenna. Proposed D shaped antenna is simulated on HFSS Simulation Software Tool. Proposed antenna covers the frequency range from 1.98 GHz to 2.05 GHz and also has -19.69 dB reflection coefficient. Antenna can be used for Satellite Communication and Mobile Satellite Services (MSS). Proposed antenna have axial ratio less than 3 dB and provides circular polarization at 2 GHz frequency.

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A theoretical analysis of the dynamics of a rotor-bearing system with a transversely cracked rotor is presented. The rotating assembly is modeled and the presence of a crack is taken into account. Rotor dynamics is the study of vibrational behaviour in axially symmetric rotating structures. The vibration in rotating machinery is mostly caused by unbalance, misalignment, mechanical looseness, shaft crack, and other malfunctions. A strong interest has developed within the past several years in the dynamic behavior of turbo machinery with cracked shafts. An excellent review of the field of the dynamics of cracked rotors and of different detection procedures to diagnose fracture damage has been presented. In literature, several studies are available for cracked rotor systems, and few authors have addressed the issue of multi-cracked rotor system. These statistics indicate that this is a very dynamic area of research, and the main focus of present article seeks to provide comprehensive review of previous and recent research work published on dynamic analysis of a cracked rotor.

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In the present era, Transmission Line Tower plays a great role in human society. Due to earthquake the transmission line may collapse, and it will cause economic loss as well as the secondary disasters such as fire. Therefore it becomes very to analyse the tower for seismic forces. In this study, an attempt is made that Transmission Line Tower is modelled using STAAD Pro. The towers are designed in two earthquake zones III & IV with three different soil conditions Hard, Medium & Soft. The towers are modelled using parameters such as constant height, base width, angle sections and variable parameters of bracing system, earthquake zones and soil type. The cable loads are calculated using PLS Tower software. After completing the analysis, the comparative study is done with respect to axial force, reactions & moments for all different towers. Conclusions were drawn based on the results obtained from the different studies carried out.

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Smartphone authentication mechanisms. Such as PIN, Graphical Passwords and Fingerprint Scans. It is used for login time security it is not designed to provide security after login (post-login). The use of cloud storage it’s easier for sharing data with Multi-User. Many times smartphone is easily fall into hands of the unauthorised user so that personal information and behavioral biometric information which processed on device are need to be secured. It is done by uploading encrypted template information on the cloud storage or server and perform authentication to identify the user using privacy-preserving protocols. The techniques such as dynamic data, public integrity auditing using this techniques the original data owner is modifying the shared data, it is limits of this technique to all client are read only applications. We illustrate the energy overhead of Existing privacy preserving protocols to save power at time of continuous authentication on Smartphones. Also we use a new data integrity auditing technique for sharing data store on cloud. This new proposed technique use a public auditing, high error detection, user revocation and multiuser modification. Our propose system avoids user impersonation attack. It is not considering in existing systems that support Multi User modification on cloud storage.

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In engineering, a truss is a structure consisting of members or elements that takes only tension or compression but no bending. It consists of two force members, where the members are organized so that the assemblage as a whole behaves as a single object. Two force members can be defined as a structural component where force is applied to only two points. In truss, bracing is a system generally used to reinforce the structures in which diagonal supports intersect. Bracing also increase load carrying capacity. In this paper a brief investigation is made on different kind of geometrical arrangement for one dimensional truss. These different geometrical arrangements of bracings are analyzed using FEM software package (STAAD PRO_2007) and compared the results (member stress) of each primary member of the truss (1D). From the study it was found that after providing bracing arrangement type-T3 (Fig-5) the strength of the truss (1D) is increased.

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A beam is a structural element that is primarily resists the transverse load or laterally applied loads to the beam’s axis. Beams are traditionally descriptions of building or structural elements, but any structures such as automotive automobile frames, aircraft components, machine frames, and other mechanical or structural systems contains beam structures that are designed to carry transverse loads. In engineering, deflection is the result to which a structural element is displaced under load. There are many method s to find out the deflection of a beam such as virtual work method, direct integration, Castiglione’s method. Macaulay’s method or the direct stiffness method but Leonhard Euler and Daniel Bernoulli in 1750, first time developed a theory for finding the deflection of beam. Though recent studies argue that Leonardo da Vinci was the first to make a observation but he couldn’t develop a theory due to lack of Hooke’s law and calculus. There is also different approximate methods were developed to calculate the deflection such as Point collaboration method, Sub-domain collaboration method, Galerkin Method, method of least square etc. In this investigation an attempt to be made a comparison of range of applicability of Rayleigh-Ritz method and above mentioned method of Weighted Residual to calculate the deflection of a simply supported beam under central loading. From the investigation, it is concluded that Rayleigh –Ritz method gives the accurate deflection result of the subjected beam.

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This paper investigates the result of an experimental study carried out to determine the performance of electricity free refrigerator system. This system makes use of pressure energy of LPG cylinder which comprises of 24.3% propane, 56.5% butane and 17.2% isobutene. The LPG is cheaper and possesses an environmental friendly nature with no Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) and no Global Warming Potential (GDP). The refrigerator used in the present study is designed to work on LPG. When high pressure LPG allows to passes through a capillary tube pressure drop occurs due to which LPG changes from liquid to gases thus latent heat of refrigerant increases. This LPG after passing through evaporator produces some cooling effect. The performance parameters investigated is the refrigeration effect in certain time. The evaporator temperature reached 12.2OC from ambient temperature of 34.5OC. From this experiment which done in atmospheric condition, we can predict the optimum value of cooling effect with the suitable operating condition of regulating valve and capillary tube of the system.

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The present paper is gone for investigating the effect of dividend strategy of shareholders' riches in Organic and Inorganic Chemical Companies in India amid 2004 – 2005 to 2012-2013. To gauge the effect of dividend strategy on shareholders' riches different relapse techniques and stepwise relapse models are utilized by taking DPSit (Dividend per Share), RE it (Retained Earnings per Share), Pet-1 (Lagged Price Earning Ratio) and MPSit-1 (Lagged Market Price) (MVit-1) as free factor, and MPSit (Market Price Per Share) as needy factors. To decide the extent of clarified variety in the reliant variable, the co-proficient of assurance (R2) has been tried with the assistance of F esteem. The investigation demonstrates that the abundance of the shareholders is incredibly affected predominantly by five factors viz., Growth in deals, Improvement of Profit Margin, Capital Investment Decisions (both working capital and settled capital), Capital Structure Decisions, Cost of Capital (Dividend on Equity, Interest on Debt) and so on. There is a critical effect of dividend strategy on shareholders' riches in Organic Chemical Companies while the shareholders' riches is not impacted by dividend payout to the extent Inorganic Chemical Companies are concerned.

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Distributed computing use Hadoop system for handling BigData in parallel. Hadoop has certain restrictions that could be abused to execute the occupation effectively. These confinements are generally a direct result of information region in the group, employments and errands booking, and asset allotments in Hadoop. Productive asset assignment remains a test in Cloud Computing MapReduce stages. We propose H2Hadoop, which is an upgraded Hadoop design that lessens the calculation cost related with BigData investigation. The proposed engineering additionally addresses the issue of asset portion in local Hadoop. H2Hadoop gives a superior answer for "content information, for example, discovering DNA grouping and the theme of a DNA arrangement. Additionally, H2Hadoop gives a proficient Data Mining approach for Cloud Computing conditions. H2Hadoop design influences on NameNode's capacity to dole out employments to the TaskTrakers (DataNodes) inside the bunch. By adding control components to the NameNode, H2Hadoop can keenly immediate and allot undertakings to the DataNodes that contain the required information without sending the occupation to the entire group. Contrasting and local Hadoop, H2Hadoop lessens CPU time, number of read operations, and another Hadoop factors.

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VANET is filed of networking that has been widely used in intelligent transportation system. VANET is an extension of MANET that is accessible for auto driven vehicle system. Various types of messages have been transmitted over the VANET for different purposes using various routing protocols. In this paper a literature study has been done about various approaches of video message transmission over VANET. Video Messages have been transmitted to the nodes over the network using frames of the video that has been transmitted by frame to frame. Different approaches of video data transmission have been studied in this paper and brief discussion has been done about different approaches.

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