Local governments are in a better position to understand the social vulnerability of natural and human-made disasters. Local Governments have a unique role of ensuring co-ordination and convergence of the efforts among the government institutions, non-governmental agencies, and community based organisations and all other stakeholders. They are expected to address the differential impacts of disasters on men, women, and children, sick, elderly and differently abled. This paper will discuss the legal status, functions, role and importance of local governments on disasters, the level of efficiency and effectiveness of local governments in handling the disaster situation, the level of coordination and cooperation among different agencies and organisations working at the local level. So the paper is an attempt to understand the local level governance of disasters in India.

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Studies are conducted to evaluate the stability of compost prepared by three combinations (C/N 16, 22 and 30) of grass cutting, mix vegetable waste, cattle dung, food waste, and paper waste and saw waste in a rotary drum composter. Variations in key stability parameters were observed to assess the stability of compost. The decrease in CO2 evolution rates for the C/N 16, 22 and 30 strongly recommended the viability of rotary drum for all kind of municipal organic waste with different C/N ratios. Results indicated the compost of C/N 22 with lower final Oxygen Uptake Rate (OUR), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) can be considered as the very mature compost with, and were ready for usage as a soil conditioner. Therefore, it can be suggested that rotary drum composting of mixed organic waste at initial C/N ratio of 22 can produce stable compost within 20 days of composting.

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Concrete is the widely used construction materials. The conventional concrete is enhanced by the addition of fibers in it. The brittleness in concrete is reduced and the adequate ductility of concrete is ensured by the addition of fibers in concrete. Fibers used are polyvinyl alcohol and steel fibres in various volume combinations. The main reason for adding fibre to concrete matrix is to find its compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength. The base polyvinyl alcohol is highly resistant to the majority of aggressive agent and will never oxidize when exposed to the condition which causes the steel to rust. The hybrid fibres of various combinations in polyvinyl alcohol fibre is 0.1%, 0.25%, 0.5% and steel fibre 0.5%, 0.75%, 1.0% are decided to use in concrete mix. The workability of these fibre reinforced concrete mixes will be increased by addition of super plasticizer. It gives good impact strength, ductility, high load bearing capacity after being cracked, high resistance to corrosion. PVA and steel fiber got wide acceptance as a less hazardous and reasonable cost alternative. It is also suitable characteristic for reinforcing cementitious composites.

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As water supply is becoming scarce in today’s world there is an urgency of adopting smart ways of irrigation Automation of farm activities can transform agricultural domain from being manual and static to intelligent and dynamic leading to higher production with lesser human supervision. This paper proposes an automated irrigation system which monitors and maintains the desired soil moisture content via automatic watering. Microcontroller ATMEGA328P on arduino uno platform is used to implement the control unit. The setup uses soil moisture sensors which measure the exact moisture level in soil. This value enables the system to use appropriate quantity of water which avoids Over/ under irrigation IOT is used to keep the farmers updated about the status of sprinklers. Information from the sensors is regularly updated on a webpage using GSM-GPRS SIM900A modem through which a farmer can check whether the water sprinklers are ON/OFF at any given time. Also, the sensor readings are transmitted to a Thing speak channel to generate graphs for analysis.

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In this paper, design and fabrication of chainless bicycle is discussed with the concept to provide a dynamic change to primarily existed bicycles with chain drives which helped the people to cover the paths or distances on wheels, after understanding the need & use of wheels. And recently, bicycles with shaft drives have been developed with unique advantages & better efficiencies. For project-making, the conventional shaft-drive was better suited over its cost & flexibility. The shaft drive uses a shaft instead of a chain to transmit power from pedals to wheels. Here the mechanism is equipped with ball bearings connected with shaft-drive, for high power transmission to wheels. Bearings along with the characteristic of minimizing friction save the energies of people. Pedaling works at a smooth pace to transmit the power from forward sprocket to backward sprocket with bearing-shaft-bearing network. This system will also achieve the variable speeds like internal-gearing systems, but it is better than those systems in several manners. Our work is aimed to reduce the power wastage (human energy) by using light weight drive shaft connecting with ball bearings to make the design standardized.

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Due to SRM’s robust construction, high operation reliability, high efficiency, high torque to inertia ratio, and low manufacturing costs, they have been attracting substantial attention over the last two decades. Their simple brushless structure and the absence of commutators can be considered as the principal advantage that leads to their stable operation. Since SRMs have no winding or permanent magnet on the rotor, the rotor losses are low, and as such they require no rotor cooling. Switched reluctance motors (SRMs) are used in numerous applications due to their simple and robust structure. In addition to being mechanically and thermally robust, features such as high torque density, efficiency, and reliability, coupled with their fault tolerant structure and low manufacturing cost make SRMs quite attractive. Although SRMs have many features and advantages, large torque ripple, vibration, and acoustic noise are the major disadvantages of these machines. The vibration and acoustic noise of SRMs are mainly generated by the radial forces. The radial forces cause deformation on the stator yoke, which results in vibrations and consequently, frame deformation. When these vibrations resonate with the motor body’s natural frequencies, the amplitude of the oscillations and the deformations are intensified. Hence, the acoustic noise increases significantly. The vibration and acoustic noise of SRMs have been deeply investigated throughout the years, and various methods are reported based on modifications on the motor structure and motor control for reducing them. In this thesis, a new vibration and acoustic noise mitigation method is proposed. This method combines the radial force reduction and damping improvement on the stator. The radial force is reduced by introducing rectangular windows on the rotor and the stator poles, which result in a reduction on the stator deformation.

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Highway construction involves huge investment. A precise engineering design may save considerable investment, as well as reliable performance of the in-service highway can be achieved. Two major consideration are taken – pavement design and the mix design. This study emphasizes on the mix design considerations. A good bituminous mix design is result in a mix which is adequately strong, durable and resistive to fatigue and permanent deformation and environment friendly and economical. Due to the problems related to excessive waste generation, the need of recycling and reusing of waste material is arising for achieving the sustainability in construction activities. The present study focuses on the utilization of industrial waste as a filler material in flexible pavement. Fillers are very important in engineering properties of bituminous paving mixes. An attempt has been made in this investigation to assess the influence of mineral fillers such as ceramic dust, stone dust, crumb rubber and marble dust in bitumen paving mixes. The fillers used in this study are likely to solve partially the solid waste disposal of the environment. Four types of fillers was taken from different industries i.e. Ceramic Dust (CD) from ceramic industry, Crumb Rubber (CR) from automobile industry, Marble Dust (MD) from marble industry and Stone Dust (SD) from stone crusher. To check the suitability of these industrial wastes as filler in bituminous concrete, Marshall Specimens were prepared by adding filler in different doses i.e. 2%, 5% and 8%.

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This project is related to the ground clearance and its toughness. Increased ground clearance is probably the main reason why serious off-roaders choose to fit portal axles to their vehicles. Hence we studied various gear arrangement for portal axle.

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In many parts of the world Interlocking Concrete Pavement (ICP) is rapidly gaining popularity for roads, airports and industrial pavements. The history of ICP starts in 19th Century when paving stones were used in European countries for roads construction serving as footpaths and tracks for steel-wheeled vehicles. The use of small stone elements to create a hard surface for roads or pavements is an ancient tradition dating back to Greek and Roman times. The use of ICP occurred in post war Holland in 1940‘s as a replacement for clay brick streets. ICP was introduced in North America in the mid-1970s and have been successfully used in many pavement applications. There are a wide range of ICP applications including city streets, driveways, crosswalks, sidewalks, parking areas, ports, container terminals, and airports.

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Comparison of programming languages is a common topic of discussion for engineers but comparison of hardware languages and programming languages is very rare or not found easily. In this paper we present a comparative study between hardware languages such as VHDL, Verilog and SystemC and programming languages such as C,C++ and Java languages; These languages are compared under the characteristics of syntax of code, evolution reliability, tools, readability, efficiency, familiarity and applications used in Industry for future carrier with terms differentiation of various languages.

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The demand for bigger, faster and lighter moving vehicles as well as material handling systems has increased the importance of efficient structural arrangements. In principle two approaches exist to develop efficient structures: either application of new materials or the use of new structural design. A proven and well-established solution is the use of composite materials and sandwich structures. In this way high strength to weight ratio and minimum weight can be obtained. The sandwich structures have potential to offer a wide range of attractive design solutions. In addition to the obtained weight reduction, these solutions can often bring space savings, fire resistance, noise control and improved heating and cooling performance. Laser-welded metallic sandwich panels offer a number of outstanding properties allowing the designer to develop light and efficient structural configurations for a large variety of applications. These panels have been under active investigations during the last 15 years in the world.

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In conventional refrigeration system we use compressor for compressing the refrigerant gas coming out of evaporator by using the electric energy. But due to Increase in pressure and Temperature it may cause compressor to overheat and fail. Also, the electrical failure includes imbalances in the voltage or current, results in overheating and failure of Compressor. Also, the compressor produces a hissing or creaming noise. So here introduces an Ejector Refrigeration system which uses the ejector in place of compressor. Ejector is main part of ERS which use to increase pressure without any moving part. So, the improved system performance will reduce energy consumption. Refrigerant for the ERS is the first selection criteria. The ejector is most important part of Ejector Refrigeration system .so designing of Ejector is the main work in Ejector refrigeration System.

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Data has been stored in the database and the databases are the major sources of information. Information is playing an important role in day-to-day life. This information technology has the main impact on the growing use of pc and net. Database management system has been used for accessing, storing and retrieving data. However, information system is not intelligible to every and each user as a result of they are laborious to use and perceive. People with no information of information language could realize it troublesome to access information. Therefore, there is need to find out the new technique and methods to access the database with the use of Natural Language Processing. Therefore this idea of mistreatment language rather than SQL triggered the event of a unique sort of process technique known as language Interface to information (NLIDB). Where user do not have needing to be told the formal language, they can give query in their native language .for the people who are comfortable with the Hindi language want this application to just accept Hindi sentence as a question, process it and after execution provide result to the user in the same language which is nothing but the Hindi Language Interface to Database Management System.

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Metal Cutting Fluid is a type of fluid used in metal processing industries for stamping, drilling cutting and as lubricant and coolant. The different method used for the treatment for metal cutting fluid wastewater are chemical methods, AOPs, emulsion breakdown method and other combined methods, sono-fenton method, acoustic oxidation, ultrasonication-fenton oxidation process. The Aim of this work is to evaluate the use of electrolytes (NaCl and CaCl2) in the breakdown of Metal Cutting Fluid (MCFs) emulsion for the extraction of recovered phase. In addition, the aim of this study is to reduce the COD of waste generated after extraction. For the removal of COD by using FENTON’s process was used on the metal cutting fluid after extracting was synthetic metal cutting fluid and mineral metal cutting fluid. Two metal cutting fluids were used to evaluate the comparison by different methods: 1) Synthetic cutting fluid (water-in-oil) and Mineral oils, all the MCF’s collected in the emulsified form. 2) In this study technologies used for recovery of waste oil are by using Electrolytes and followed by Fenton’s process for removal of COD.

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Mobile health system has a new patient centric model. In this system patients data are collected through wearable sensors, aggregation and encryption of these data at mobile devices. This encrypted data uploaded to the cloud. This data are stored on the cloud. This data are access by healthcare staff and researcher also.

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Behind India is gleaming economic growth and construction boom sits an exploitative industry of brick kilns. With an annual production of 250 billion bricks are 23 million brick kiln bonded laborers, working and living like slaves. Bonded into the exploitative debt cycle and piece-rate system, these slaves are oppressed by their creditors/owners of the brick kilns. This paper throws light on the brick kiln industry of India and its exploitative nature of trafficking to explains why the lower caste communities like the Dalits and tribes have been vulnerable to this bondage. The paper also examines the exploitative wage system through which the laborers are bonded and oppressed. The objective is to analyze how the banking system is used by the oppressors/ creditors/owners to oppress the vulnerable/bonded laborers/ debtors into bondage through trafficking and enticing them into working for the brick kilns.

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In this paper, we are presenting a review on improving the performance of the vapor compression refrigeration system using nanofluids and nanoparticles with refrigerant in refrigeration system. Number of researchers has come forward after knowing the newly evolved technology called as Nanotechnology which introduced nanoparticles to this word. Many researchers were attracted by this new technology and had done experiments with different nanoparticles and refrigerant in the refrigeration system and other heat exchanging devices. This paper mainly focusses on enhancement in performance of refrigeration system. Various reviews and research papers were studied and after that we conclude that we can use nanoparticles and nanofluids with refrigerants and lubricating oil in the refrigeration system without or with any small critical issues (which can be easily solved) and with the help of nanoparticles can improve the performance of refrigerator system.

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in this paper, design and fabrication of I.O.T. Based Fire Fighting Robot is discussed. Now a days, fire accidents are very common and sometimes it becomes very difficult for a fireman to save someone’s life. It is not possible to appoint a person to continuously observe for accidental fire where robot can do that. Therefore in such cases firefighting robot comes in picture. Robot will detect fire remotely. These robots are mostly useful in industries where probability of accidental fire is more. The proposed vehicle is able to detect presence of fire and extinguishing it automatically by using smoke sensor and temperature sensor. It contains gear motors and motor driver to control the movement of robot. Relay circuit is used to control the pump and when it will detect fire then it will communicate with microcontroller (Arduino UNO) through Bluetooth module. The proposed robot has a water jet spray which is capable of sprinkling water. The sprinkler can be move towards the required direction. At the time of moving towards the source of fire it may happen that it will come across some obstacles, then it has obstacle avoiding capability because of it has a night vision camera. With the help of camera we can see all obstacles which will come in the way of robot. Communication between the mobile phone and robot will take place with the help of camera because camera is two way operatable which is operate with the help of Bluetooth and I.O.T.

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In this paper, design and fabrication of brick lifting machine is discussed with the objective to reduce the time and human labour involved in lifting of bricks from one floor to another The core idea is taken from the design of elevators but the design of the brick lifting machine is done such that it emphasizes on reducing the power consumption and carry the loads much as possible and ultimately increasing the efficiency of the machine. It is easily available for various construction purposes whether at small scale or large scale. The machine is useful for the conservation of time and human labour and it is also helpful for the locations where problem of man power appears. Our machine makes the best utilization of available resources to generate an efficient result in a fixed time frame as compare to other pre-existing brick lifting machines.

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India is a country of multi-dimension whose economy is based on agriculture to support the 58.5 per cent people of the country and share the 17.14 per cent in the India’s GDP (World Bank report, 2014-15). 68.31 per cent people of the country are the rural resident to earn their livelihood from agriculture. But with growing population and meager amount of money raise the problem of migration, the movement of people from one area to another in search of jobs and employment from rural to urban areas. The process of migration is dependent on the amount of the availability of the job opportunity to pull the people from the rural areas. Out migration is more pronounced in rural areas for the young people in search of jobs in urban areas or metropolitan cities of the country. The present study like out migration in Qila Ka Naglaa, Aligarh district is based on the primary survey conducted on the basis of simple random sampling where data are enumerated to show the socio-economic condition of migrants including pattern of migration, educational status of migrants, health condition of the migrants, economic status of the migrants and family size of the migrants etc. The inferences draw on the basis of data collected through the primary survey pertaining to the study to show the increasing number of migrants’ day by day with the due cause of unemployment and poverty emerged by the unequal distribution of the land among the migrants.

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With the increasing number of two-wheeled vehicles, the frequency of accidents is on the rise. Major causes for Accidents are either the rider not wearing a helmet, or he has consumed alcohol and the accident is not reported on time. The person could not be saved because delayed in admittance to a hospital. In this proposed system we proposed a system that can detect an accident, detect the person is wearing a helmet or not and rider is over-consumed alcohol. For this purpose, we use NodeMCU as a Microcontroller and some on board sensors- pressure sensor, MQ-7 sensor, Sensor, Infrared Sensor, and panic button. If the Accident has occurred then the location of the accident is tracked by geolocation API and sends the alert message to the friends with the location of the accident. If a person is not wearing a helmet or over-consumed alcohol then the bike will not be started by stopping the ignition engine of Bike. This system will provide safety to bike rider all the time.

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The focus of the study is to review the modern changes and technologies on waste heat recovery of exhaust gas from internal combustion engine. These include the thermoelectric generator, turbocharger, exhaust gas through I.C engine. Due to the total heat supplied to the engine in the form of fuel around 30-40%, heat is converting in to the use full mechanical work and residual parts of the wastage heat 60-70% as friction, exhaust gas and engine cooling system. Waste heat release in the form of fumes in environment through I.C engine, which also includes the exhaust gases. The side effects are global warming, greenhouse effects and entropy increases etc. Therefore, it is required to use the waste heat in to useful work. The recovery of waste heat not only conserves fossil fuel but also control the environment pollution. Therefore, main objective of this paper is to evaluate (waste heat recovery system) technology based on the total waste heat converted into the useful mechanical work and possible methods to recovery of the waste heat from I.C engine. As a result, waste heat recovery from the I.C engines and utilization shall be remain best technique in future automobile application save the fuel and protect the environment.

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Refrigeration plays vital role in developing countries primarily for the preservation of food, medicine and for air conditioning. Conventional refrigeration systems are using Freon as a refrigerant. As they are the main cause for depletion of ozone layer, extensive research work is going on alternate refrigeration systems. Vortex tube is a non-conventional cooling device, having no moving parts which will produce cold air and hot air from the source of compressed air without affecting the environment. An experimental investigation is to be performed in order to realize the behavior of a vortex tube system. In this work attention has to be focused on the classification of parameters affecting vortex tube operation. The effective parameters are divided into two different types, namely geometrical and thermo-physical ones. The reliable test rig is to be designed and constructed to investigate the effect of geometrical parameters like diameter and length of main tube, diameter of outlet orifice, and shape of entrance nozzle. The thermo physical parameters are inlet gas pressure, types of gas, cold gas mass ratio and moisture of inlet gas.

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The building sector alone represents about 35% energy consumption. Realizing the situation, the need of the hour is to modify the building sector in accordance with the changing environment. Taking into account the current scenario, a building should be environmentally friendly and sustainable and also focuses on the efficient use of energy, water, waste and building materials. According to the scientific community, climate change is happening and its effects will have severe consequences for our society and environment. Reducing energy use in buildings is one of the most important ways to reduce humans’ overall environmental impact.

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Energy harvesting in unconventional way has been a topic of discussions and research for over more than two decades. Conventional sources of energy are becoming costlier and environment hazardous. So by the force of need, researchers are being compelled to find unconventional sources of energy. The human body is a huge source of power and energy. This power can be tapped and used as a source of energy. Enormous growth in research for harvesting this human body power is in progress. The use and need of portable and wireless electronic devices is increasing. If human body energy could be used for powering these devices then it would bring in technological revolution in design and development of these electronic devices. In this paper, we would wish to highlight this potential source of renewable and green energy.

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