No. |
Title and Author |
Area |
Country |
Page |
101 |
Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Network
-Mrs. N. R. Dangi
Wireless sensor network (WSN) refers to a collection of spatially isolated and dedicated sensors for observing and recording the physical conditions of the environment and forming the collected data at a central location. Sensor networks are event-based systems that differ from traditional communication networks in several ways. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consist of sensor nodes. These networks have huge application in habitat monitoring, disaster management, security and military, etc. Wireless sensor nodes are very small in size and have limited processing capability. Data aggregation is very crucial technique in wireless sensor networks. With the help of data aggregation we reduce the energy consumption by eliminating redundancy. In this paper we discuss about data aggregation and its various energy-efficient technique used for data aggregation in WSN. Different data aggregation techniques require varying amounts of energy to process raw data. The choice of data aggregation method depends on the application requirements as well as the relative energy savings obtained by using this method. Read More...
|
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS |
India |
430-432 |
102 |
Fire Detection and Extinguishing Robot
-P. Kanthimathi
Now a days there are several possibilities of fire in any building. For instance, in hotels, shopping malls and hospitals, electric leakage may cause immense fire and harm. In the worst of sceneries, fire cause heavy loss to human lives. Robotics is the best possible way to guard human lives, wealth and surroundings. Hence a fire extinguisher robot made to overcome these problems. An automatic fire extinguisher robot is a hardware based model used for extinguishing the fire automatically during fire accidents. This robot will move in a direction with respect to the fire intensity with the help of ZIGBEE communication. The robot shield is coated with some special material that is capable of withstanding very high temperature. During fire accidents this robot has to follow the black strips on a white floor and can extinguish the fire on the fired place. It takes long time for human to take action on extinguishing the fire. Even if we put fire alarms, it takes long time for the fire brigade to reach the location. By that time it can cause huge loss of properties. This robot does not require any human presence. It can start extinguishing the fire immediately so that the fire does not spread a lot and can be controlled easily. As soon as the fire starts, human fire brigade is also informed to be on the safe side. The robot finds its applications in rescue operations during the fire accidents where possibilities for service men to enter the fire prone area is very less and also during wars to perform rescue functions. The most added advantage of this robot is that it turns on automatically as it detects the fire around its surroundings by using thermocouple. The temperature sensors provide a backup to the thermocouple, if needed in vast circumstances. Read More...
|
Electronics & Communication Engineering |
India |
433-439 |
103 |
Low Power Dynamic Comparator Design using 0.18 Micrometer CMOS Technology at 1v Power Supply
-Sangeeta Mourya ; Vijay Sharma
A comparator is very integral and important block in analog to digital converter circuits. Its performance affects the performance of ADC. Speed, low offset voltage and low power consumption are the key parameter in designing the comparator. Over the year’s low power and low voltage comparator design has become very critical. As the power supply decreases the offset voltage increases but to reduce the power consumption it is essential to reduce the supply voltage. Dynamic comparators can do the needful that can reduce the offset voltage by reducing the mismatch between the transistors. A dynamic comparator is been shown in this paper that has less number of transistors. Cross coupled CMOS inverters are used at the decision section to provide the positive feedback. Two clock phases are used to operate amplifier and decision section. By doing so the offset voltage can be minimized. The design is simulated at 0.18 µm CMOS technology at 1 V supply voltage. 100 MHz clock is used to generate two clock phase, it consumes 162.6 µW power at 1 V supply voltage and 1.13 ns delay. Read More...
|
VLSI Design and Embedded System |
India |
440-442 |
104 |
Recognition of Gender Based on Facial Features Fixation using Cosfire Filters
-Y. Sri Divya ; Dr. D. Haritha
Recognition of the gender based on computer vision is an important application in security, retail advertising and marketing fields. Faces of humans provide important visual information for gender perception .The main motive of this paper is to classify the gender of the human beings based on facial features by using COSFIRE filters. In this paper, the Viola Jones algorithm is used to detect the face of the human beings and to extract the features. The features that are extracted are then applied to COSFIRE filters for classification. The COSFIRE filter compares feature extracted with data base images and then gives the classification of the gender that is male or female. This technique is utilized as a part of different applications like shape identification, and in biometric frameworks that are genuine applications. This strategy gives exact outcomes as contrast with different procedures like HOG and LBP. Besides, we utilize GENDER-FERET DATASET for assessment. Support vector machines (SVM) is utilized as a classifier with a specific end goal to assess the gender of the images. Read More...
|
FINGER PRINT BASED ON VOTING SYSTEM |
India |
443-446 |
105 |
Performance Improvement of Traffic Monitoring System using with Logic
-Sachin Rathee ; Er. Paramjeet
A multi-level framework is necessary for the traffic management and control purposes. This multi-level structure should range from a vehicle controller at the bottom level to the traffic management controllers at roadside, area, and regional at higher levels. With Logic approach is a good method for traffic management and control purposes in both roadside and area controllers. By the combination of IV-based platoons and multi-level framework, performance improvement of 10–30% is possible. Read More...
|
Transportation Engineering |
India |
447-449 |
106 |
3D Knitting Technology and Its Application
-K. Gopalakrishnan
The most flexible 3D fabric forming technology is knitting, because of principle, control of individual yarn feed. The knitting technology gives different decorative effects and functional needs for the applications. The various flat patterns produced in knitting based on the patterning techniques to make 3D shaped products or 3D effects on ground surface of the knitted fabrics. This review work concentrates the technology and applications of 3D knitting. Read More...
|
Textile Engineering |
India |
450-452 |
107 |
Personalized News Recommender System
-Anusha Spandana ; B. S. Jayasri
As there is a vast collection of news sources around the globe, News recommender systems help users manage this by suggesting and filtering out articles which the user might be interested in. This helps in pointing the user to relevant items and thus avoiding extensive searching. Our system is an endeavor to achieve this. Moreover, we would like out an application to give recommendations which are at least comparable to other similar systems out there if not better. Our system exists to personalize the news for the individual user. Read More...
|
FINGER PRINT BASED ON VOTING SYSTEM |
India |
453-456 |
108 |
Removal of Noise from ECG Signals using Fir Filter with Different Window Methods
-Jaswinder Singh ; Er. Harpreet Kaur
The electrocardiogram is the account of the electrical capability of heart versus time. The investigation of ECG flag has incredible significance in the location of heart variations from the norm. The electrocardiographic signs are regularly polluted by commotion from various sources. Clamours that usually irritate the essential electrocardiogram are control line obstruction, instrumentation commotion, outer electromagnetic field impedance, clamor because of arbitrary body developments and breathe developments. These commotions can be arranged by their recurrence content. It is fundamental to lessen these unsettling influences in ECG flag to enhance precision and unwavering quality. Diverse kinds of versatile and non-versatile computerized channels have been proposed to evacuate these commotions. In this proposal, window based FIR channels, versatile channels and wavelet channel bank are connected to evacuate the clamors. Exhibitions of the channels are thought about in view of the PSNR esteems. Read More...
|
FINGER PRINT BASED ON VOTING SYSTEM |
India |
457-460 |
109 |
Mechanical Properties of High Performance Concrete Containing Nano Silica and Silica Fume
-M. Hareesh Babu
The construction industry is a major consumer of material and energy sources in the world. Among all the materials used in construction, concrete is the most widely used which have a significant impact. Meanwhile, nanotechnology is one of the most influential technologies in this century and it has significantly impacted the construction sector. The main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of nano silica and silica fume on the mechanical properties of High performance concrete. In this study, Mechanical properties like compressive strength, split tensile, flexural strength of high performance concrete containing nano silica and silica fume have been investigated. For this purpose, different trail mixtures were designed with different amounts of silica fume and nano silica admixtures. Portland cement was partially replaced by 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 3% of nano silica and silica fume were replaced by 5%, 7.5%, and 10%. The results confirmed that both nano silica and silica fume performs better than the conventional concrete in mechanical properties. Owing to the size of nano silica, it shows better results than the silica fume. Read More...
|
Civil Engineering |
India |
461-466 |
110 |
Dead Time Controlled Gate Driver using FET Integrated in Sic MOSFET
-Hardeep Singh ; Er. Harpreet Kaur
Power gating is the most effective method to reduce the standby leakage power by adding header/footer high-VTH sleep transistors between actual and virtual power/ ground rails. When a power gating circuit transitions from sleep mode to active mode, a large instantaneous charge current flows through the sleep transistors. Ground bounce noise (GBN) is the high voltage fluctuation on real ground rail during sleep mode to active mode transitions of power gating circuits. GBN disturbs the logic states of internal nodes of circuits. A novel and reliable power gating structure is proposed in this article to reduce the problem of GBN. There are also many problems like ultra-low voltage regimes suffer the signal strength problem. The Gate Diffusion Input requires twin well CMOS or silicon on insulator (SOI) process for fabrication. All these problems are resolved with the help of inverter circuit to remove the GBN noise with SIMULINK and Monte Carlo model. The MOSFET is applied to improve the thresholding and voltage loss in circuit. Read More...
|
FINGER PRINT BASED ON VOTING SYSTEM |
India |
467-472 |
111 |
Face Detection using Haar Lick Features
-A. Vennela ; Dr D. Haritha
Face detection plays a significant role in many applications, such as video surveillance, gender classification, and facial recognition. In this paper, we propose a new face detection method based on multi-scale histograms. The proposed method uses a multi-scale histogram to represent a face, thereby improving computational efficiency, and making the process suitable for big-data multimedia databases. While the majority of the existing methods concentrate on indexing high dimensional visual features and also have limitations of scalability, within this paper we advise a scalable method for content-based image retrieval in peer-to-peer systems by using the bag-of-visual words model. The codebook such an atmosphere must be updated periodically, instead of stored static. Within this paper, we present a singular approach to dynamically generate increase a worldwide codebook, which views both discriminability and workload balance. Additionally, a peer-to-peer network frequently evolves dynamically, making a static codebook less efficient for retrieval tasks. To be able to further improve retrieval performance and lower network cost, indexing pruning techniques are developed. In contrast to centralized environments, the important thing challenge would be to efficiently get you a global codebook, as images are distributed over the whole peer-to-peer network. Read More...
|
Computer Science and Information Technology |
India |
472-475 |
112 |
Data Acquisition using FPGA
-Ashish Madhukar Jadhav ; Prof. P B Borole
Data Acquisition using FPGA, integrates 3 different features in a single system: an oscilloscope with FFT capabilities and a maximum sampling rate of 100 MSPS, a heart rate measurement module (based on plethysmograph method) and a galvanic skin response (GSR) module. Besides of this features, the entire project is powered from a Li-Po battery which provides galvanic isolation of the entire system with the main socket supply. The entire project is controlled by a SPARTAN-6 FPGA based board which communicates with the user through a GUI (Graphic User Interface) developed in LabVIEW. In this environment, the user can see the waveforms, and can also set all of the adjustments, which are converted in commands, and finally sent to FPGA. Read More...
|
Electronics Engineering |
India |
476-477 |
113 |
Studies on the Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Ground Water and Quality Index of Aland Town, Kalaburagi District, Karnataka, India
-Manjunath Kattimani ; Prof. S. K. Inganakal; Dr. Shivasharanappa. G. Patil
The present work is aimed at assessing the Studies of Physico-chemical characteristics of groundwater and quality index of Aland Town, Kalaburagi District of Karnataka have been taken up to evaluate its suitability for Drinking purpose. 27 ground water samples were collected from different ward of Aland Town. The quality analysis has been worked out parameters like pH, Chloride, Total hardness, Dissolved Oxygen, Calcium Hardness, Magnesium Hardness, Fluoride, Sulphate, and Total Alkalinity. The sampling sites Aland town the physico-chemical characteristics are within the water quality standards and the quality of water is good and it is fit for drinking purpose. The water quality index also proves water falls under “B†grade hence good quality water and GIS mapping for considered parameters. Read More...
|
Environmental Engineering |
India |
478-482 |
114 |
Studies on the Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Ground Water and Quality Index of Jewargi Town, Kalaburagi District, Karnataka, India
-Doddappa Appa Patil ; Asst. Prof. S. K. Inganakal; Dr. Shivasharanappa. G. Patil
The present work is aimed at assessing the Studies of Physico-chemical characteristics of groundwater and quality index of Jewargi Town, Kalaburagi District of Karnataka have been taken up to evaluate its suitability for Drinking purpose. 20 ground water samples were collected from different ward of Jewargi Town. The quality analysis has been worked out parameters like pH, Chloride, Total hardness, Dissolved Oxygen, Calcium Hardness, Magnesium Hardness, Fluoride, Sulphate, and Total Alkalinity. The sampling sites Jewargi town the physico-chemical characteristics are within the water quality standards and the quality of water is good and it is fit for drinking purpose. The water quality index also proves water falls under "B" grade hence good quality water and GIS mapping for considered parameters. Read More...
|
Environmental Engineering |
India |
483-486 |
115 |
Study on Seismic Induced Torsion of a Multi-Storied Building with Different Irregularities with and Without Base Isolation System
-Nayana S B ; Shubhalakshmi B S; Arjun K
At present scenario many buildings are asymmetric in plan and/or in elevation based on the distribution of mass and stiffness along each storey throughout the height of the building. Most recent earthquakes have shown that the irregular distribution of mass, stiffness and strength may cause serious damage in structural systems. This study compares the behavior of buildings with and without base isolation system which are subjected to earthquakes. The buildings have un-symmetrical distribution of stiffness in storeys. In this study the effort is made to compare the behavior of building with and without base isolation when torsion is induced in the structures due to earthquake. Four building models are considered for study, which are constructed in seismic zone-III and zone-IV of India (as per IS: 1893-2002). All four models are un-symmetric in various parameters such as Re-entrant corner, mass irregularity, vertical geometric irregularity and stiffness irregularity. It is concluded that the performance of the models in which the base isolation is provided is found better when compared with the models in which the base isolation is not provided. Analysis results shows reduction in base shear and story acceleration values for base isolated building. The displacement, story drift and time period of base isolated structure is increased as compared to fixed base structure. The vertical geometric irregular and re-entrant corner structures are the most affected during earthquake actions. Read More...
|
Structural Engineering |
India |
487-497 |
116 |
Study of Properties of Self Curing Concrete using Light Weight Fine Aggregate and Polymeric Glycol-600
-Thirumalesh ; M Mallikarjuna
Curing of concrete is maintaining satisfactory moisture content in concrete during its early stages in order to develop the desired properties. However, good curing is not always practical in many cases. The concept of self-curing agents is to reduce the water evaporation from concrete, and hence increase the water retention capacity of concrete compared to conventional concrete. It was found that water soluble polymers can be used as self-curing agents in concrete. Curing of concrete plays a major role in developing the concrete microstructure and pore structure, and hence improves its durability and performance. The use of self-curing admixtures is very important from the point of view that water resources are getting valuable every day. Each 1m3 of concrete requires about 3m3 of water for construction, most of which is for curing. The aim of the investigation is to evaluate the use of water-soluble polymeric glycol as self-curing agent with partial replacement of conventional fine aggregate with light weight fine aggregate and to optimise the quantity of poly ethylene glycol. Self-curing concrete of M25 grade were caste by replacing fine aggregate with 25% light weight fine aggregate whose water absorption property is high and by varying quantity of polymeric glycol by 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, 1%, 1.2%, and 1.4%. The optimum % of poly ethylene glycol was found as 1%. In this study, compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength of self-curing concrete with varying quantity of polymeric glycol is evaluated and compared with the conventional concrete specimens. Read More...
|
Civil Engineering |
India |
498-510 |
117 |
Effect of Magnetized Water on the Properties of Concrete
-S. R. Sraddha ; Y. Vineela
Concrete is the majority of widely used man-made building material As water is one of the major ingredients of concrete which leads to more consumption of water. In this research study, the effect of magnetized water on properties of concrete was studied, in order to obtain operative concrete at a lower cost. The magnetized water was prepared using the magnetic treatment system. Five concrete mixes were prepared, one without magnetized water and four with. The Compressive strength of M25 concrete cubes and split tensile strength of concrete cylinders are tested. From the results it is concluded that the compressive strength increased up to 25% for magnetized water of 48 hours for curing of 28 days. The split tensile strength for magnetized water for 48hours also increased to 25 % than conventional concrete. It is also concluded that water consumption also reduces when water is magnetized compared to normal water. Read More...
|
Civil Engineering |
India |
511-513 |
118 |
Simulation and Analysis of Gold Code on Radio over Fiber System with Optical Interleaver
-Ankita Bala Sharma ; Anurag Paliwal
The design of gold code on Radio over fiber system with optical interleaver is proposed in this paper. There are so many algorithms that can be utilized for generating sequences in an optical fiber communication link. Gold code algorithm is one of these. Gold codes have bounded small cross correlations within a set, which is useful when multiple devices are broadcasting in the same frequency range. Such that the results using odd and even sequence of Gold code are comparable and a slight difference between them occurs in this study.it is observed that odd sequence is better than even sequence for multiple users in radio over fiber communication. Read More...
|
Digital Communication Engineering |
India |
514-516 |
119 |
Casting Defects in AL BR and Enhancing the Mechanical Property by Heat Treatment
-Vijay Singh ; Amitesh Paul; Vishal Kumar Jaiswal; Mayur Thombre
AL BR is a sort of bronze in which aluminum is the primary alloying metal added to copper, rather than standard bronze (copper and tin) or metal (copper and zinc). An assortment of AL BRs of contrasting syntheses have discovered mechanical use, with most going from 9% to 14% aluminum by weight, the staying mass being copper; other alloying operators, for example, press, nickel, manganese and silicon are additionally once in a while added to AL BRs. The organization makes AL BR bramble used to counteract wear in shafts. The work bit of composite material of AL BR having organization of 5% Nickel, 5% Iron, 10% Aluminum and 80% Copper. It is set up by the metal throwing process. The Aluminum utilized has a place with the review C95500. The material experiences breakage amid machining and because of which the organization faces high dismissal. Our witticism is to attempt to decrease the diminishment rate and bringing about high productivity to the firm. We attempted to accomplish the come about by shifting the piece of aluminum in AL BR yet by leading different individual testing we watched that aluminum substance ought to be expanded yet restricted up to 14% in AL BR. Besides we attempted to change the piece of alloying components like iron, nikel and manganese whose outcomes are said later in the report yet we didn't get fulfilling yield. Read More...
|
M.TECH PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING |
India |
517-526 |
120 |
General Characteristics of Distillery Spent Wash
-Sana Akthar Tamboli ; Prof. Dr. Shashikant R Mise
This work focuses on monitoring the general characteristics of Distillery Spent Wash. The Distillery Wastewater is taken from Goa Distilleries. Because of the high concentration of organic and inorganic content, the distillery spent wash is the potential source of renewable energy and difficult to treat. By knowing the characteristics proper treatment method can be applied. Study characteristics includes Colour-Dark brown, pH-2.8-3, Hardness-3200mg/l, Total solids-41500mg/l, Total Suspended solids-4500mg/l, Total Volatile solids-24500mg/l, BOD5-63000mg/l, COD-89000mg/l, Chlorides-6000mg/l, Nitrate-7340mg/l, Sulphate-4300mg/l and Total Phosphate-800mg/l. Read More...
|
Environmental Engineering |
India |
527-528 |
121 |
Security in Hadoop using Hybrid Approach
-Kavita K. Kanyan ; Ritika Mehra
The complex and huge amount of data is referred to as Big Data. Hadoop provides the framework for storing and analysing such huge amount of data. Big Data comes from different resources which results in various security issues. Hadoop doesn't come with built-in security. This paper is about providing secure environment for the storage of Big Data in Hadoop. In this paper, we used Kerberos for the authentication and authorization purpose so that only authenticated and authorized users can access the services provided by Hadoop. Data-at rest encryption is provided by using the hybridization technique. The encryption algorithms used are AES, RSA and To Crypt. Read More...
|
Computer Science and Engineering |
India |
529-533 |
122 |
Design, Development and Analysis of Aqua Silenser with Ammonia Pulsator
-Vinod Chaudhari ; K. T. Patil
In these review paper, we discuss about the absorptive muffler. There are various types of engines exhaust noise pollutes harmful in environment. The main principle of this paper is on reducing the noise and emission of engine. Any type of engine exhaust noise is controlled by using silencers/mufflers. By attaching of muffler in the exhaust pipe is the most effective means of reducing the noise, but muffler requires specific design and construction by considering various noise parameters which produced by the engine. The analysis and design work for the absorptive muffler has been going on since the early 1920s. Here we are taking different design parameters and improving the efficiency of the absorptive muffler. The formulated muffler traditional design problem will be solved by new design and optimization. Read More...
|
Engineering |
India |
534-539 |
123 |
A Review on Casting Defects in AL BR and Enhancing the Mechanical Property by Heat Treatment
-Vijay Singh ; Amitesh Paul; Vishal Kumar Jaiswal; Mayur Thombre
AL BR is a sort of bronze in which aluminum is the primary alloying metal added to copper, rather than standard bronze (copper and tin) or metal (copper and zinc). An assortment of AL BRs of contrasting syntheses have discovered mechanical use, with most going from 9% to 14% aluminum by weight, the staying mass being copper; other alloying operators, for example, press, nickel, manganese and silicon are additionally once in a while added to AL BRs. The organization makes AL BR bramble used to counteract wear in shafts. The work bit of composite material of AL BR having organization of 5% Nickel, 5% Iron, 10% Aluminum and 80% Copper. It is set up by the metal throwing process. The Aluminum utilized has a place with the review C95500. The material experiences breakage amid machining and because of which the organization faces high dismissal. Our witticism is to attempt to decrease the diminishment rate and bringing about high productivity to the firm. We attempted to accomplish the come about by shifting the piece of aluminum in AL BR yet by leading different individual testing we watched that aluminum substance ought to be expanded yet restricted up to 14% in AL BR. Besides we attempted to change the piece of alloying components like iron, nickel and manganese whose outcomes are said later in the report yet we didn't get fulfilling yield. Read More...
|
M.TECH PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING |
India |
540-546 |
124 |
Evaluation of Wind Pressure on Tall Building using CFD
-Vijaysinh R. Shinde ; Vijay S. Shingade
Super-tall buildings located in high velocity wind regions are highly vulnerable to large lateral loads. Designing for these structures must be done with great engineering judgment by structural professionals. With the rise of high performance computing nodes, an emerging method based on the numerical approach of Computational Fluid Dynamics has created an additional layer of analysis and loading prediction alternative to conventional methods. The present document uses turbulence modeling and numerical algorithms by means of Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations applied to octagonal type structure. With proper modeling of the atmospheric boundary layer flow, these numerical techniques reveal important aerodynamic properties and enhance flow visualization to structural engineers in a virtual environment. Read More...
|
Civil Engineering |
India |
547-552 |
125 |
Extraction of Query Results from Deep Web Interfaces Automatically
-Abhishek Popat Bangar ; Prof. Kore Kunal S.
The content unseen behind HTML forms, has shorty been documented as a significant gap in search engine coverage. It represents vital contents of the data on the Web; retrieving Deep-Web content is not an easy task for the database community. Indexing of the searched data is major problem tackled by web crawlers that has deeply effect on search engine efficiency. Latest study about searching contents on the web illustrate that nearly 96% of data over internet is encapsulated as well as hidden i.e. hidden from search engines. The main task faced by the search engines is to retrieve and access hidden web data (web interfaces) or contents at low cost. The proposed system uses a machine learning approach that is very scalable, totally automatic, and identically efficient to use, that helps to expand data retrieval functionality at lower cost. The proposed system uses focused crawling strategy for accessing perfect searched results related to query and pick out only relevant information or data according to their similarity with respect to query. The proposed algorithm can selects only possible candidates rather than searching whole document for addition in to your web search index. The automatic attribute building is used for form classification that helps to reduce manual training time and data set building. Read More...
|
Computer Engineering |
India |
553-555 |
126 |
1.8 v Second Order Switched Flying Capacitor Integration based Sigma Delta Analog to Digital Convertor
-Soniya Chopady ; Vijay Sharma
In this paper Op-amp based integrator has been replaced by the flying switched capacitor based integrator. Starved current inverter is used to design the comparator for quantize. Cascading is done to increase the gain of comparator. Starved current inverter reduces the power consumption of comparator. Flying capacitor integrator samples the data and holds for some time and during next pulse it transfer the charge and integrates. Capacitor along with the CMOS switch forms equivalent RC integrator. Switch resistor can be selected by proper selection of the MOS size. The design is simulated at 1.8 V power supply at 0.25 µm CMOS technology. Higher comparator gain of 2500 is achieved. SNR of sigma delta ADC is 74.4 dB. The ADC consumes 6.42 µW power at 1.8 V DC power supply. Read More...
|
VLSI Design and Embedded System |
India |
556-559 |
127 |
Remote Diagnostic of Turbine using Microprocessor and GSM-Module
-Kermit Pinesh Mehta ; Milan Rajeshkumar Kavaiya; Rubin Baiju Mampilly
Turbines are hydraulic machines that convert hydraulic energy into mechanical energy. The turbine rotor is equipped with bearings and supports to withstand various static and dynamic loads. An over the speed of the turbine shaft is one of the most concerned reasons for industrial accidents. The over speed accidents are due to a number of reasons such as operator fault, a fouled pivot valve, an electric fault, power surge, and many other reasons. So, a Machine to Machine communication can be built up to monitor the operation of the turbine so that assistance can be provided as soon as possible to detect and resolve the fault. This type of communication can be made with the help of modern technologies such as Microprocessor, GSM, and IOT. This can be an advancement in a technical era where two machines can communicate at a minimal cost with minimizing human effort and losses to the industry. Read More...
|
Engineering |
India |
560-561 |
128 |
Design and Analysis of Security Scheme for Automotive Vehicles (Two-Wheelers) using RFID and Arduino Uno
-Deeksha Rathore ; Deepti Chhabra
The purpose of this paper is to build an increase security system for motorcycle using a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) to help in reducing motorcycle theft crime in our country. This project involves integration of Arduino Uno and RFID module with some other small components like DC Motor, Buzzer and 16*2 LCD. RFID technology is currently being used in various fields like electronic toll collection, human implants, libraries and item level inventory tracking. So, with this project, RFID can also be used in Motorcycles for providing security. Read More...
|
M.Tech in Robotics and Automation |
India |
562-565 |
129 |
Removal of Color and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) from Textile Effluent
-Pankti Dalal ; Timsi Modi; Kunjal Divakar; Karishma Patel; Kunal Majumdar
This review discusses the methods for the removal of dyes from the textile effluents. The textile effluents contain synthetic dyes which cause a potential hazard to the environment hence these dyes need to remove from the water bodies. The various dye removal techniques are classified into Chemical, Physical, and Biological methods. Physical methods includes adsorption, ion exchange, and filtration/coagulation methods etc. while chemical methods includes flotation and filtration, precipitation- flocculation with Fe(II)/Ca(OH)2, electro-coagulation, conventional oxidation methods by oxidizing agents (ozone), irradiation, electro-flotation or electrochemical processes and biological methods include aerobic degradation, anaerobic degradation, biosorption etc. Electro-coagulation treatment using iron and aluminum electrodes found to be very effective method among the all available dye removal methods and also effective for COD removal. Dyes from the industrial effluents are effectively separated by using electro-coagulation however its cost restricts the use in small scale applications. The results showed that dye and chemical oxygen demand removals were 92% and 91% and it can be concluded that electro-coagulation process is very efficient and clean process for reactive dye removal from coloured wastewater. Read More...
|
Environmental Science & Technology |
India |
566-568 |
130 |
Dynamic Analysis of Steel Structure by Changing Position of Tune Mass Damper
-Abhinav Sankhla
Seismic analysis is one of the most important tasks to understand the behavior of structure under action of earthquake loading. Different system is generated to reduce the effect of earthquake loading. TMD (tuned mass damper) system is one which is used to reduce the vibration of the building. Further with the arrival of response spectrum analysis and time history analysis with better understanding of seismic response. The importance of reduced vibration and displacement of structure is realized in resisting even higher seismic loads than the design load. The design base shear force is reduced by introducing a response reduction factor to consider an inelastic displacement capacity of ductile structure in dissipating the energy of structure. Read More...
|
Civil Engineering |
India |
569-572 |
131 |
A Review of Six Stroke Engine
-Vaishnav Chandrakant Chaulkar ; Mayur Satyvan Bandivadekar; Darshil Vilas Ekawade; Eknath Laxman Manjarekar
Six Stroke engine, the name itself indicates a cycle of six strokes out of which two are useful power strokes. According to its mechanical design, the six-stroke engine with external and internal combustion and double flow is similar to the actual internal reciprocating combustion engine. However, it differentiates itself entirely, due to its thermodynamic cycle and a modified cylinder head with two supplementary chambers. A Six Stroke Engine is that in which the power is obtained twice in a cycle of six strokes. This engine generates more power with higher fuel efficiency than the existing engines. As a result a new engine concept is formed, which is a six stroke engine. Read More...
|
mechanical engineering |
India |
573-575 |
132 |
Review of Fault-Tolerant Routing Algorithms for Network-on-Chip System
-Anand H D ; Vidyashree C; Kavya Shivashankar; Manjula N
Network-on-Chip (NoC) has become one of the regular options in scaling chip multiprocessor (CMP) systems. While scaling networks in deep submicron (DSM) technology and with multiple cores, the NoC systems are subjected to manufacturing defects which results in low productivity, one such defects being the fault issues which reduce the number of available routing paths for packet delivery that will lead to severe traffic congestion finally resulting in a system crash. Therefore this gives rise to the necessity for the fault-tolerant routing algorithm which ensures the correct functioning of system. In order to overcome fault problems, we can employ fault-tolerant routing algorithm, many fault-tolerant routing algorithms such as Modified X-First, Gradient, Minimal and defect-resilient (MD) and PDA-FTR are available which considers path diversity information and buffer information. In this work we are going to make performance analysis of all this algorithms with respect to parameters such as saturation throughput, area and power efficiency for single and multiple faulty routers NoC systems under different traffic scenarios including both synthetic and real traffics. When we compare performance results of these fault-tolerant routing algorithms, it is found that PDA-FTR has improved average saturation throughput with only 8.9 % average area overhead and 7.1 % average power overhead. Read More...
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Electronics & Communication Engineering |
India |
576-579 |
133 |
Condition Assessment of Existing Structures by using NDT Techniques
-Namala Muni Sruthi ; P. Bala Krishna
Damage assessment of structures is one of the most important and emerging fields in Civil Engineering. Damage to structures may occur as a result of normal operations, accidents, deterioration or severe natural events such as earthquakes and storms. Most often the extent and location of damage may be determined through visual inspection. However, in some cases this may not be feasible. Non-destructive testing is conducted on the main structural and relatively more affected column and beam members in various buildings. In the present work, Condition Assessment of the Reinforced Concrete (RC) buildings is carried out with special reference for the further usage of the structures. Non-Destructive Tests (NDT) like Rebound Hammer and Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Tests are used to carry out insitu evaluation and condition assessment. The report analyzes the deficiencies in the construction of a multi-storied reinforced concrete framed building and onshore cum offshore structure. NDT are conducted to assess the real strength gained by the RC elements like columns, beams and slabs. The test results show that there is a considerable effect of exposure to sea environment on durability of the RC buildings and the rebound number method is more efficient in predicting the strength of concrete under certain conditions. A combined method for the Rebound Hammer and UPV tests reveals an improvement in the concrete strength estimation. In addition, the structural analysis is performed using STAAD PRO v8i or ETABS software for evaluating the design of constructed components of the building and analysis results concluded that the structure requires immediate attention of strengthening the existing RC columns by adopting suitable rehabilitation techniques. Read More...
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Civil Engineering |
India |
580-584 |
134 |
Geopolymer Concrete with Natural Fibers
-Sumit Bhasgi ; Ashok Kasnale; Shoeb Kalyani
Geopolymer concrete of composites have recently become a showing sign of future ecological alternative to the conventional use cementitious materials. The geopolymer concrete are cost-effectively, friendly to environmentally and production make very small amount of energy to produced. They have good thermal properties being highly resistant to flame and heat. flash based concrete has compressive strength and durability but it have comparative to low flexural and tensile strength. This paper explain the studies of the fly ash based geopolymer concrete with reinforced with cotton, sisal, raffia and coir are used as natural fibre. The study is to analysis the impact of addition of different natural fibers on the geopolymer concrete. The actual part of the research was based on the compressive strength tests on geopolymer concrete with different molarity, compression test and flexural strength test of geopolymer concrete with fibre such as natural fibre are sisal, cotton coir and raffia fibre. The results show that the adding of sisal, cotton, coir and raffia such as natural fibers can increase the mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete composites. Read More...
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Civil Engineering |
India |
585-587 |
135 |
Data Transfer through Human Body using Redtacton
-Rajas Vijayanand Bakshi
Data from one device is transferred to the other device through human body, using the principle of Redtacton. In the project below, we transfer a data from one android device to the other android device. For data to transfer there should be some kind of physical contact between two users of which one is sending the data other is receiving the data. Read More...
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Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering |
India |
588-590 |
136 |
High Entropy Alloys - A Review
-Unnikrishnan T G ; Akhil K T; Rakesh Jose; Pramod Kumar M
The thirty or so presently used common alloy systems are typically based on one or, at most, two elements. It has been considered that alloys consisting of a greater number of principal elements will form complicated and brittle microstructures, and hence research regarding such multi-principal-element alloys has received very limited attention. It was suggested by Yeh in 1995, however, that alloy systems with five or more metallic elements will in fact possess higher mixing entropies, and therefore favor the formation of multi-element solid-solution phases, as opposed to the inferred complex structures consisting of many intermetallic compounds. Indeed, work over the past decade into such multi-principal-element alloys, which have fittingly been coined as “high-entropy alloys†(HE alloys), has found them to form simple phases with nano-crystalline and even amorphous structures. In addition to the high-entropy effect, these structural characteristics are ascribed to the large lattice distortion and sluggish diffusion of such multi-elemental mixtures. Dependent upon the composition and/or processing route, HE alloys have been found to possess a wide spectrum of microstructures and properties. The superior properties exhibited by HE alloys over conventional alloys, along with the huge number of possible compositions that may give new phenomena and functional uses. This seminar reviews the recent progress made on HE alloys, and possible future directions. Read More...
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advance manufacturing system |
India |
591-594 |
137 |
Finger Print Based License Checking System
-V. Mangayarkarasi
This project is designed with Microcontroller, Finger Print sensor, Arm Processor circuit and EEPROM. Finger print sensor is the special type of sensor which is used to identify the human finger print. Finger print sensor is interfaced with microcontroller through the arm processor circuit. The arm processor circuit is used to activate the finger print sensor at the time the finger is placed on the sensor. The related data is stored in the microcontroller. In this project microcontroller is interfaced with EEPROM. The microcontroller transfers and stores the related information to EEPROM. When human places the finger on the finger print sensor, the sensor sends the corresponding data to microcontroller. Here we use microcontroller Atmel AT89C52. It is a flash type microcontroller in which is already programmed. Microcontroller receives the data from the finger print sensor. Then it is compared with stored data if it is correct information displayed in PC If data is not matched microcontroller will display the Authentication Fail on the PC. Read More...
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Electronics & Communication Engineering |
India |
595-598 |
138 |
Effect of Ni and Cr Content on the Hardness of Brass Alloys
-Unnikrishnan T G
An investigation was carried out to assess the effect of the Ni and Cr content on the hardness of Cu-Zn brass alloy. The procedure for the study is carried out first by coating brass alloys with thin layers of chromium and chromium above nickel. The surface refining of the coated brass was done using the Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) as heat source. Hardness evaluation of the refined layer was conducted using a Vickers Hardness Tester. It was found that the hardness of the modified layer shows an increase when compared to the hardness of ordinary brass alloy .This is due to refined grain structure of the modified layer as compared to the coarse dendritic structure observed in the brass alloy sample. Read More...
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Advanced manufacturing systems |
India |
599-601 |
139 |
Strength Properties of Concrete when Mixed with Graphene Oxide
-B. Sreenivas ; M Mallikarjuna
Cement-based concrete is a widely used material for a great variety of constructions. Although, cement has great properties and high performance, its intrinsic brittleness is a weakness that requires further investigation for improvement. Graphene demonstrates a number of excellent properties, such as high flexibility, 1TPaYoung’sModulus, 130 GPa tensile strength, high electrical and thermal conductivity. This study investigated the feasibility of implementing graphene into the concrete matrix for improving its compressive and tensile or flexural strength. The aim of this research is to study the performance of Graphene cement concrete, and also to compare the compressive and split tensile of M25 concrete by replacing cement with 1% and 2% and 3% graphene oxide. To study compressive strength, cubes of 150mm x 150mm x 150mm size and for split tensile strength cylinders of 150mm diameter x 300mm length were casted. These specimens were tested at 28days, 56days and 90days of curing. The specimen were tested for its compressive and split tensile strength and found that the use graphene in concrete is a good advantage than Normal Concrete. Read More...
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Civil Engineering |
India |
602-621 |
140 |
Experimental Investigation and Analysis of Reinforced Bamboo/ Resin Shaft for Golf Putter
-Mr. Akhilesh N. Smart ; Prof. M. R. Khodke
Natural fiber has emerged as a renewable and cheaper substitute to a synthetic fiber which is use as reinforcement material. The main objective of this study to investigate the performance of bamboo fiber reinforced resin composite and to investigate as an available option for golf stick shaft. Golf is one of the most famous game worldwide, The cost of golf kit around 1.5 – 2 lakhs, focusing on the main member of golf putter stick, Golf putter costs around Rs.10500, So the research work focuses on reinforced bamboo/resin composite shaft suitability for golf putter. Read More...
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M.Tech in Machine Design |
India |
622-627 |
141 |
Hybrid Solar, Wind and Fuel Cell based New Cascaded Switched-Diode Multilevel Inverter for Single Phase Application
-Soumya HN
In this project, a new topology of two-stage cascaded switched-diode (CSD) multilevel inverter is proposed for medium voltage renewable energy integration. First, it aims to reduce the number of switches along with its gate drivers. Thus, the installation space and cost of a multilevel inverter are reduced. The spike removal switch added in the first stage of the inverter provides a flowing path for the reverse load current, and as a result, high voltage spikes occurring at the base of the stepped output voltage based upon conventional CSD multilevel inverter topologies are removed. Moreover, the inputs are given from Solar, wind and Fuel cell. By shifting the clock pulse phase of every cascaded unit, the staircase-like output voltage waveforms are obtained and a strong suppression ability against fluctuations in dc sources is achieved. Read More...
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ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING |
India |
628-632 |
142 |
Design of Midship Section Based on Hydrostatic and Hydrodynamic Loads
-Isaac Samuel Raja T ; Dr. J. Selwin Rajadurai
The ship hull is the major part of the ship which forms the skeleton of ships bottom structure. There is a need for the naval architects and engineers to make the hull a super strong structure by making the hull heavier to withstand heavy loads (which may not be needed for certain offshore conditions). If the mass of the ship increases, then the propulsive power of the hull decreases. So, the work concentrated on determination of effective thickness of the hull structure is important. Various mid ship sections of 120m container ship are modelled in Solidworks software and analysed with alloy steel, titanium alloy, and aluminium alloy in Solidworks simulation 2014 tool. Dead weight of the ship, hydrodynamic loads and hydrostatic loads were consideration during structural simulation. Best mid ship section with optimum thickness and suitable material is determined. Read More...
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DESIGN |
India |
633-636 |
143 |
Design and Fabrication of Arecanut Harvesting Tool
-Gowtham K ; Uday M
Arecanut or beetle nut is one of the important commercial crops grown in India, since immemorial time. It is a matter of great proud that India at present ranks 1st in the world both in areca and production of it. Kerala and Karnataka account for about 70% of country’s production. Major areca nut producing countries of the world are India, China, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia and Bangladesh. India ranks first both in area (58%) and production (53%) of areca nut. Due to non-availability of skilled labour there is wastage of areca nut seeds in the plantation fields. So, at these type of situations a nut harvesting tool can be used to pick up seeds that from the ground efficiently. In the process of picking or collecting the nuts from the areca nut fields many nuts gets wasted because of the height of the tree and collecting the remaining nuts in the ground involves labour. In this situation a nut harvesting machine can be used efficiently. Read More...
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Agricultural Engineering |
India |
637-639 |
144 |
Implementation of Human Detection System for Victims at Disaster Location
-Jaya Selvan B ; S. Bavani
In our day to day life, human lives has been the most precious thing. Due to the natural and artificial disasters, we have been losing more human lives. To avoid more casualties, we have to provide emergency medication for the victims, for that human detection is important. Using normal method, the detection of the victims at the disaster location will be slow, which will further increase trapped victims. Using old methods, we are searching the victims with the help of dogs, acoustic life detectors and in the modern methods, we can use optical devices and rescue robots. The old method can be employed only in the normal climatic conditions. But in case of extreme weather and unfavourable climatic conditions, the modern method like BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) can be used for the detection of human disaster location. Comparing with the existing system, the proposed modern system will have higher possibilities of finding the exact location of the victims in the disaster location so that trapped individuals can be easily rescued by the rescue personnel through the BLE technology. Read More...
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ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING |
India |
640-642 |
145 |
Performance Study of Sewage Treatment Plant of ACC Cement Industry at Wadi
-Naveed Akhtar Chattarki ; Prof. Dashrath Kolur
The study evaluates the effluent characteristics of domestic sewage treatment plant at ACC cement works, wadi. The influent to the sewage treatment plant is the wastewater from the employee's colony and the industry. Wastewater samples from the influent and the effluent were collected and then tested for pH, TSS, Biological oxygen demand (BOD), Chemical oxygen demand (COD). The analysis was carried at an interval of 15 days and for a period of 4 months. The studied characteristics were compared for their compliance with the Indian standards for agriculture purpose. It was seen that the treated water lies within the range specified by the Indian standards. Read More...
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Environmental Engineering |
India |
643-646 |
146 |
Application of UAV Remote Sensing in Topographic Surveying and Land Analysis
-Sourav Pal ; Saikat Banerjee; Ankur Neog; Prateek
Research and development in the field of UAV has been getting high encouragement lately because of its versatile applications. For modern mapping requirements the topographic mapping process can be used. Basically a topographic map is characterized by large-scale detail and quantitative representation of relief using contour lines but in the past, a variety of other methods were being used. These maps depict detail ground relief (landforms and terrain), drainage (lakes and rivers), forest cover, administrative areas, populated areas, transportation routes and facilities (including roads and railways), and other man-made structures. Topographic maps have multiple uses in the present day: including geographic planning or large-scale architecture; earth sciences and other geographic disciplines; mining and other earth-based endeavours; civil engineering and recreational uses such as hiking and reinterring. In this paper we intent to introduce and discuss in detail, the process of topographic mapping by using UAV remote sensing. Read More...
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remote sensing and gis |
India |
647-650 |
147 |
Review on Durability Provisions in IS456:2000 and Suggested Modifications based on Causes of Deterioration
-R. M. Atkare ; M. G. Shaikh
Concrete is the most widely used material in the world next to water. For the last one and a half century, cement concrete has been extensively used for various structures which man could dream or conceive of with the misconception that they will last forever. Despite the availability of equipment for quality concrete construction, in the recent past many concrete structures have undergone premature deterioration resulting in early reconstruction or major repairs involving huge expenditures. This could be due to inadequate anticipation of severity in exposure conditions, poor quality of construction using site mixed concrete, increased severity due of environmental pollution etc. Corrosion of reinforcement is one of the major durability problems, mainly when rebar in concrete is exposed to the chlorides either contributed from the concrete ingredients or penetrated from the surrounding chloride-bearing environment. Carbonation of concrete or penetration of acidic gases into the concrete, are the other causes of reinforcement corrosion. IS 456:2000 provides various provisions for durability requirements, but some modifications are required in these provisions such as classification of exposure conditions based on causes of deterioration [1]. Read More...
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M.E. IN STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING |
India |
651-657 |
148 |
Integrated Study of Different Water Resources in Catchment Area to Increase Ground Water Table
-Ar. Rupali Krishna Lohar
Water is a precious natural resource and its sustainable management is essential to protect the rainwater environment and to meet correct resource with bot ecological and economic value and is of vital importance for sustaining life, health and integrity of ecosystems. This resource is however, increasingly threatened by over abstraction which has insidious long-term effects. Security and misuse of ground water pose a serious and growing threat to sustainable development and livelihood. Water conservation is one of the key issues to the key issues to be considered for construction is sustainable buildings, which incorporate identifying specific, cost effective improvements in the quality and environmental performance of buildings, conserving water means conserving energy in relation to treatment processes; water supply and efficient waste water disposal over 80 % of municipally supplied water is used in buildings rainwater harvesting is one of the techniques of water conservation. In this project, we includes Literature view, types of ground water recharging and advantages, disadvantages, estimation methods. I also include estimation of daily water requirement, estimation of ground water recharge by this system and cost analysis. All the drawings are prepared first in sheet. As we know water is very essential need of every Human being so it is very important that all water available we should use properly. Now a day there is huge use of ground water so the level of ground water is decreasing day by day, so it is necessary that water falls on ground during rainfall, we store it and allow it to percolate in the ground, so that ground water table rises that store water and we can use it in summer season. For this purpose we use various structures such as contour bounding. Drainage check dams, down deep trenches. Bore well recharge schemes, Bandhara storage structure with recharge shaft, Deep ploughing along road side, Desiliting and maintenance of bandharas, farm ponds to raise the water table ground efficiently and economically. Read More...
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Architecture student |
India |
658-660 |
149 |
An Investigation of Mechanical and Metallurgical Properties of Aluminium-6063 Alloy Friction Stir Weld
-Gudise Avinash Babu ; Nagaraju Tenali
Today joining of alloys has been facing many problems in our most popular sectors like aerospace, automotive, marine and electronics etc. Friction stir welding (FSW) is rock state of tie-up processes which weld the material in solid-state with uses of a non-consumable tool, without melting the work piece material. The welding carried out heat generated due to friction between rotating tool and the work piece material, which leads to a softened zone near the FSW tool. In present investigation welding of Al-6063 has been carried out by varying of input parameters (Weld Speed, Tool rotational Speed, Tool shape) to justify the weld strength. Read More...
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M. Tech in Mechanical Engineering Design |
India |
661-663 |
150 |
Development of Marketing Strategy for Real Estate Project
-Ar. Sachin Chhagan Aher
Since the evolution of mankind, housing has been one of the basic needs which have always been in demand. Easy availability of good housing at affordable prices has far reaching impact on the health and living conditions of citizens. Housing forms a crucial component of all construction activities. Therefore, the industry plays a crucial role in wealth creation, employment generation, improvement in the standard of living and provision of infrastructure. The real estate has a catalytic role in fulfilling the demand for housing for the various socio-economic classes. Equally important is need to provide the backup infrastructure covering utility services such as water supply, sewage, drainage, roads and transport requirements as well as social infrastructure like schools, health and recreation facilities, commercial infrastructure like markets / malls, office complexes, technology parks etc. the cumulative effect of these demands places the onus on the real estate and construction sector, which providing an excellent opportunity for conferring social benefits, could act as a major vehicle for kick-starting the economy. The other significant factor that has kicked up a lot of activity in the recent past, in the housing area, is today’s steadily falling interest rates of loans. The customers today enjoy tremendous choice and can approach those giving out finance at lowest rates. The customer who is purchasing a house today has not only the options of competitively lowest rates of interest, but also choice of different types of loans starting from the house – purchase or house – building loans to house – improvement loans, home equity loans [ loans on mortgage of property ], home extension loans. NRI loans etc. it has near been better than this ever before. While this is such a positive development, as far as the home seekers are concerned, the lots of home builders are still a long way behind the satisfactory levels. Even today, with the organized groups of Developers, being by and large, quite influential, still availability of institutionalized finance, as a regular source, has been almost absent as far as the average Developer is concerned. This has been an area of major concern for the Builders. Mumbai, is known as the commercial capital of the country and rightly so as it generates a large quantum of revenue. The city does not have a long history to boast of like other cities in the country. In fact it was considered not very habitable place to stay. But with the British making it there place of Business, it archived importance. Also it has certain advantage of being a natural harbor. This was the factor that boosted trade in Mumbai & other metro city. The growth and development of real estate in Mumbai is a more recent phenomenon. Marketing is a corporate function comprising of activities that involves exchange of company’s services for economic gains. According to the modern marketing concepts, the focus of all activities is to serve the customers' needs, Marketing. There, begins with satisfying the client’s needs and flows back to the company. Who can then plan for ways to meet the needs. This planning process will involve the contractor’s resources, experience, capabilities, desires and other requirements. A more formal approach towards the marketing is required. The company must understand the target market, the customer's needs, build business relationships and penetrate new markets. Marketing provides the company with more aggressive approach to the market place and helps in building stronger profitable organization. Hence, in the given scenario, when we look at the builders and developers we can understand the importance of the marketing strategies adopted in the particular circumstances. These strategies form an important part of the builder and his competitive capability as compared to others in the field. Read More...
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Architecture student |
India |
664-665 |