A Girder bridge is a bridge that utilizations braces as the methods for supporting the deck. A bridge comprises of three sections: The Foundation of projections and bearings and Substructure of projection and dock and The Superstructure (brace, bracket, or curve) and deck. A Girder bridge is likely the most usually fabricated and used bridge on the planet. Its fundamental plan, in the most improved frame, can be contrasted with a log extending from one side to alternate over a stream or river. All bridges comprise of two principle parts: the substructure, and the superstructure. The Superstructure is everything from the bearing cushions, up - it is the thing that backings the heaps and is the most unmistakable piece of the bridge. The Substructure is the establishment, what exchanges the heaps from the superstructure to the ground. The two sections must cooperate to make a solid, durable bridge. Prestressed Concrete is fundamentally concrete in which interior worry of reasonable extent and dispersion are presented pressure coming about because of outer load are concentrated to wanted degree. In this research work we are analyzing a girder bridge with the effect of prestressed concrete and compare it with general deck bridge. In terms of finite elemental analysis, forces and cost analysis. Here it is concluded that implementation of prestressed deck is resulting in economical, stable and load resisting member.

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Cloud computing refers a model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. Cloud computing is a place for the users to host their web services such as web hosting and cloud storage. This has attracted the hackers to steal the business data, such as daily sales, profit reports, financial reports etc. The types of cloud attacks are malware injection attack, wrapping attack, SQL injection, authentication attack and Denial of Service. The “hot button” issues surrounding cloud computing relate to storing and securing data, and monitoring the use of the cloud by the service providers. These issues are generally attributed to slowing the deployment of cloud services. These challenges can be addressed, for example, by storing the information internal to the organization, but allowing it to be used in the cloud. For this to occur, though, the security mechanisms between organization and the cloud need to be robust. There are numerous algorithms implemented to secure data. User behavior profiling and decoy technology provide a better way to secure data on a server, which is more efficient and secure. There are many algorithms on user behavior profiling and decoy technology but no one can find the problem is that efficiently delivering the decoy file in such a way the intruder not able to recognize the difference between the genuine and decoy file, once the anonymous behavior of the user identified. Proposed a system in which we are going to use the two techniques together i.e user behavior profiling and decoy technology.

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A Power quality problem is an occurrence manifested as a nonstandard voltage, current or frequency that results in a failure or a mis-operation of end user equipments. Utility distribution networks, sensitive industrial loads and critical commercial operations suffer from various types of outages and service interruptions which can cost significant financial losses. With the restructuring of power systems and with shifting trend towards distributed and dispersed generation, the issue of power quality is going to taken ewer dimensions. In developing countries like India, where the variation of power frequency and many such other determinants of power quality are themselves a serious question, it is very vital to take positive steps in this direction. The present work is to identify the prominent concerns in this area and hence the measures that can enhance the quality of the power are recommended. This work describes the techniques of correcting the supply voltage sag, swell and interruption in a distributed system. At present, a wide range of very flexible controllers, which capitalize on newly available power electronics components, are emerging for custom power applications. Among these, the distribution static compensator and the dynamic voltage restore rare most effective devices, both of them based on the VSC principle. A DVR injects a voltage in series with the system voltage and a D-STATCOM injects current into the system to correct the voltage sag, swell and interruption. Comprehensive results are presented to assess the performance of each device as a potential custom power Solution.

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In this experimental investigations carried out to evaluate the effects of concrete mix properties prepared with partial replacement of fine aggregates by copper slag at levels of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%. In this study, M30 grade concrete was considered to study the strength parameters, compressive and flexural strength development for concrete curing periods of 3, 7 and 28 days. It was found that all mixes yielded comparable or higher compressive and flexural strength than the control concrete for all curing periods. Compressive and flexural strength increases with respect to the percentage replacement of copper slag by the weight of fine aggregate up to 40% replacement. The compressive strength of cube and flexural strength of beam at 28 days curing period was increased by 27.20% to 55.70% and 10.87% to 26.62% respectively with replacement of copper slag. The quality of concrete mixes was found good from ultrasonic pulse velocity. Flexural fatigue analysis was carried out to predict fatigue life of concrete specimens where 40% of fine aggregate was replaced by copper slag and maximum strength is obtained; at three stress ratios (0.65, 0.70 and 0.75 of fatigue failure loads). From the data obtained S-N curves are developed using linear regression model considering log normal distribution as is being presently adopted. The number of repetitions to failure was compared with the IRC: 58 model and found that up to 0.75 stress ratio it shows more number of repetitions to failure than the suggested IRC-58 fatigue life and at higher stress ratio it fail earlier.

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Presented here is a memory design project using Verilog hardware description language (HDL). The single-port memory is basically the design as per your defined specifications. Then, as per the specified width and depth, define the memory block that can also be verified using field programmable gate array (FPGA) boards. Low power and low area Static Random-Access Memory (SRAM) is essential for System on Chip (So C) technology. Dual-Port (DP) SRAM greatly reduces the power consumption by full current-mode techniques for read/write operation and the area by using Single-Port (SP) cell. An 8bit DPSRAM is proposed in this study. Negative bit-line technique during write has been utilized for write-assist solutions. Negative voltage is generated on-chip using capacitive coupling. The proposed circuit design topology does not affect the read operation for bit interleaved architectures enabling high-speed operation. Designed in XILINX ISE 14.4 Simulation results and comparative study of the present scheme with state of-the art conventional schemes proposed. show that the proposed scheme is superior in terms of process variations impact, area overhead, timings and dynamic power consumption. The proposed negative bit line technique can be used to improve the write ability of 6 T Single- Port (SP) as well as 8 T DP and other multiport SRAM cells.

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Multi Carrier Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access (MC DS CDMA) technique is the future generation mobile communication system and to access technology in future advances. Serial and Parallel concatenated codes are used for correcting the errors in data transmission. We proposed hybrid concatenated code for MC DS CDMA structure and estimate parameters like memory and design time. Use of interleavers reduces the burst errors between outer and inner code of encoding and decoding operation in the MC DS CDMA model. Modelsim synthesis technology is used to simulate the entire model and Verilog Hardware Description Languages (HDL) is used for design the codes of MC DS CDMA systems and the computer simulations of FPGA Simulation demonstrate that the performance of the proposed scheme is investigated.

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In this, paper audit another programmed age estimation The objective of this project is to determine the energy savings associated with improved utilization of waste heat from a domestic refrigerator. The combination of air-conditioner, refrigerator & heater works on basic cooling cycle - vapor compression refrigeration cycle (VCRs). The system operates on both the refrigeration and air conditioning functions. It is an energy efficient system as it offers the triple benefits. This can be used for the commercial.

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Use of Smartphone is increasing day by day and is very effective tools for increasing computational power and security along with search and rescue. The aim of this research Employee monitoring system using android mobile is to automate the employee monitoring process in company by their Employees and also improve the organizational growth of the company. This application is user-friendly. This system improves accuracy in managing employees of the company by saving time, reducing manager efforts, Avoid the unnecessary use of company phones which are provided to the Employee for their office use only. Admin can monitor their Employees through Web application and know the employee location.

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8 Bit Universal Shift Register is a register which can be configured to load and/or retrieve the data in any mode (either serial or parallel) by shifting it either towards right or towards left. Since power dissipation is a critical factor many low power dissipation techniques have been proposed but most of these techniques have some trade-offs. Adiabatic logic technique as compared to that of a conventional CMOS technique shows promising results. A type of adiabatic technique, DFAL (Diode Free Adiabatic Logic), has been studied in this paper and NOR gate, NAND gate, XOR gate, D Flip-Flop and Universal Shift Register have been designed using this configuration. DFAL circuits are analyzed based on transistor count, power dissipation and delay. All the circuits are simulated in Pyxis (Mentor Graphics) 180nm technology at1.8V.

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TLBO is a robust and effective search algorithm. The most salient advantage of this algorithm is that it does not require the tuning of any kind of controlling parameters. The principle idea behind TLBO is the simulation of teaching process in the traditional classroom. The performance of TLBO ends in two basic stages: (1) “teacher phase” or learning from the teacher, and (2) “learner phase” or trade off information between learners. MATLAB tool is used for the implementation of this model. In this work, another optimization construct approach with respect to TLBO is proposed. This methodology is utilized to enhance the outcomes. TLBO algorithm is adjusted and a versatile teaching factor is presented. Besides, more than one teacher is presented for the learners. The introduced adjustments improve the investigation and misuse limits of the fundamental TLBO algorithm. This work demonstrated different results that have been contrasted and past algorithms that came beforehand.

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The standards of human life living have inaugurated in a new dimension with the help of Internet of Things (IoT). IoT makes a home and home objects automated, smarter and safer. This paper proposed an IoT based system architecture for home automation with Artificial Intelligence (AI) platforms as well as fog layered architecture. This proposed architecture used some sensors to collect data from home environment and transfer data to fog through controller. A person can monitor or control home appliances from remote distance and system can also originate decisions based on data mining techniques. Additionally, proposed architecture adopt Artificial Intelligence of social networks (like Facebook chatbot, Google assistant) to control home appliance and use Fog computing for real time analysis. NoSQL database has been used to handling big data in order to achieve high performance and better availability. This paper consider weather report for better analyzing and can contact with police station or fire service when an unwanted situation occur. In the area of home automation, these introduced features makes this system unique and advanced.

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In this dissertation we discuss about the paper, unique common fixed point theorem for two pair of weakly compatible maps in a complete metric space, which generalizes the result of Brian Fisher by a weaker condition such as weakly compatibility instead of compatibility and contractive modulus instead of continuity of maps.

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Inland Water Transport (IWT) is the cheapest, fuel efficient, and environment friendly mode of transport. The West Coast Canal (WCC) starts from Hosdurg in the north and ends in Thiruvananthapuram, the capital of Kerala, with a total length of 560km.It is a continuous chain of lagoons, river and backwaters and was used as the chief mode of transport in Kerala till faster modes of transport moved into picture. Important places which are commercially needed are situated on the banks of these rivers. The Kollam-Kottapuram stretch (168km) of the West Coast Canal along with Champakkara (14 km) & Udyogamandal canals (23 km), was declared as National Waterway 3 by the Central Government in 1993 and is almost made fully functional. Even though the stretch had been declared as a national waterway since 1993, barely any cargo movement is observed along the stretch. This paper aims at identifying the potential of regional freight movement on National Waterway 3. The project goals are so framed so as to identify the issues related to the non-usage of the waterway and the remedial measures that can be adopted in this regard. The EXIM cargo at Cochin port identified for cargo diversion. The savings incurred in transportation and generalised costs is derived by conducting a comparative analysis of the road and waterway costs. This comparison worked out to be economical in the case of barges. The traffic was projected for the horizon year. Proposals were made regarding the design vessels to be used. The study is further taken forward to identify the possibility of waterway route augmentation and integration with coastal shipping.

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By the most important supply of issue for heat treaters is distortion of component once heat treatment. Distortion causes excessive noise within the gear drive train, and potentially early failure due to high residual stresses. It also contributes to high grinding costs. However, the supply of distortion and residual stresses are not limited to either the Martensite Start Temperature, the oil used, or the alloy content. There are variety sources of residual stresses, and not all of them are heat-treating related. Gear bunk used for planetary gear hot oil quenching process is failing prior to the expected life after nearly 100 working cycles. As we know that oil quenching is an important procedure performed in gear manufacturing. It is necessary to maintain the exact dimensions or gears even after the quenching process. Size and dimensions of gear bunk is crucial in the process. This project is limited to Improve or enhance the life of gear bunk used in oil quenching process in gear manufacturing. The study of existing quenching process is included in the project. The project will involve building the CAD models of existing design, performing FEA analysis for stress development in gear bunk, modifying the design of gear bunk using CAD and FEA techniques and improving quenching process cycle. The main motive of this project is to improve or enhance life of gear bunk under repeated oil quenching with high stresses process.

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Due to the scarcity of water, it has become a necessity to improve the quality of wastewater that is discharged into the environment. Conventional wastewater treatment can be either a physical, chemical, and/or biological processes, or in some cases a combination of these operations. The main purpose of wastewater treatment is to eliminate nutrients, solids, and organic compounds from effluents. Current wastewater treatment technologies are deemed ineffective in the complete removal of pollutants, particularly organic matter. In many cases, these organic compounds are resistant to conventional treatment methods, thus creating the necessity for tertiary treatment. Advanced oxidation process (AOP), constitutes as a promising treatment technology for the management of wastewater. AOPs are characterised by a common chemical feature, where they utilize the highly reactive hydroxyl radicals for achieving complete mineralization of the organic pollutants into carbon dioxide and water. This paper delineates advanced oxidation processes currently used for the remediation of water and wastewater. It also provides the cost estimation of installing and running an AOP system. The costs are separated into three categories: capital, operational, and operating & maintenance.

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In today s world, the population of vehicle is increasing day by day and the pollutant release by them are NOx, CO, HO which result for several respiratory disease. So, it become necessary to vanish this by product by providing pre exhaust or after exhaust treatment. Number of alternative technologies like improvement in engine design, fuel pretreatment, fuel additives, exhaust treatment of better turning of the combustion process are been considered to reduce the emission level of the engine. This review paper discusses automotive exhaust emission and its impact on environment and controlling the emission of harmful gases with the use of catalyst such as lime and sum more additive like cobalt oxide etc, history of catalytic, use of catalytic, process use up to now, limitation of catalytic and achievement of catalytic.

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In our country, plastic waste and worse condition of roads are one of the major concerns. Plastics not only harm our environment but also cover many useful land sites. There are basically lots of researches going on them, to how to decompose them or to reduce them. In civil engineering arena, these plastic wastes can be used in many construction purposes. So, the objective of this paper is to discuss about the use of plastic (a waste material) in the modern road construction technique which not only increases the durability and strength of road pavement but also leads to safe disposal of those waste materials. Plastic materials can be used in soil reinforcement for increasing the performance of subgrade soil for the construction of roads. Basically high density polyethylene (HDPE) like plastic bottles, pipes etc are used for this purpose. HDPE are the high density thermoplastic polymers. Despite of only soil reinforcement these plastic products can also be used in the improving the pavements conditions of roads which ultimately leads to reduction of holes and cracks on the pavement resulting in the increase of durability and strength of road.

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The protection is very much important task in a power system to get uninterrupted power supply. In this paper we studied the different methods of current limiters, current diverters with different methods of transient detection. The method is primarily intended for use in systems where fast fault detection and fast fault clearing before the first peak of the fault current are required. An industrial system, in which high short-circuit power is desired but in which high short-circuit currents cannot be tolerated is an example of such a system. In this paper, the need for fast and reliable protection is discussed. Fault-current limiters are an essential building block in many systems as well as the need for fast and reliable fault detection. Here wavelet transform, S –Transform and phase-locked loop (PLL) are used to perform the discrimination. Here we compared the different types of current limiting methods and transient detection methods.

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Visual light communication or Li-fi was invented by Professor Harald Haas of university of Edinburgh. This is the latest technology in present day communication system which makes the use of LEDs, Light Emitting Diodes that helps in the transmission of data much faster and more flexible than the data that can be transmitted through Wi-Fi. It is basically a 5G technology of visible light communication system which utilizes light emitting diodes as a medium of high-speed communication in similar manner as Wi-Fi. In this project we are implementing li-fi technology using white leds and arduino UNO board. Arduino is used to encode the data and transmit it through led and decode the received and display it. Here ultrasonic sensor is used to sense the distance between object and sensor. The distance data is transmitted through li fi technology. Second arduino will receive it and accordingly it will control the DC motor speed. As the distance decreases motor speed decreases.

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As we know that now a days in canal water distribution there is a lot of misconduct in water distribution as they are managed manually and decentralized way. Though water is given to all demand specific farmers it is widely observed that if 90% was demand then only 70% is delivered, also after this demand it is also seen that farmers who have no rights for water they also are delivered with ample amount of canal water without and centralized demand. To avoid such misconduct, we are developing a computerized system, which will give the proper distribution of water to the farmers and avoid the corruption. Along with water distribution leakage detection of supplied is also done. Each farmer need to register on web application by means of visit to the nearest irrigation office for registration. As per the requirement specified by farmer the computerize system will open the valve of Solenoid valve for the time span as per farmer request and When the time bound the valve will close automatically. When farmer recharge for water supply they will be notified by means of message on his phone.

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This project is an attempt to minimizing the extraction of raw materials with respect to the demand for building materials especially bricks. So this is an attempt to invent the composite brick by using the various raw materials like granite dust, ironite, M-sand with cement as binder. The composite bricks of size (190x90x90) mm are produced by applying pressure such that no need to burn in the kilns in turn environmental pollution can be avoided, this can be known as a green movement in making the building materials. After 28 days of curing the bricks will be tested for various characteristics like compressive strength and water absorption capacity, so this study will demonstrate the production of composite bricks and their comparison with the conventional clay bricks.

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Energy and related services are the backbone of growth and development of any country. The present scenario indicates use of non-renewable sources namely coal, petrol, diesel, nuclear fuel, natural gas, etc. for the production of energy. Fossil fuels are limited in amount and are major cause for pollution and emission of green house gases (GHG). As a consequence people are forced to look for other sources of getting fuel. Additional reason for this has been steadily boosting the prices of crude oil. As we all know Biodiesel has gained much attention in recent years due to its eco-friendly nature, non-toxic characteristics, biodegradability and lower net carbon cycle compared to conventional diesel fuels). In this paper, the author analyzes the possibility of obtaining biodiesel from algae and the feasibility of such a method of producing biodiesel. Properties of algal biodiesel are discussed in the given paper also a comparison of conventional fuel and algal biodiesel is given. Advantages of using algae for production of biofuel are described as well as opportunities for further development of technology for getting biodiesel from algae. Algae are very resistant and can grow virtually anywhere in the desert, in salt and fresh water and even in the waste water. Algae can reproduce quickly; they use CO2 for photosynthesis and less water than other crops. Bio fuel from algae is biodegradable and contains no sulphur and it is not toxic. Sewage water algae are having calorific value around 15000kJ/kg which is comparable with the Indian coal used for power production.

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Many of the researchers are trying to improve the effectiveness of fin by changing its material, shape, surface finish and orientation. In this context, an experimental work has been conducted to investigate the effect of pin fin heat sink on the heat transfer performance characteristics under forced flow conditions with two different orientations. In this project, pin fins made up of Al 6082 having different dimensions and pattern were used and experimental data pertaining to pin fin heat sink have been collected under fully turbulent condition and results are then plotted for different orientations, comparison with that of plate fin under similar operating conditions were carried out. Our objective was to study the effect of heat transfer with different orientation of fin heat transfer characteristics. Many experiments have been done to get the optimum heat transfer through can be achieved. It was observed that Irrespective of the type of orientation, considerable enhancement in Nusselt Number is registered at all Reynolds number as compared to the fin without perforations and highest Nusselt number 767.41 is registered for vertical orientation at Re = 10751.22 as compared to inverted and heat sink with no fins. It is also observed that vertical orientation of heat sink outperforms other two in terms of heat transfer rates however heat transfer rates from inverted heat sink is registered lower than that of smooth plate. As a result of this experiment it is concluded that as far as Nusselt number enhancement ratio is concerned heat sink with vertical orientation creates high degree of turbulence and outperforms the inverted orientation and smooth plate.

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This paper deals with the modeling of microgrid, including two renewable energy resources: Photovoltaic (PV) array and Hydro-power Plant using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The primary and main source of power generation is hydro-power plant in this proposed microgrid system, but the potential power of water is not same throughout the year; during peak summer the scarcity of water will lead and the power generation will run through photovoltaic energy sources.In this paper, we discuss about the modeling of microgrid system using matlab/simulink.

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The Engine driven by compressed air is eco-friendly engine as it uses no fuel to move the piston. An Air Driven Engine uses the energy of expansion of compressed air to drive the pistons of an engine. An Air Driven Engine is a pneumatic actuator that creates useful work by expanding compressed air. As there is no combustion of fuel to drive the engine, no harmful gases like CO2, CO emits during driving the engine.

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