Energy is considered as one of the most important factors for economic and industrial growth. Due to the depleting problem of fossil fuels there is a huge demand for an alternative and research & studies promoted the emergence of biofuels among which biodiesel is considered to be the most accepted and best alternative for the depleting energy resources. Biodiesel has become a key source as a substitution fuel and is making its place as a key future renewable energy source. As an alternative fuel for diesel engines, it is becoming increasingly important due to diminishing petroleum reserves and the environmental consequences of exhaust gases from petroleum-fuelled engines. To minimize the biofuel cost, in recent day’s waste cooking oil was used as feedstock. The used cooking oils are used as raw material, adaption of continuous transesterification process and recovery of high quality glycerol from biodiesel by-product (glycerol) are primary options to be considered to lower the cost of biodiesel. There are four primary ways to make biodiesel, direct use and blending, micro-emulsions, thermal cracking (pyrolysis) and transesterification.

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The diesel fuel injection system is the heart of the diesel engine and has become one of the critical emissions control technologies with the advance of multiple fuel injection system. The main study was to investigate the effect of pilot, post and multiple fuel injection strategies on engine performance and emissions. The study was carried out on a 4-stroke cylinder 1.2-liter small-bore direct injection diesel engine equipped with a high pressure common rail fuel injection system. A large amount of engine performance, emissions, and cylinder pressure data over several engine operating points system is obtained. It was determined that use of pilot injection does not lead to a simultaneous reduction of NOx and particulate emissions unless optimized combinations of EGR rate, main injection timing, pilot injection timing, quantity and dwell before main injection were achieved. It was also found that post injection and multiple injections can reduce particulate emissions by more than 40% in some cases. It is believed that reduction of particulates using post injection or multiple injections is a result of improved particulate oxidation later in the combustion cycle due to increase in-cylinder bulk temperature and/or enhanced air/fuel mixing with the presence of an additional combustion event.

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There are several categories of CVTs in existence today, including traction, belt, and ratcheting types. Drives of these types, their attributes, and associated design challenges are discussed to frame the development of the Cam-based IVT. The operation of this transmission is kinematically similar to a planetary gear set, and therefore, its operation is described with that in mind including a description of the six major components of the transmission, those being the cam, followers, carriers, planet gears, sun gears, and one way clutches. A method was developed to select the most suitable inversion, gearing, and follower velocity for a given application.

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The use of inappropriate technology for the primary collection of municipal wastes in general is a common problem. A tricycle was designed and fabricated with a carriage to be used for doorstep collection of waste. The tricycle was designed to be human powered for the purpose of primary collection of municipal solid waste in locations and communities where the existing collection trucks could not cover due to narrow, poor quality roads and a high density population and congested areas. The final result shows that the tricycle is stable, strong, durable, and the dynamic test conducted has confirmed the stability, easy maneuvering, and the effectiveness of the braking system. This research work is applicable to the reduction in the inefficiency with the existing methods and equipment used in the collection of municipal waste.

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Agriculture is the backbone of India. The need of agriculture product in India has risen due to huge popularity, scarcity of labours in agriculture and increasing labour wages. In today’s world there is a demand for Sugarcane and its byproducts. The major state growing sugarcanes are Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, now India is the 4th leading producer of sugarcane in world. In today’s world, the entire requirements are being fulfilled through automatic system. The demand for reducing the wastage of sugarcane .So the search of easy semiautomatic method is completed by our project on the topic Design and Fabrication of semiautomatic Sugarcane Bud Chipping Machine, which is used for producing Sugarcane Bud for the plantation and growing sugarcane which is helpful to farmer that reduces the initial cost, and increase the yield of production in sugarcane.. One alternative to reduce the mass and improve the quality of seed cane would be to plant excised auxiliary buds of cane stalk, popularly known as bud chips. These bud chips are less bulky, easily transportable and more economical seed material. The bud chip technology holds great promise in rapid multiplication of new cane varieties. The chipped bud cane is placed in fertile soil which is filled in one kg. Polythene bags, small holes made in the bottom portion of polythene bag for aeration, single bud cuttings made from top one third portion of seed cane stalk, planted horizontally with bud position upward in top one fourth soil portion and covered with thin soil layer followed by applying water with a watering cane.

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This paper gives overviews on the salient features of Big Data analysis and its challenges. We face daily challenges in data network like where to put it, data complexity, data management etc. It is difficult to process and store a large amount of data in Relational Database management system (RDBMS). Methods for querying and mining Big Data are fundamentally different from traditional statistical analysis on small samples. Big Data is often noisy, dynamic, heterogeneous, inter-related and untrustworthy. Nevertheless, even noisy Big Data could be more valuable than tiny samples because general statistics obtained from frequent patterns and correlation analysis usually overpower individual fluctuations and often disclose more reliable hidden patterns and knowledge. Big Data brings new opportunities to modern society and challenges to data scientists.

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The oil skimmer is a commonly used device in the process of separating the oil from the oil. This setup consists of two parts to avoid excess water content when being skimmed. This project leads to simple and effective way of removing the oil from the surface of water in dynamic bodies like seas, oceans, etc. The understanding and working of the device is simple and can be employed at any place. The normal oil skimmers are mostly employed only in static condition, few which are used in the dynamic conditions skims out excess water along with the oil. To achieve high efficiency and also to avoid removal excess of water we have combined two different methods of oil skimming. This is done very simply and more effectively.

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Electricity is the most important resource in this century. Conservation of electricity is equally important or else the next human generations will face a huge problem of energy shortage. In present situation the most dominating problem is about wastage of electricity. It has become an human tendency today that is wasting the electricity resulting into power shortages in most of the rural areas as well as in urban areas. In country like India, where population growth is exploding year by year and so is the demand for electricity. To dodge the problem of electricity wastage at domestic level, an automation system will help out to cut the energy wastage. This paper focuses on the energy conservation by automation so as to save the energy with the help of smart system. The system so presented in this paper helps in saving electricity specially when implemented in big educational institutes, theatres, seminar halls, etc.

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Face recognition is the process of identifying the faces of humans by their unique characteristics. It is a least intrusive technology, as it works with the most authenticating factor, human face. This paper consists of methods and techniques that emphasizes on recognizing a person by comparing the characteristics of his face known or to the already stored images in the database. The techniques and methods discussed in this paper are Principal component Analysis (PCA), Elastic bunch Graph Matching (EGM) algorithm, Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Independent Component Analysis (ICA), Eigen spaces, Knowledge-based, Feature invariant, Template matching, Appearance-based approaches and Microsoft cognitive services. Microsoft Cognitive Services expands on Microsoft's evolving portfolio of machine learning APIs and enables developers to easily add intelligent features – such as emotion and video detection; facial, speech and vision recognition; and speech and language understanding – into their applications.

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Faceted search is becoming a popular method to allow users to interactively search and widely used in online webshops and product comparison sites. This approach suffers from many issues. Faceted search is primarily helpful for approximate results. However, one of the difficulties with faceted search, especially in e-commerce, is that a large number of facets are available. In this paper, we conduct a deep study about this problem.

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The aim of this project is to give an ergonomically efficient product to patients with an affordable cost and easily maintainable manner. This project concentrates on the patient health monitoring and giving alert to the patient’s relatives and doctor in case of emergency. The two sensors namely heart rate sensor and pressure sensor will continuously monitor the patient and record the observation in the database so that they can go through the data whenever needed. It saves time and effort of the care taker and an immediate response given by the sensors is very useful and can react on the situation more effectively than the manual procedure. At abnormal conditions, an alarm will be generated in the form of buzzer. Also based on the severity of the patient, alert is given in the form of text message by using the GSM module. It is a user friendly, cost effective and an efficient method to monitor patients continuously. An Android application is developed to view the status of the patient health and report is generated in the form of graph.

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OFDM based EONs improves the transmission capacity and flexibility and ensure the service level control of traffic request. Routing and spectrum assignment method can be implemented in OFDM based EONs. This proposed method takes the advantage of both elastic optical networks and OFDM and it can solve the service degradation of immediate reservation due to the preservation characteristics of advanced reservation request.

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ZnO nanoparticles have been a subject of intensive studies in recent years due to their unique material properties and wide applications, in electronics, photonics, cosmetics, biosensors, rubber industry, pigments etc. ZnO is a direct wide band gap semiconductor having band gap energy of 3.37 eV and a large exciton binding energy of 60 meV at room temperature making it a prospective candidate for many applications such as UV lasers, light-emitting diodes, solar cells, nanogenerators, gas sensors, and photodetectors. Several novel and cost effective techniques have been employed by researchers in the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles. The paper presents a review of the most important chemical, physical and biological techniques used in the synthesis of ZnO. The various useful properties of ZnO that has captured much attention owing to which it has found wide applications in different technological domains have also been discussed.

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This mechanism relates generally to altitude above sea-level based parachute release system and more particularly to a control circuit which automatically activates the release mechanism of the parachute when the altimeter detects the pre-set altitude. The altimeter thus converts the altitude into a signal and supplies the same to the micro-controller. The micro-controller will provide signal to the DC Motor in the form of input source which will trigger the DC Motor. This will activate the release mechanism. The parachute will also be provided with a tracker used for detection purpose. It is a satellite based tracker.

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This paper implements an efficient way to power generation system, using solar power and piezoelectricity. Solar energy system is used to collect maximum power from sun. This proposal is to use the solar panels implemented in this project more efficiently and to carry out a realistic experimental approach to enhance the solar output power to a significant level. And Piezoelectric energy harvesting circuit. In this paper, piezoelectric-based energy harvesting technology is applied to generate electricity from mechanical stress (vibrations). Using piezoelectric material to harvest vibration energy from humans walking, machinery vibrating, or cars moving on a roadway is an area of great interest, because this vibration energy is otherwise untapped. Since movement is everywhere, the ability to capture this energy cheaply would be a significant advancement toward greater efficiency and cleaner energy production. The goal of this experiment is to investigate whether piezoelectricity would be able to provide sufficient source of voltage to charge the parent battery in case of rainy or cloudy days. This configuration allows the two sources to supply the load separately or simultaneously depending on the availability of the energy sources. This paper implements an efficient way to electrify or generate electricity using solar power and piezoelectric energy harvesting circuit.

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The water is vast as it covers around 140 million square miles; more than 70% of the Earth's surface, and half of the world's population is found within the 100 KM of the sea areas. In many fields like adventurous purposes, existence of natural resources, transportation and defense UWSN playing vital role. With the growing role of sea in human life, determining these largely unexplored areas has gained more importance during the last decades. Recently, many researchers in these days choosing Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs), because old methods for underwater monitoring missions have some weaknesses like they are using un-manned survey, high water pressure, unequal underwater events. UWSNs is quickly increasing interests of researchers as it collects and monitor data for groups of underwater robots, pollution monitoring applications, equipment control and equipment monitoring. The main aim is to enhance various issues and create a new set of routing protocols inside important changes in the underwater wireless sensor network and terrestrial network. In UWSN underwater sensor nodes run on the batteries, so, if once node is installed, it's very difficult exchange or charge. By this efficiency of energy plays main role in UWSN. Initially we consolidated routing protocols into categories. After this we discussed future research issues of routing protocols are sensibly examined and also perform comparison of routing protocols.

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This research work is aiming to automate the process of digging and seed sowing at proper distance and depth. This advancement in technology will not affect the quality of soil and increase the efficiency of getting crop. Now a days the availability of labor is a major problem faced by farmer. By using this machine the sowing can be done row by row and distance will maintain. So this machine reduces their efforts and reduces the cost of seed sowing process with great efficiency and accuracy with reducement in labor requirement.

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Internet of Things (IoT) is a concept of imagines all objects around us as part of internet. IoT includes the very wide range of objects and variety of objects like smart phones, tablets, digital cameras and sensors. In the IoT All these devices are connected to each other, they enable more smart services and processes that support our everyday needs, environment and health. The current revolution in Internet, mobile, and machine-to-machine technologies can be seen as the first phase of the IoT. Arduino Mega controller is used as a controller to control and monitor many applications through server. Status of every device is continuously monitored on webpage and user can use this data to switch the device. MQTT (message queue telemetry transport) protocol is used for communication of data. It was designed as an extremely lightweight publish/subscribe messaging transport the communication between the controller and devices is achieved by putting both the systems in the same network using Ethernet shield, mounted on the Arduino. IoT applications that use real-time sensor values to optimize business processes, improve the quality of life, or increase safety in critical environment.

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Based on the previous study, prefabricated building usage in the construction sector are differ or varies over time and also it vary from country to country. The main objective of prefabrication construction adopted is to the study the prefabricated construction and analysis the factors time and cost for the prefabricated building. Prefabricated construction is economical and time saving for the mass scale construction. In the mass housing we can conserve the environment also like carbon is to be reduced and reduced the material cost of construction if the construction is on mass scale. By using various material like rammed earth, hollow clay blocks, soil cement blocks etc are to be used to reduced the cost of construction. The cost of construction become reduces again with the help of AAC block instead of bricks and by using precast RCC elements and ferrocement precast elements with chicken wire mesh are used to construct the building. With the help of this material the cost getting reduces and time for the construction of building is also become reduced. The main aim of the study is to compare the time and cost require for the construction of precast building and prefabricated building. The time and cost are compared at various stages of construction for prefabricated and conventional construction. The result of the study shows that the prefabricated construction save the overall time and cost of the construction.

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Gearless transmission brought a new idea of transmitting power without the usage of gears. Despite of various advantages of gearless transmission over geared transmission, the widest application of this mechanism in current scenario is still remaining unsolved. Multi-Angular Gearless Drive is a motion transmitting device used for transmitting motion at multiple angles between the driving and the driven shaft. The development of a more efficient multi-angular gearless drive has been explored relatively unsuccessfully and negligently regardless of its advantages over both gear drives and simple gearless drives. The main objective of this project is to enhance the application of multi angular gearless drive by applying this mechanism in front wheel drive of light weight automotive.

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The conventional floor cleaning machines is most widely used in airport platforms, railway platforms, hospitals, bus stands, and malls and in many other commercial places. These devices need an electrical energy for its operation and not user-friendly. In India, especially in summer, there is power crisis and most of the floor cleaning machine is not used effectively due to this problem, particularly in all areas. Hence it is a need to develop low cost, user friendly floor cleaning machine. In this project, an effort has been made to develop a manually operated floor cleaning machine so that it can be an alternative for conventional floor cleaning machines. The conventionally used materials were considered for the components of floor cleaning machine. From the analysis, we observe that the stress level in the manually operated floor cleaning machine is within the safe limit. This project deals with the designing and fabrication of Floor cleaning Machine. The aim of this project work is to develop and modernized process for cleaning the floor with wet and dry. It is very useful for cleaning the floors. It can be used wet and dry; hence it is widely used in houses, hospitals, auditorium, shops, computer centers, etc. In modern days interior decorations are becoming an important role in our life. Cleaning of floor is a very important one for our health and reduces the man power requirement. Hence our project is very useful in our day to day life. Automatic floor cleaner is a system that enables cleaning of the floor by the help of highly stabilized and rapidly functionalized electronic and mechanical control system. Current project work targets to use automatic floor cleaner for large floor in house-hold purposes and office floors. The cleaning purpose is specifically carried out by continuous relative motion between a scrubber and the floor surface. During the cleaning and moving operation of vehicle a propulsion mechanism such as driven wheels and guide wheels for the dry tracking on the floor surface to be cleaned, suction of water is carried out by vacuum pump, scrubbing action is done by the scrubber directing water towards rear end. Preferably, a sweeper mechanism is mounted on the body forwarded by propulsion mechanism and operated with such control system for advance sweeping of a debris-laden floor surface. A PID controller is used to govern the motion of system which takes the input from sensor circuit and feeds it back to microcontroller which gives rise to the simulation of wheel in a synchronized manner. The new automatic floor cleaner will save huge cost of labor in future. The basic advantage of this product is that it will be cost effective and no human control is needed. Once put in on mode it will clean the whole room without any omission of surface.

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In the modern era, Cloud is the best platform for storing the data any type of the information. Due to high demand for the cloud storage there are high chances of data deduplication on the cloud since everyone wants to store the data and sometimes users store same files unknowingly. When it comes to the personal data or any government data then at that time security and efficiency are the most important concern. For checking the duplication we are using History Aware In-line Deduplication. This will check the duplicity of the file before uploading to the cloud. We are using erasure technique for creating the backup of the file, we will create back up of all the file before uploading to the server so that if any file get corrupted then this will become easy to recover that file from the backup easily. For securing the file we are using data destruction in which user will provide a threshold for the file at the time of uploading the file and after that period the file will automatically get remove from the servers.

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As global water resources decline, reuse of domestic grey water for the irrigation of home gardens is quickly becoming widespread in many parts of the world. Nowadays treatment plants are costly, need high trained man power and high electricity. Alternatively for those cost expensive treatments, we are choosing reed bed wastewater treatment system. Reed bed process-a recent techniques can be used for treatment of wastewater. This system seems to be one of the potential solutions in discharging the huge amount of waste. The main aim of the project was treatment of wastewater through vertical subsurface flow constructed wetland and compare the efficiency of two different plants. The pilot scale model of vertical subsurface flow constructed wetland. Sand and gravels were used as bed media and plants used for experiment were Canna Indica and Phragmites Austrails. In this paper, we are evaluated performance of Pharagmites Austrails and Canna Indica in subsurface flow systems for removal percentage of pollutants such as Chemical oxygen demand (COD), Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), Turbidity, pH, Total suspended solids (TSS), Total dissolved solids (TDS), phosphrous and ammonia nitrogen. It has to be noted that growing reed does not require cultivable land. Hence waste and uncultivable land can be used for this whole process. The process is eco-friendly without use of chemicals, special equipments, electricity and also with zero operational and maintenance cost.

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In today's global scenario, companies are looking for growth and opportunities to reduce their total cost and senior management of companies would like to increase quality, efficiency and capability without increasing their capital investment. The success of many businesses is related to their ability to provide goods and services at right time and in right place. Different organization adopt different inventory technique to manage their inventory level to avoid overstock and stock-out. In this paper a case study of a company in Vasai (E.), Maharashtra is considered for a product called as "Lug". For this study the EOQ (Economic Order Quantity) and ROP (Reorder Point) technique of inventory management is considered. Currently in this company inventory management is ineffective and inadequate which causes overstock and sometimes stock-out. In this paper cost estimate is calculated to compare two methods, one is used by this company and other is recommended model.

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This article tends to advancement in agricultural procedures. Multipurpose seed sowing machine comprise of two systems one for sowing of the seed and another for fertilizer and water showering. Both of these instruments run at the same time. We can utilize bug spray rather than compost. The basic goal of sowing activity is to put the seed and compost in wanted profundity and give required dividing between the seeds and cover the seeds with soil. We can accomplish ideal yield by legitimate compaction over the seed and suggested push separating. To meet the requests agriculturist need to utilize new procedures in editing to expand the yield. The necessities of little scale sowing machines are, they ought to be straightforward in plan, reasonable for little scale worker ranchers, simple upkeep for compelling dealing with by incompetent agriculturists. In this undertaking the endeavour has been made for decrease in cost of machine and building up the multifunctional sowing machine which can perform concurrent tasks.

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