Resource Based Economy tested according to criteria formulated from the construction cost management best practices. A cost management plan modelled to demonstrate the possibility of construction management under a new socio economic system, which counts the consumed natural resources by construction as the dry cost to the environment. Reliable estimates of construction costs and schedules presented by contemporary construction companies, their consultants and suppliers at the time of project approval are important for justifying a project on economic ground and for planning the means of financing it. The economic impact of a construction cost overrun is the possible loss of the economic justification for the project. A cost overrun can also be critical for creating policies within sustainable development on the basis of economic costs. The financial impact of a cost overrun results also in demand for construction investments credits. This study presents a case of construction cost analysis for wooden energy efficient house that meets sustainable aspects. Analysed object is characterized by high costs of the construction investment that result from specific characteristics of the construction output. In the result of analysis of the construction investment costs for the efficient house and its comparison with the costs of traditional construction investment on maintenance costs, it can be stated that additional cost resulting from the energy efficient house building is higher than costs of traditional construction investment and it can be treated as the investment in the energy efficient house solutions since it brings savings for home expenditures.

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When a SCADA system is carried out, the use of software that serves as an interface is essential, but due to the existence of a lot of software from different developers and each one with different characteristics, an analysis of the selection method of this software is important. For its selection, different criteria were taken into account such as compatibility, functionality, security and price. In the end it was determined that there is no software that is the best, but what is important is the analysis of the process to see which software is the best for a process.

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Beam kind structures area unit being ordinarily utilized in steel construction and machinery industries, in structures and machines, and fatigue cracks area unit the most reason behind beams failure. Crack happens in beams to vary its dynamic behaviour of structure and examining these changes in crack location and crack size area unit known. The NDT ways area unit used for crack detection and that area unit expensive and time intense. During this paper the beam bear in mind to open thwart wise cracks. Presently analysis has targeted on using modal parameters i.e. natural frequency used for crack detection. During this paper the modal analysis was performed on cracked beams and a healthy beam, to calculate natural frequency. The primary 5 natural frequencies wear thought-about for crack detection. To find the crack i.e. crack depth and crack locations area unit aforethought. The intersection of those contours indicates crack location and crack depth, thence to notice multiple cracks. The experimental results area unit obtained by using FFT analyser. Finally the ANSYS result compare with experimental result.

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Fuzzy logic is a form of multi-valued logic. It is based on imprecise reasoning and perception. Compared to conventional bivalent-logic (where a proposition has exactly one truth value either true or false), fuzzy logic variables may have a truth value that can range in degree between 0 and 1. Fuzzy logic has been applied to conceptualize the notion of partial truth, where the truth value may range between completely true and completely false. There has been difference in opinion amongst the mathematicians on the use of fuzzy logic as the base of probability theory. The article describes in details the origin of fuzzy logic and its growing popularity in the current hi-tech world.

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Li-Fi stands for Light-Fidelity. Li-Fi technology, proposed by the German physicist Harald Haas, provides transmission of data through illumination by sending data through an LED light bulb that varies in intensity faster than the human eye can follow. This paper focuses on developing a Li-Fi based system and analyzes its performance with respect to existing technology. Wi-Fi is great for general wireless coverage within buildings, whereas Li-Fi is ideal for high density wireless data coverage in confined area and for relieving radio interference issues. Li-Fi provides better bandwidth, efficiency, availability and security than Wi-Fi and has already achieved blisteringly high speed in the lab. By leveraging the low-cost nature of LEDs and lighting units there are many opportunities to exploit this medium, from public internet access through street lamps to auto-piloted cars that communicate through their headlights. Haas envisions a future where data for laptops, smart phones, and tablets will be transmitted through the light in a room.

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Immunization programs are one of the most well-recognized and successful public health programs across the world. The immunization programs have achieved significant successes in a number of countries; however, the coverage with available vaccines remains sub-optimal in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Lahariya(2015) described under Mission Indradhanush, the Government has identified 201 high focus districts across the country. Nearly 50% of all unvaccinated or partially vaccinated children in India are in these 201 districts. Mission Indradhanush aims to strengthen key functional areas of immunization programme for ensuring high coverage throughout the country, with special attention to 201 identified high focus districts. Objectives: To determine the factors responsible for not availing vaccination in community. Material and Methods: It was a descriptive research study conducted during March to April 2018. The random sampling technique was adopted to select the district and block. The data was collected using interview schedule. Results: This article, based upon extensive review of literature and using implementation of Mission Indradhanush Programme under universal immunization program (UIP) in India as a case study, summarizes the latest developments and initiatives in the area of vaccination and immunization in the last few months. The article analyzes initiatives under UIP in India from the “health system approach” and argues that it is possible to increase coverage with available vaccines and overall program performance by focused attention on various functions of health systems. It also discusses the emerging evidence that health systems could be strengthened prior to the introduction of new interventions (vaccines included) and the introduction of new interventions (including vaccines) could be planned in a way to strengthen the health systems. Conclusion: It concludes that Mission Indradhanush program under UIP could be one of the entry points for strengthening health systems in the countries and lessons from vaccine introduction could pave pathway for scaling up other health interventions and therefore, could contribute to advancing Universal Health Coverage (UHC).

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Conventionally the production of rail track comprises of forming process in which rail is manufactured through rolling, during the process, semi-finished product i.e. bloom is recharged inside the furnace for several hours by using different types of mixed fuel gases. After getting the certain recrystallization temperature the bloom is passed by several passes and stages, to get an appropriate desired profile of rail section as per requirement. So basically in “Universal Rolling Mill” and “Rail & Structural Mill” of Bhilai Steel Plant there is some common issues related to Rail length during manufacturing process i.e. Shortage of length. This paper majorly focuses on the cause of scale loss during the production process & its effects on rail length. The methodology will describe about how process are carried out in order to collect data. Evaluation & outcome deals with the calculation & comparison of different parameters in both the unit of BSP. Finally, in the conclusion, methods are proposed for reducing the metal loss so as to get required rail length.

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The cement content of conventional high strength concrete is generally high which often leads to higher shrinkage and greater evolution of heat of hydration. In special situations a very high compressive strength of concrete is necessary together with sustainability to aggressive environments. Very few studies have been reported in India on the use of silica fume (SF) for development of high performance concrete (HPC). In order to make a quantitative assessment of different cement replacement levels with SF on the strength and durability properties for M90 and M100 grades of HPC trial mixes and to arrive at the optimum level of replacement of cement with SF, investigations were taken. This paper reports on the performance of HPC trial mixes having different replacement levels of cement with SF. The strength and durability characteristics of these mixes are compared with the mixes without SF. Compressive strengths of90MPa and 100MPa at 28 days were obtained by using 10 percent replacement of cement with SF.

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Today we can preserve the food in refrigerator by keeping it at desired low temperature. But when we went for a picnic or for a long journey we require to preserve the food and maintain the beverages at low temperature. In order to maintain the optimal temperature range of 2 to 8áµ’ Celsius for food preservation, these region need reliable refrigeration system. The most of the refrigerator products in the market are not suitable because they are large in size and bulky. In this attention is made on mini refrigerator which are smaller in size and portable. so, we can use this unit to transport the beverages over long distances in remote areas by storing them at low temperature. The aim of this study is to design the components of the mini VCRC one by one and to analyse the cycle. The effect of heat transfer in condensation and evaporation processes has been investigated. Moreover, an isentropic, rotary compressor has been selected for the system. R-134a has been considered as the refrigerant throughout the study. Firstly, the evaporator part will be presented in the report. The design procedure and the dimensions of the evaporator will be mentioned in the other chapter of the report. Also, the design of cabinet is done and the heat losses from each side of the cabinet are calculated to decide the power input required for the stated system.

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this paper a contrivance of inverter of cascaded type is presented in which the number of switches needed is lowered compared to usual used inverters. In this paper, concept which discussed are THD and low dv/dt for multilevel converters. This topology is also work on high power quality and lower harmonic components. And also better work for electromagnetic consistence and low dv/dt as well as lower switching losses. This Theory also presented different voltage source in generating all voltage levels as positive or negative is verified by using the MATLAB/SIMULINK results of a 7,13 &19 -level 1-phase & 3-phase inverter. This paper main focused on T.H.D, dv/dt losses, single phase and three phase 7 level, 13 levels, 19 level inverter.

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As we have entered the new thousand years, one of the significant difficulties confronting specialists and governments is the global business. Albeit worldwide business is certainly not another wonder, the volume of universal venture and exchange is picking up quickly in significance. The motivation behind this paper is to: an) indicate new rising patterns of the global business, b) give a nearby consideration regarding numerous ongoing advancements that present the two difficulties and chances to the worldwide supervisors who can contend in this regularly changing business world. The essential targets of this paper are: a) to give a general point of view of global business, b) to present, investigate, and portray a human side of universal business, c) to distinguish principle difficulties and openings as far as the worldwide business skylines. The point of the exploration is to present and clarify worldwide business in an imperative developing light of globalization. The paper infers that representatives and governments around the globe should be more educated about the worldwide measurements of administration than whenever before.

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Fingerprint recognition system design may be used for authentication of right person in real time situation however at RFID based authentication is a not reliable because it may be used by anyone. As ladies have a tendency to have a fundamentally higher edge thickness(scaled down focuses)than men however it may be separated just when unique mark is in model frame (great)not in inert shape (not great). confinement of accessible work is to discover amend individual when inert prints (obscure unique mark) typically accessible technique is has less acknowledgment rate & less edge thickness, for idle figure prints likewise time for acknowledgment is additionally high henceforth it is likewise require to decrease time for acknowledgment & enhance edge thickness. Objective for this paper is to develop an algorithm which may efficiently latent fingerprint into exemplar fingerprint with high recognition rate & high throughput.

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Transformer plays an important role in electrical power system. Ever since the invention of a transformer, we have been facing the trend of increasing its nominal power. Together with the increase of nominal power, losses in transformers increase as well, while a transformer's own capability of cooling decreases. According to generally adopted estimate states that if a transformer's maximum operating temperature is reduced by 6°C, the thermal life of insulation system is approximately doubled. As a part of this, many authors have presented different methodologies to provide an efficient cooling of transformer. The purpose of this paper is to provide a literature review on new technology of cooling system of transformer and its effect on transformer's life.

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Many of the software testing procedures and practices are not performed properly that leads to pessimistic results. The immaturity of the testing procedures will be ineffective in predicting the defects, cost and planning activities in testing. The state of the art practices are to be noted to merge all the kinds of test maturity models that are developed by various researchers for examining the drivers, challenges and outcomes of TMA/TPI. Various models are developed to enhance the maturity by running the test maturity assessment (TMA) and test process improvement (TPI). The survey helps to bring the positive outcomes while examining and upgrading the test maturity model. To attain the above feature, a study is conducted based on Multi vocal Literature Review (MLR) to analyse the facts about TMA/TPI. A MLA is the method of grey literature for posting the blogs. The present survey tells how TMA/TPI is used to determine the various test maturity models, to synthesize the drivers, issues and advantages in improving the maturity model.

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This thesis aims to extend the knowledge about the performance of multilevel inverter through harmonic analysis. Large electric drives and utility applications require advanced power electronics converter to meet the high power demands. As a result, multilevel power converter structure has been introduced as an alternative in high power and medium voltage situations. A multilevel converter not only achieves high power ratings, but also improves the performance of the whole system in terms of harmonics, dv/dt stresses, and stresses in the bearings of a motor. Several multilevel converter topologies have been developed; i) diode clamped, ii) flying capacitors, and cascaded or H-bridge. Referring to the literature reviews, the cascaded multilevel inverter (CMI) with separated DC sources is clearly the most feasible topology for use as a power converter for medium & high power applications due to their modularization and extensibility. The H-bridge inverter eliminates the excessively large number of (i) bulky transformers required by conventional multilevel inverters, (ii) clamping diodes required by multilevel diode-clamped inverters, , and (iii) flying capacitors required by multilevel flying-capacitor inverter. As a preliminary study the thesis examined and compared the most common multilevel topologies found in the published literature. Starting from the essential requirements, the different approaches to the construction of multilevel inverter are explained and compared. In particular, aspects of total harmonic distortion (THD) and modulation which are required or desirable for multilevel converters are discussed. Sine-triangle carrier modulation is identified as the most promising technique to pursue for both technical and pedagogical reasons. Since multilevel inverter is considered to be suitable for medium & high power applications, the thesis examined & compared the harmonic analysis of 7-level multilevel inverter through analysis and simulation.

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A few years ago, the company's information will be stored generally on their own servers in the organizations' data center and the more confidential data is separated and stored in the individual servers. Currently, the concept of virtualization and cloud is established where the information stays physically in their own infrastructure but it is administered by another entity. Cloud computing is anticipated as the growing architecture to transfer the information to the cloud, since the data is growing high and data needs to be approachable from the outside device. The cloud storage is preferred due to the reduction in cost and the emerging agile business environment. Still there are many complications in storing the data in the cloud beginning from the virtual device that acts as the medium for resource sharing and the cloud storage extremity. This happen because the infrastructure and resource computation owned and administered by the external party and the cloud storage is termed as unscrupulous in providing authentication. Hence there is a need to provide security to the data stored in the cloud by contributing the services like data confidentiality, authentication and integrity. The survey is to analyze the risks involved in storing the data in cloud and the risks can be minimized by offering the solutions to provide authentication and authorization.

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Background: Adequate drinking water, sanitation and hygiene are all essential ingredients to ensure health. Most often related to unsafe drinking water, poor sanitation and inadequate hygiene causes Diarrhea and leads to death among children under five. It kills more children than Malaria or HIV/AIDS. Objective: To determine Knowledge of Hygiene and Sanitation among respondents. Methods: A community based descriptive study was conducted among 305 respondents from 6 villages of Allahabad from February to March 2018 systematic random sampling method was adopted to choose the respondents above 18 year. The data were collected using a pretested semi-structured interview schedule, through the house to house visits. Results: Half (50%) of the respondents were farmer whereas 27.5% had business, 19.3% were labourer in occupation and 3.3% were unemployed. 97.7% of the respondents were not treating drinking and cooking water. 2.3% of the respondents filter water use for drinking and cooking. 6.6% of the respondents used soap for hand wash before eating, 5.6% before cooking, 85% after toilet and 2.2% after feeding. Conclusion: The study reveals that knowledge and practice about Water Sanitation and hygiene was limited among rural population in Allahabad.

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Slabs, A shallow i.e. having depth very less to other dimensions reinforced-concrete structural member that is very wide compared to depth spanning between beams, girders & columns. Concrete slabs are widely used for floors, roofs & bridge decks. When a slab is supported on four sides with reinforcing bars is called a two-way slab. Those slabs are generally designed by empirical methods. This is a fine & cost effective structural system. The slab will deflect in both directions, and the loads on the slab are transferred to all supports. There are different types of two-way slabs. The two way slabs are further divided to 3 different systems: flat plates, flat slabs, & two-way beam-supported slabs. The simplest type of two-way slab is known as a flat plate. This type of slabs is supported directly by the columns. Column spacing typically ranges from 15 to 25 ft with minimum slab thicknesses of 0.5 to 0.83 ft for live loads of about 2.5 kPa. Drop panels are added at the columns for longer spans. These types are known as a flat slab and have an economical span range of 25 to 30 ft with minimum slab thicknesses of 0.70 to 0.83 ft. In this report a Rectangular slab is modeled using a 3D modeling software called SOLIDWORKS. Computer based analysis software called ANSYS is used to perform the deformation tests of various Rectangular slabs with or without openings. The 3D model of the Rectangular slabs is imported to ANSYS software to carry out the Finite Element modeling. Meshing is done using ANSYS software. Also change the CFRP strips material with NBD material to reduce the cost of the product. Because of the cost of NBD material is very less as compared to the CFRP material. And also drop in stress and deformation in the RC slab.

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In this paper, we introduce and study strong semi continuity in topological spaces.

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The shifting of water level in the lake creates fluctuation that results in the in balance of water label from its base level. The people who are leaving in the bank of these lakes remains in danger since the label of the lake increases or decreases and once it cross its upper limit it will create disaster. The basis of Remote sensing method there are various system has been designed to forecast this variation of water in the lakes. So it becomes very much important or it is a biggest challenge in order to identify the lake level so that disaster can we avoid. In this method we have designed an algorithm in MATLAB to detect the lake level so that the above-mentioned problem can overcome.

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Human Activity Recognition (HAR) is a well-researched area that aims to recognize the activity performed by a person. But the practical applications often encounter complications such as “The curse of dimensionality” and “Redundant features” which results in their poor performance. Hence, the need for feature selection is very imperative in such cases. This paper aims at identifying the subsets of HAR dataset that consists of most important and relevant features using Boruta Feature Selection Algorithm. Because the dataset with less number of features that are more relevant requires less computational time to train the classifier and it also improves the accuracy rate of the classification model. Upon identification, this paper also implements Support Vector Machines (SVMs) classification algorithm on identified subsets as well as HAR dataset. Furthermore, comparing the accuracy rates attained by the classifier on different subsets as well as their computational time.

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In this system three levels of security are added in which most of the attacks are not possible to do because of strong technology. In this system two important tabs are provided the first one is registration and the second login. In the first level the system represents the Text Based authentication by which user can choose any text password which plays a part in third level of security this text password can be any type of password. In second level image based authentication is provided in which user have to select one set from two different difficult set and in this two sets three level grids are represented and user has to select one image from each grid. Now after completion of these two levels we are having Colour QR Code level in this level QR code is generated on the basis of our provided information in previous two levels. In third level as QR Code is generated user has to scan this code with mobile phone app QR Code Scanner now this scan provides a code and we have to enter this code into the third level and after entering correct code we are forwarded to the successful login and registration. Once you have registered yourselves in the system then system take very less time for the login process.

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Stock market or equity market have a profound impact in today's economy. An increase or fall within the share worth has a very important role in deciding the investor's gain. the prevailing foretelling strategies build use of each regression (AR, MA, ARIMA) and non-linear algorithms (ARCH, GARCH, Neural Networks), but they concentrate on predicting the indicator movement or worth foretelling for one company victimization the daily price. The planned methodology could be a model freelance approach. Here we have a tendency to don't seem to be fitting the info to a particular model, rather we have a tendency to be distinguishing the latent dynamics existing within the information victimization deep learning architectures. During this work we have a tendency to use 3 totally different deep learning architectures for the value prediction of firms and compares their performance. We have a tendency to be applying a window approach for predicting future values on a brief term basis. The performance of the models were quantified victimization proportion error.

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Analysis estimating the variation of most bending stress and make contact with magnitude relation reckoning on tooth range and pressure angle of the drive facet, has been developed for uneven drives. The bending stress analyses are performed with the help of FEM for uneven and bilaterally symmetrical tooth. The strain results obtained by FEM analyses and calculable by the developed program are compared. It's been proved that uneven teeth have higher performance than each bilaterally symmetrical tooth it's been confirmed that, because the pressure angle on the drive facet will increase, the bending stress decreases and also the bending load capability will increase. It's been seen that, whereas the worth of most bending stress is dynamical, the situation of most bending stress remains constant in finite component analysis.

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In this work many discharge reduction techniques is studied and analyzed, once that a specific discharge reduction technique is chosen. Hand-picked technique is Self-controllable Voltage Level (SVL) technique. This method is any improved to boost the system of CMOS VLSI circuit. A full adder is that the needed CMOS circuit whose discharge current reduction is decided with the assistance of self manageable voltage level technique. Any we are going to carry our project to cut back discharge current of 4-bit adder. We are going to use Microwind 3.1 and DSCH2 package to style the circuit for coming up with the layout of one-bit adder and 4-bit adder with self manageable voltage level technique. DSCH2 is employed for coming up with the circuit with AND, OR, NOR gates and additionally with transistors. Simulation results of 1-bit adder with improved self manageable voltage level technique are much better than the previous self manageable voltage level technique.

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