The main motto of this study is to analyse and optimize the Connecting Rod. In this paper, we come to know about the Connecting Rod in the better way. There is the parameter that has been defined in this section such as how it works in an engine, the chemistry of a Connecting Rod, Connecting Rod in a science. There is also a literature review in which research work of different researchers has been included. Also, the main motto of their research is how the efficiency & performance of an engine is improved. This can be achieved with the help of the optimization technique. Many of the researchers have reduces the size & weight of the Connecting Rod and determine their results. They have used different 3-D models. They were working with the software such as PROE, ANSYS, and CATIA. Optimization is basically the situation in which best outcome is used in order to improve the system whether it is efficiency or performance.

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After agriculture, Construction industry is the second largest industry in India, there is a need of understanding the usage of natural resources and climatic impact being done in construction industry from the recent years. So Green building concept is rapidly emerging concept in the field of construction. The present study is concerned with the review of study on green building and its applications in today world in constructional practises. The parameters like water conservation, optimum day lighting, green materials were studied.

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Fatigue results in failure materials subjected to completely reversed or cyclic loading. An important consideration for design is ultimate strength of the epoxy glass-fiber composite laminate. Hand Lay-up technique was employed for composite fabrication of Epoxy and E-Glass Fiber. Epoxy resin and hardener were mixed using the ratio of 2:1 parts by weight. The entire setup includes motor, gearbox, cam and shaft assembly, springs, plates, grippers, flat needle roller bearings, sliding channel. The tension fatigue test of composite specimen is measured by applying constant frequency of 3Hz. Moreover the specimen and design considerations are as per ASTM standards. Unidirectional glass-fiber epoxy specimens with 0°, 45°, and 90° are used as samples for test. For demonstration of machine functionality, the measured results of few test have been compared with numerical methodology. This types of machines are very expensive hence simplicity and overall cost are important considerations in this system.

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In the present investigation, an effort has been made to study pressure dependence, propellant composition, particle size and effect of catalyst on the burn rate of AP and AN based composite solid propellant. The variation of oxidizer has been made 70%, 75% and 80% based on earlier experience of the loading of PVC and HTPB on the physical and combustion characteristics of AP and AN based composite solid propellants. The particle size of the oxidizer in the present formulation is taken to be 44 μm and 149 μm respectively. The bimodal AP and AN are taken with mess size 150 and 300.The reason for taking this formulation is to compare the burning rate of the selected propellant and hence finding the best propellant.

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Concrete is the most common material for construction. The total production depends upon the cement content only. Due to the usage, large amount of cement produces increasing the CO2 emissions, to reduce the cement percentage in concrete mixes the nano silica (nSiO2) is used as the replacement of the cement. Nowadays is mainly focusing on the basic science of cementitious material at atomic or nano level. Further, researches are continuing to improve the sustainability and durability of concrete and it has the mechanical properties and significant increment in cementitious material. This paper summarizes the effect of nano silica addition on mechanical properties of concrete. It provides the current development of application of nano-silica in motor and concrete by using Ordinary Portland Cement and Blended Cement. The nano silica is available in 10-50 nm as particle size. The 17nm particle size is used for the whole project. This paper aim is to study the mechanical properties of the specimen using the nano silica by replacement of the cement. The ratio in weight of the nano cement with respect to normal cement. The mortar specimen size is 70.6x70.6x70.6 mm. The concrete cube size is 150 x 150 x 150 mm was maintained and water cement ratio 0.40 was maintained throughout the project. The 0%, 1.5%, 3.5%, 5.5% and 7.5% of nano silica should be replaced with weight of the cement.

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The project initially explains the identification of different problems faced by the Indian public sector banks and some private sector banks like ICICI and HDFC banks in their websites through analysis of their mobile/normal web pages. In subsequent to this, recommendations are proposed to overcome these issues and in order to do so a mobile framework has been proposed and designed which takes cares of these issues. The implementation of designed framework is presented briefly in the later section. The project work is concluded with advantages of the designed framework and future works to be done in order to improve the framework and embed extra features to it, thus increasing its usability at different levels.

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The project work investigate thermal performance of heat pipe is carried out with using hybrid nanofluid, which is the combination of TiO2 and CuO with DI water. And compare it with the result of single nanofluid in heat pipe. The TiO2 is no toxic, easily available with great dispersion stability and CuO gives the maximum thermal conductivity. So the performance of these two with combination as hybrid Nano fluid in heat pipe will carried out. The heat pipe is very effective tool used for the heat transport as well as cooling purpose. Heat Pipe gives better performance and the rate of heat transfer enhancing by enhancing the thermal conductivity of working fluid. Result gives the higher thermal conductivity decrease the thermal resistance and improves the heat transport capacity of heat pipe.

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Steady rests are auxiliary support used in turning as well as boring work to prevent it from being bent by the impact of the cutting forces. Steady rest grip, pinpoint and sustenance the workpiece held by a lathe chuck. Steady rest typically consist of three hydraulically or pneumatically operated jaws which are altered to concentrically support a job about its outer periphery. Steady rest can also mount for good benefit on most types of lathes for internal turning, cantering, boring etc. The steady rest supports the bar to be turned with three adjustable centres for appropriate work to be done. As a result, it absorbs good amount of shock, which emitted by bending forces. In industry, I observed that work on steady rest plays a major role on overall time. Thus, in this project the effort being made to re-design exiting steady rest in order to reduce lead time for client, which would allow them to accomplish their target in lesser time.

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India has achieved MDG goals only in certain states and the performance of EAG states is poor. Rural urban differentials still exist throughout the country, the prevalence of inter-state and inter district variations has to be eliminated through innovative measures and monitoring mechanism. The latest published reports of Government of India were used for collecting secondary data based on rural and urban vital rates and demographic indicators. The main objective of this paper is to analyse the inter-state differentials existed among EAG, non EAG states and Union Territories in India. Analysis based on index revealed that the performances of EAG states, namely Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh are very low in both rural and urban areas. Regarding non EAG states, rural and urban performance of Arunachal Pradesh and Maharashtra is low whereas, Goa, Tripura and West Bengal's performances both in rural and urban areas are high. Gujarat, Haryana, HP, J&K and Punjab have low performance in urban areas but have medium performance in rural areas.

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Operational amplifier is a building block of an analog electronic. Now more number of application are using in their product. A Two stage differential amplifier Dual input and single ended output opamp is designed for high gain, high bandwidth, and for high noise immunity. This design have DC gain of 40dB, Phase Margin=57.8810, ICMR (+) =0.8v, ICMR (-) =0.8v, load capacitance ≤100fF. Vdd =1.1v. These specifications designed in the cadence virtuoso in 45nm technology.

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In this paper we introduce the nation of water level monitoring and management within the context of electrical conductivity of the water. More specifically, we investigate the microcontroller based water level sensing and controlling in a wire and wireless environment. Water level management approach would help in reducing the home power consumption and as well as water overflow. Furthermore it can indicate the amount of water in the tank by the use of water level sensor and LED light display. As the water level rises or falls, different circuits in the controller send different signals. These signals are used to switch ON or OFF the motor pump as per our requirements. This research has successfully provided an improvement on existing water level controllers by its use of calibrated circuit to indicate the water level.

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Nowadays, various issues related to bad quality of generated power come across the distribution system. Some of the examples that represent the poor quality of power are poor power factor, load connected with three phases remain unbalanced, voltage dip and distortion because of introduction of harmonics in the signal. In order to produce reliable distribution power quality, DVR and IDVR can be implemented in the network. It implements the voltage boosting technique by connecting the solid state switches in the parallel to compensate the voltage dips in the network. The author focuses to the issue of harmonic distortion in DVR and IDVR, in order to perform Harmon is distortion mitigation; this study introduces a proposal technique in which the IDVR is implemented. The objective of applying IDVR is to replace the traditional DVR. As the IDVR comprises of two or more DVRs and it is found to be quite capable to handle the sensitive load. In this manner the voltage sag can be mitigated. The proposed models are also defined by the author.

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In this article we have done static structural analysis of a Plummer block or pedestal bearing with the help of Ansys static structural tool. The material used for a Plummer block are generally cast iron for cap and block & structural steel or stainless steel for other parts such as upper and lower braces, nut and bolts. In this structural analysis we have made a 3d model of Plummer block with the help of Catia V5 and then analysed in Ansys structural tool for strength analysis, firstly we done analysis with original material of Plummer block (grey cast iron for cap and block & structural steel for other parts such as nut, bolts and braces) and then replaced the material of cap and block by a composite material which is namely as alumina saffil. The results concluded the optimum values of total deformation, equivalent stress and elastic strain. These results showed greater strength of the Plummer block with composite material alumina saffil compared to original material grey cast iron.

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These systems include a foundation of hydrocarbon petroleum which is supplied to a plasma Tron which reforms the petroleum into a H2 rich gas. An internal combustion engine is connected to receive the hydrogen rich gas from plasma Tron. Plasma boosts partial oxidation reaction that reforms hydrocarbon fuels into H2-rich gas. In case of SI engines large reductions in emissions are possible by operation under lean conditions. The accumulation of hydrogen Increases flame speed and extends the lean limit of SI engine. The tests were performed H2 produced by the plasma boosted fuel converter with gasoline. A one hundred crinkle lessening in NOx due to very lean action was obtained under certain conditions. In engines the use of the individual plasma facilitate forceful non catalytic adaptation of diesel fuel into H2 rich gas with hydrogen yields that could be sufficient for NOx trap regeneration applications. The combination of plasma Tron and internal combustion engine results in lower exhaust engines for about 80% to 90%. This paper discusses the status of plasma Tron diesel fuel reformers.

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The aim of this experiment is to optimize the various properties of our metal EN9. It is a medium carbon steel. Optimum machining parameters of turning operations are greatly influenced with concern along with manufacturing environment. However, some properties may be altered for the purpose of making the material more reliable and commercial. In this report of the experiment, we shall discuss about the mechanical, chemical and physical properties of our specimen. The machining is being done by High Speed Steel (HSS) having consecutive values. There are also some more tests have been performed, such as Surface Roughness Test, SEM Test. Though SEM, the micro-structure of all the three tools at various magnifications have been done in order to study the structure of our tool more precisely. In this report file, we will also calculate the error associated with SR and MRR. Though optimizing, it will also get easier for one to opt for optimum value for automation and implementation of our Computer Integrated System. This report also discuss about advantages, disadvantages, applications and future scope of our work.

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Concrete is the most versatile construction material because it can be designed to withstand the harshest environments while taking on the most inspirational forms. Engineers are continually pushing the limits to improve its performance with the help of innovative chemical admixtures and supplementary cementations materials. Nowadays, most concrete mixture contains supplementary cementitious material which forms part of the cementitious component. These materials are majority by-products from other processes. The main benefits of SCMs are their ability to replace certain amount of cement and still able to display cementitious property, thus reducing the cost of using Portland cement. The fast growth in internalisation has resulted in tons and tons of by product or waste materials, which can be used as SCMs such as fly ash, silica fume, ground granulated blast furnace slag, steel slag etc. The use of these by-products not only helps to utilize these waste materials but also enhances the properties of concrete in fresh and hydrated states. Slag cement and fly ash are the two most common SCMs used in concrete. Most concrete produced today includes one or both of these materials. For this reason their properties are frequently compared to each other by mix designers seeking to optimize concrete mixtures. Perhaps the most successful SCM is silica fume because it improves both strength and durability of concrete to such extent that modern design rules call for the addition of silica fume for design of high strength concrete. To design high strength concrete good quality aggregates is also required. Steel slag is an industrial by product obtained from the steel manufacturing industry. This can be used as aggregate in concrete. It is currently used as aggregate in hot mix asphalt surface applications, but there is a need for some additional work to determine the feasibility of utilizing this industrial by product more wisely as a replacement for both fine and coarse aggregates in a conventional concrete mixture. Replacing all or some portion of natural aggregates with steel slag would lead to considerable environmental benefits. Steel slag aggregate generally exhibit a propensity to expand because of the presence of free lime and magnesium oxides hence steel slag aggregates are not used in concrete making. Proper weathering treatment and use of pozzolanic materials like silica fume with steel slag is reported to reduce the expansion of the concrete. However, all these materials have certain shortfalls but a proper combination of them can compensate each other's drawbacks which may result in a good matrix product with enhance overall quality.

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The cementing properties of materials are responsible for the sustainability of any structure. In the present study gives a layout of the improvement of durability of a structure by introducing an ureolytic bacteria. The bacteria which are capable of CaCO3 production in a common metabolic process are called as Ureolytic bacteria. The Ureolytic bacteria having a special quality for healing the crack and can strengthen the structure to make it more durable. Different tests have conducted like consistency and initial setting time are done to discover the impact of bacterial arrangement on cement. Tests such as compressive strength and sorptivity test are utilized as a part of the present examination to recognize the variety in the mechanical properties of cement mortar. The UV- spectrophotometer is use to know the wave-length of the absorbance from that the beer Lamber's law can be verified i.e. concentration is directly proportional to wave length. The bacteria which are introduced in the mortar by replacing the water with the bacterial solution can gives low sorptivity and high compressive strength at a particular range which has been founded during the investigation.

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Usually insects have a very low life span of about a few days. When it comes to Drosophila species, life span is around 12-14 days. Life cycle of drosophila takes place in three stages. All these three stages take place in two days of the development of the flies. On the 5th day of the development, pupa is formed. Pupa is completely developed into an adult within 7 days. Sexual dimorphism and morphological differences within the species can be seen in the adult stage. Sampling of the flies is done in the adult stage. A chemical named methyl farnesoate plays a dual role in regulating Drosophila metamorphosis. Flies were collected in the laboratories and in the canteen using rava-jaggery medium. This media was kept open in two conical flasks in the laboratory for two days. The captured flies were sampled considering the sex, eye shape, and eye colour and wing shape. After sampling, it was found that, males were more in number as compared to females at optimum room temperature without exposure of direct sunlight with no mutants. At optimum room temperature with exposure to direct sunlight, females were more in number as compared to males with no mutants and at optimum room temperature with exposure of direct sunlight along with food waste, the ratio of males and females were almost equal with one vestigial winged mutant.

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The purpose of the connecting Rod to transfer Energy from Piston to Crankshaft. The Connecting Rod designed by using modelling software PRO E. In modelling the time spent in producing the complex 3-D models and the risk involved in design and manufacturing process can be easily minimised. So the modelling of the Connecting rod is made by using PRO E. Later this PRO E model is imported to ANSYS for analysis work. ANSYS software is the latest used for simulating the different forces, pressure acting on the component and also for calculating and viewing the results. A solver mode in ANSYS software calculates the stresses, deflections, bending moments and their relations without manual interventions, reduces the time compared with the method of mathematical calculations by a human. ANSYS static analysis work is carried out by considered two different materials namely aluminium and Stainless steel and their relative performances have been observed respectively. In this paper by observing the results of both the material Aluminium 2024 with tungsten carbide is suggested as best material.

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A new approach to automatic modular fixture planning is provided. The strategy identifies the entire place plan candidates of a piece-piece making use of linkage mechanism idea and excludes the infeasible location plan candidates via evaluating their accessibility and fixture-ability. With the exceeding requirement for the automotive industry and plan according to the market every year there are change occur in the model of a car. At every year to compete in market a new model or change in features to be done and that will affect the assembly line and which cause a modification and a new fixture design requirement. To avoid this time taking process a modular fixture design generated by linking mechanism. By which it will be easy to make changes in future.

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Solar thermal system is important energy for us because of its gain energy free from atmosphere. Solar energy is a non-polluting energy and also play important role for global warming effect. India is a most favourable country for this energy and in India, Gujarat and Rajasthan have the potential for wide spread application of parabolic through solar collator to harness the solar energy. In solar water heater normally temperature is 80°C during mid-day. When high rises building has a solar water heater system on terrace so heat losses in pipe for below side floor because of very long length of pipe. Below side floor has not get good temperature during morning and cloudy days. In order to maximize temperature heat transfer in receiver tube need to be augmented. In past research using a technique like inserting porous media, twisted tap, Design parabolic collector etc. in this research review paper solar parabolic collator use with some changes in receiver tube. Iron net insert into the receiver tube for reduced pressure drop. This experiment occurring at Rajkot (Gujarat-India).

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In the Current energy scenario the fossil fuel sources are fast depleting and their combustion products are causing global environmental problems. So it is inevitable to shift towards the use of renewable energy resources which in turn will reduce pollution and saves fossil fuels. Air Powered Engine is an alternative technology which uses compressed air to run the engine and thus eliminates the use of fossil fuels. Exhaust temperature of it will be slightly less than atmospheric temperature (i.e. 20-25°C) and thus helps in controlling global warming and reducing temperature rise caused due to other means. As we are going to convert the already existing conventional engine into an air powered one, this new technology is easy to adapt. Another benefit is that it uses air as fuel which is available abundantly in atmosphere. Today fossil fuels are widely used as a source of energy in various different fields like power plants, internal & external combustion engines, as heat source in manufacturing industries, etc. But its stock is very limited and due to this tremendous use, fossil fuels are depleting at faster rate. So, in this world of energy crisis, it is inevitable to develop alternative technologies to use renewable energy sources, so that fossil fuels can be conserved. One of the major fields in which fossil fuels are used is Internal Combustion Engine. An alternative of IC Engine is "Air Powered Engine". It is an engine which will use compressed air to run the engine. It is cheap as it uses air as fuel, which is available abundantly in atmosphere. For this project we required some basic information related to our project for this purpose we make this project report. So we are going to make Air Powered Engine.

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Water, energy and environmental issues are on top list of world problems. Energy is needed for augmenting our water resources. During the past decade, global climate change challenges and the world's growing demand for energy have brought the need for more renewable energy to top of the international community's agenda. We can't continue using handful of our energy sources we gain energy from today. Therefore, it is necessary to find other ways of generating energy. The need of new energy sources has led to a number of subtitles, some better than others. It has been known for centuries that mixing freshwater and seawater release energy. Osmotic power's excellent environment performance and carbon dioxide free power production will qualify for green certificates and other supportive policy measures for renewable energy. The estimated energy cost is commensurable and competitive with other renewable energy sources. For the commercial power companies and technology suppliers, Osmotic Power represents an agreeable new business potential.

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Edge detection s one of the important parameter of image processing it basically help with preserving the image quality when image is either interpolating (enhance pixels) or decimating (compression/reduce pixels), if edges are clear and detected it can be preserve and if not the output image after image processing will not be a good quality image and image processing is in use almost in every area like Modern communication, Medical image processing, Mobile phones, graphics card etc. From the above discussion it is been clear that edge detection is one of the critical part of image processing but the question arise here is that the available methods are good or improvements required, answer is yes there are methods of edge detection which works good but not for all type of images, some methods like Canny, Roberts and Prewitt, works better for the images having high intensity and high frequencies in other hand Sobel works better for low intensity and low frequency images. Proposed work has better solution which provides edge detection for the high and low frequency/ intensity images with modified Thresholding and combination of sobel and canny Edge detection. Feature extraction is a classic problem image processing. Edges are often detected using integer-order differential operators. Hence proposed edge detection method is working in frequency and time domain parallel.

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All over the world, polluted water is the dominant cause for the water born diseases. These diseases lead to the continuity in sickness and mortality all around the world. So it is compulsory that the water we are drinking should be safe from the biological and chemical pollution. So we made a standard level test to calculate the contamination of the water. In which the ground water samples have been collected from the different places of the city Rampur district area of Uttar Pradesh. In the test, we analyzed the pH, total alkalinity, chloride, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, dissolved oxygen, BOD, COD, and total hardness. The pH value of the studied area ranges between 7.9 to 7.51 indicating that the ground water is not alkaline. The total alkalinity is varied in the range from 122 to 282 mg/l which is well within the limit prescribed by BIS. The TDS value found from 292 to 588 mg/l. The range of hardness of water found from 26 to 42 ppm which was found to be within the desired limit according to BIS.

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