Benzoic acid, which is used commonly as sodium benzoate is one of the most utilized chemical preservative because of its role in increasing soft drink’s shelf life and inhibiting the microbial growth. It is however, have detrimental effects to human especially at high concentrations. This research, was therefore carried out to assess the levels of benzoic acid in soft drinks marketed in Dutse, Nigeria; and to find out whether they comply with the established regulations. Eleven (11) different brands of soft drinks categorized as carbonated and non-carbonated drinks were analyzed for benzoic acid by UV-visible spectrophotometer. Based on the findings of this work, benzoic acid concentrations were found to be within the standard limits and differed significantly among the samples produced from different company; whereas samples from similar company have closely matched concentrations.

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The main focus of this paper is to study the effect of TIG welding on stainless steel and mild steel plates and analyzing the defects by radiography testing using three different paramenters like current, voltage & gas flow rate (Argon Gas) as shielding & having dimensions of 100 mm X 100 mm X 4 mm. TIG welded plates majorly used in industries purpose. The welding of dissimilar metals is most useful in structural applications. But the difficulty arises due to welding such plates because of the loss of carbon from mils steel and precipitation of chromium in stainless steel during welding. TIG welding is best suitable process used to control these problems occur during welding on base metals joints. Here main purpose of this paper is to discuss about effect of welding on MS and S.S plate and study the result like hardness, tensile, bend test etc. In this experimental test it is seen that there is nothing problematic to weld such plates carry different composition. All result shown satisfactory. It is evaluate that TIG welding perform best on S.S and MS welding.

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Image de-noising plays an important role in satellite communication and signal processing applications. This paper presents significant work in the area of image de-noising. For better de-noising in SAR images, we perform Non-local means (NLM) technique and have used few filters such as min-max filter and average filter. By performing the above technique, the de-noising ratio is increased, at the same time the image resolution is enhanced. All these filtration transform techniques were observed on multiplicative noise in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. The performance of NLM is compared with previous techniques in terms of quality parameters like Peak signal to noise ratio(PSNR), Mean square error(MSE), Percentage of Spoiled Pixels (PSP), structural similarity index measure (SSIM).

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Organic farming helps in maintaining environmental health, reduces human ensuring optimum utilization of natural resources and sustainable production in long run. Nagaland, known for its rich biodiversity and is gradually making its entry into the organic farming market and towards efforts are being made to promote organic farming in the state. Nagaland has potential for promotion of organic farming as farmers has been practicing traditional system of agricultural without the use of external inputs since its inception. Naga farmers adopt an age-old traditional cultivation system called shifting cultivation. The present agricultural practice of Nagaland is organic by default, as the state and the region did not make impact by the wave of green revolution across India. Nagaland state has very low consumption of agro chemical pesticides and fertilizers which is only about 1.5 kg per hectare. Owing to these facts the state has a comparative advantage to emerge as a center hub for development and promotion of organic cultivation. Thus, the needs to state take measures with appropriate policy measure to convert the "organic by default" areas into "organic by design".

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Modern road vehicles area unit using options of driver help systems (DAS) to enhance drivability performance, comfort, and safety. within the longer term perspective, the advances throughout this field will lead these systems to the extent of autonomous and cooperative driving, supported detectors networks and sensing element fusion. This strategy aims to gift the readers a unique strategy for lane detection and pursuit, which inserts as a purposeful demand to deploy DAS options like Lane Departure Warning and Lane Keeping Assist. to realize the bestowed results, the digital image process was divided into 3 levels. At the pre process level, the input image spatial property is reduced from 3 to 1 layer, the sharpness is improved, and region of interest is outlined supported the minimum safe distance from the vehicle ahead. The feature extractor for lane edges detection style is a component of the road lane detection level. The lane pursuit strategy development is mentioned in road lane pursuit level, behavioural biological research algorithmic rule, dagger algorithmic rule and distance algorithmic rule area unit accustomed bring home the bacon a sleek lane fitting.

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One of the major disease facing today is cancer. There are different types of cancers lung cancer, breast cancer, skin cancer etc. Detecting skin cancer using machine learning algorithm is more accurate and faster than detecting manually. The performance of the cancer detection varies based on the input image and the algorithm used to classify the image. Instead of machine learning algorithm uses any deep learning method it will improve the performance of the system. Most commonly used deep neural network is deep convolutional neural network. The convolutional neural network is a type of feed forward neural network. The neural network contains one input layer, n number of hidden layer and one output layer. Convolutional neural network predict the probability of a specific mole that can be malign.

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Obstacle detection and tracking is an important research area in computer vision with a number of practical applications. Though an ample amount of research has been done in this domain, implementing automatic obstacle detection and tracking in real-time is still a big challenge. To address this issue, we propose a fast and robust obstacle detection and tracking approach by integrating an adaptive obstacle detection strategy within a YOLO framework in this paper. A suitable salient object detection method auto initializes the tracker for this purpose. Moreover, an adaptive obstacle detection strategy is proposed to refine the location and boundary of the object when the confidence value of the tracker drops below a predefined threshold. In addition, a reliable pre-processing technique is implemented to accurately localize the obstacle from a saliency map recovered from the search region. The experiments reveal that the proposed approach significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art methods in terms of tracking speed and accuracy.

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Electricity is very useful for mankind since its invention. We are using it in our domestic life and Industries for lighting, Heating, Ventilation, Air-Conditioning, Fans, and to drive Pumps, Compressors etc. But it is very important not to get in electricitys way because it can kill. Electrical safety is an important issue for ensuring the safety of employees, users at house and the working environment whether it is through the use of electrical equipment or the safety of the main distribution system. This paper deals with some of causes of electrical accidents and the mitigation techniques therein to save human lives and industrial equipment.

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Nowadays, The Internet of Things (IoT) presents a dream of a future Internet where clients, registering frameworks and ordinary items having detecting and impelling capacities collaborate with remarkable comfort and efficient advantages. Likewise, with the present Internet engineering, IP-based correspondence conventions will assume a key job in empowering the pervasive availability of gadgets with regards to IoT applications. The difficulties are to stay away from the advancement of such models to straight forwardness and bound their effect in request to make conceivable this rising field. Shared validation between IoT gadgets and IoT servers is a significant piece of secure IoT frameworks. Single secret key based confirmation components, which are broadly utilized, are helpless against side-channel and dictionary attacks. As security will be a basic empowering element of most IoT applications, components should likewise be intended to ensure correspondences empowered by such innovations. In this paper, we examine the LoRaWAN IoT design. We assess its security by congregation possible attacks that can be launched on it, using the Castalia tool. At that point, we propose an improved variant of the LoRaWAN design that tackles those attacks. We assess the proposed solution as far as security and key administration requirements.

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This study focussed on reviewing the published literatures on estimation of water footprint of India in agriculture, industrial and domestic sector and finding the data gaps. A number of literatures have been addressed in order to understand the concept, need, approach, limitation and scope of water footprint in India. There is very limited literature available specifically on water footprint of India, so this study sustained on global research papers on water footprint to analyse the Indian Water Footprint perspective. The concept of water footprint has been established to estimate the consumptive use of water in every sector. Water footprint is the amount of water utilised to produce any product or avail any service. With only 1/25th of the world’s water resources India supports 1/6th of the world population. India is hurtling to become water scarce country from water stressed country. Proper information on water footprint will enhance our understanding of planning and execution of our activities in sustainable way. It can even reduce water stress and forecast the vulnerability of water scarcity and drought. By combining this partial tool of water footprint with other analytical means we can take smart and sustainable decision. There is very limited literature available on water footprint of India as this study did not witness any recent data i.e. data from last five years on water footprint of India in all the three sectors. It was difficult to access water footprint papers of industries as majority of industries keep their data private. There is scarcity of research on domestic water footprint in India as proper estimation of water footprint of domestic sector is a bit complicated task. The Water Footprint Assessment Manual (Hoekstra et al., 2011) is being used as guiding tool for calculation of water footprint. The methodology and equations for calculation of agricultural water footprint is similar in all the studied papers while Jeswani & Azapagic (2011) raised the concern on Hoekstra’s approach that water footprint only represents the quantity of water use without approximation of the related environmental impacts and inclusion of green water in quantification of water does not affect availability of blue water, so it should not be accounted. This concern needs to be addressed for further research in water footprint calculation method. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) software SimaPro has all the building blocks to calculate proper water footprint but it is not freely accessible. Software like CLIMWAT 2.0 and CROPWAT 8.0 which are helpful in calculation of agricultural water footprint are freely accessible. Water footprint is a fractional tool to address sustainability issue. It gives a rough estimated structure to execute our sustainability plan further. This study addresses the data gaps and need of further research on water footprint calculation in India in the stated three sectors. The result shows that there is huge need to expand further research on Water Footprint to address sustainable life on earth.

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Floating Column is designed with proper care to make sure that the final design can withstand loading and will be durable and serviceable for its lifetime to withstand external loading. This research paper presents RCC framed building with floating column on first floor which is analysed and designed under the normal loading condition. STAAD Pro is a structural tool which can help to find out the structural changes which can take place while providing floating column. This software deals with all types of loading which comes on the structure including wind load and earthquake loading. STAAD Pro is commonly used by Civil Engineers for structural designing and is nowadays leading design software in designing structures. Many design industries perform all types of designing on this software which deals with buildings. So, this research deals with the analysis and design of framed structure with floating column at ground floor of the building, the behaviour of floating. This research paper presents the behaviour of floating column in a building, its load distribution and continuity in structure. It was observed that floating columns do not take load as much as those columns which are connected to foundation. Pros and cons of using floating column in a structure will also be mentioned in this study. Floating column is mostly used where there is need of open space such as in parking, seminar halls, conference halls to not make any obstruction by column. But to transfer the load coming from columns from above floors is of much more important to transfer to foundation.

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The main challenge faced by Structural Engineers is to go for the most efficient and economical design with accurate results in solution to ensure that the final design of a building must be serviceable for its function purpose over the design life time. This Research presents the detailed knowledge about optimization of special moment resisting frame under the consideration of earthquake loading. Various aspects of designing and its use in constructing important and challenging structures is explained in detail. The observations are being made on STAAD Pro. The various changes in member properties is also mentioned in detail. Civil engineering is the vast branch and this deals with the construction of various structures whether it may be building, bridges, towers etc. This research presents the changes being made on a special moment resisting frame used in a building to make it economical. Some changes are being made in sectional dimensions of the members to resist load on a structure and these changes are made to decrease dead load of structure. Earthquake load is considered to check effect of earthquake loading on the structure. Analysis is done to check various outcomes due to dead load, live load and earthquake load.

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Nowdays, the use of the mobile is increases so now new mobile phone are rapidly becoming feasible and easy to use. It providing people access to resources always and everywhere. Augmented reality applications using the built-in-camera for optical tracking. We examined user interface issues where an AR enabled mobile phone acts as an interaction device. Augmented reality with mobile applications promotes the integration of sensory input such as sound, video, graphics or GPS data and the real world physical elements through mobile phone.

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In this paper Slate waste powder use as partial replacement of cement in concrete for thermal conductivity test and compressive strength test of concrete have been investigated and reported. Concrete cube of slate waste powder casted yourself and these concrete strength in expression of compressive strength and tensile strength evaluated experimentally. It is found the compressive and tensile strength of slate waste powder concrete can be comparable with OPC concrete .It is found that the strength of Slate waste powder replaced concrete in terms of compression and split tension can be comparable with the conventional concrete. This study is aimed of some partial such as (0%, 10%, and 20%) substitution of cement with slate waste powder in concrete mix that will with partial replacement of cement by slate waste powder (0%, 10%, and 20%) that will give an advantage of pollution reducing, Sinking the caste of construction and most important to maintain indoor temperature of room in different weather condition. The use of Slate waste powder in making of concrete are very useful such as Maintain Indoor temperature of room at different weather conditions, making green building, reduce the caste of construction and pollution control but also helpful in sustainable development.

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In this paper we have proposed and designed an automated vehicle identify recognition system using image processing. The captured image of the vehicle number plate is processed and characters are recognized using Convolutional neural network (CNN) and authenticated by implementing it on Raspberry Pi.

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K-Means Clustering Algorithm is very famous and widely used clustering algorithm. It is very simple and easy to be applied on given set of data. This paper concerned with applications of K-Means clustering algorithm to be applied in different conditions to obtain desired result.

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Spots like ventures, inns, bottles, research centers, and so forth utilize different sorts of combustible gases for instance, LPG, carbon dioxide, smelling salts, and so on. The utilization of these gases puts every one of the spots referenced above in danger prompting a risk to harm of life and property because of any sort of spillage of these gases. Security is the fate of most extreme significance. This factor prompts a need of a gas identification framework to be introduced at such clumsy areas for ceaseless checking of any sort of spillage which can not be distinguished by the human detects. The proposed framework will persistently screen the surroundings for any spillage. In the event of any spillage discovery, it will alarm the client by means of a bell and by utilizing the Ethernet shield module and an Android application; it will caution the client about the natural conditions like the gas level and temperature of that area of establishment utilizing web based life locales like Twitter or through an email notice.

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Vegetables are important constituents of Indian agriculture and for nutritional security due to their short duration, high yield, nutritional richness, economic viability and ability to generate on-farm and off-farm employment. The vegetable production system is linked with quality seed use. Clean seed have better germination ability and better storability. Vegetable seed generally contain lighter impurities which are of same size as seed. Pneumatic cleaning is most suitable to clean vegetable seed as it is simple in construction and have less moving parts. In general, vegetable seed growers are small and marginal farmers. So, small capacity cleaning machines are required. With about 300 clear, sunny days in a year, utilizing solar energy for cleaning is an ultimate solution for energy conservation, which can be a viable option for small and marginal farmers. Engineering properties of selected seed (bottle gourd, sponge gourd, garden pea and radish) were determined and results depicted that size, angle of repose, coefficient of friction, terminal velocity increased with an increase in moisture content. . On the other hand, bulk density and true density decreased with moisture content. Number of blades and tilt angle were optimized to get maximum velocity and minimum power consumption. Result revealed that 4 blades with 70º tilt angle yielded maximum air velocity with minimum power consumption.

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In this paper, the design and implementation of active power control (APC) with fuzzy controller and compared with anti-windup PI controller (AWPI) and improved perturbation and observation (P&O) method with sliding mode control (SMC), are researched to get abnormal state of execution with diminished number of sensors for a steady activity of a breeze PV-battery based cross breed independent power age framework (HSPGS). This paper presents the six cases of design and implementation of active power control with improved P & O method for wind PV-Battery based standalone generation system. The performance of APC based controller includes the wind or pv changes, steady state, sudden increased of load, unbalanced linear load and balanced unbalanced non-linear load

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The project has been done to study various types of thresher for ragi crop which are used in India. Ragi or finger millet are very rich of nutrition crop but less in use. Due to various constraints, these crops are not harvested even though the harvesting of ragi can be done during any season and most type of soils in India. Traditional method of threshing by animals are very slow. It gives very low output. Thresher can overcome these difficulties to a great extent. There are many types of thresher available in India.

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Construction activities have various side effects on the environment of construction zone. These side effects when evaluated in monetary term are known as social cost. There are various parameters of social cost. It is categories into traffic, pollution, ecological and economical. Traffic is one of the most important category which contributes in maximum amount to the social cost. Traffic consists of various sub parameters, two of them are vehicle operational cost and travel delay. In this paper an overview over the vehicle operational cost and travel delay during the construction period is focused. Vehicle operational cost is defined as the cost associated with the vehicle usage, fuel consumption, maintenance and repair cost, wear and tear of tires, vehicle depreciation, etc. whereas travel delay is the extra time consumed by the commuter during the construction period compared to previous time. Component and factor affecting Vehicle operational cost and travel delay is discussed and an attempt is made to give a frame work regarding it.

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Mobile Ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are self-organized networks whose nodes are free to move randomly while being able to communicate with each other without the help of an existing network infrastructure. In MANET, the routing protocols have to route the packets depending on the MANET constraints such as battery power in addition to the shortest path. The limited battery supply to mobile node in MANET requires that the routing protocols utilize power efficiently and thus maximize the network life time. The energy aware deterioration in ad hoc networks is a very important aspect of the overall management of ad hoc networks. In this paper, the focus is on the reactive power-alert technique for communication between ad hoc network nodes by continuously alerting their energy status to neighbor nodes. Here the concentration is on reducing the energy consumption by proposing optimal path selection method. In this scheme a threshold value is set on the energy consumed by mobile nodes in ad-hoc network. If the energy level of any nodes in the network reaches a threshold level then such nodes are made inactive and inform other nodes not to establish connections with it in this sleep state. In this paper, experimental results and a comparative analysis are presented based on the use of this threshold. The result shows significant improvement in the throughput and routing load which in turn increases the lifetime of the network. In wireless sensor network, nodes are usually powered by batteries with limited amount of energy. This paper uses an Ad Hoc on Demand Multipath Routing Protocol for finding multiple paths to transfer the data from source node to destination node. The proposed work performed the energy efficient routing, when the sink node (base station) is in static state and all other neighbor nodes are in mobile state. Here gateway node acts as a relay for transmitting data from one group of node to another group. The performance of Ad hoc on Demand Multipath Routing Protocol is compared with Ad Hoc on Demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol. The simulation result shows that the proposed energy efficient routing algorithm consumes low energy and gives high throughput.

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With increasing popularity for F1 in India go karting has started attracting a lot of attention especially among the young engineers and neophyte drivers. This has set many motorsport enthusiasts and other automotive societies to organize go-kart competitions and events to fulfil the crave to learn more about automobiles of graduating engineers. Spurred by passion, many engineers have started teaming up to tussle against teams participating from various engineering colleges in India. Steering system is one of crucial areas in designing of go kart as even the slightest of improvement in response of this system could reduce the lap time and help to reach the driver beyond the finish line to win a position. Thus, steering has to be reliable enough such that the driver could have the complete control over the kart even in the toughest tracks. On the other side, any failure in system could lead to serious injury or loss to the team. This paper is written with an aim to improve a steering system of go kart and overall responsiveness and control. This paper covers most of the concepts of steering system of a professional go kart. This paper is written after practically manufacturing three steering systems in two years of experience for national level competitions. With the help of this paper one could understand and manufacture complete steering assembly individually. The paper consists of theory, formulae, calculations, diagrams and simulation results which give top to bottom understanding of a professional go kart steering system.

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Waste plastic pollution is a major problem of today, plastic waste is non-biodegradable substance which cannot decompose and creates water, land and air pollution but we can recycle, reuse the plastic waste with many way. Also in production of paver block/tile manufacturer uses clay, but excessive use of clay result of resources depletion and environment degradation, we decided to utilize waste plastic in manufacturing of paver block/tile. The plastic waste is available in large quantity and hence cost factor comes down, different shades can be obtained by mixing coloring agent such as ferric oxide. By making plastic-sand bricks waste plastic can be recycled and also use of clay will reduce. We observe that with increasing bitumen ratio in mixture the hardness and fire resisting capacity of paver block increases.

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The main problem faced by Civil engineer is to go for the most efficient and economical design with accurate results in solution to ensure that the final design of a river training work in a highly scoured condition must be serviceable for its function purpose over the design life time. This Research presents the detailed knowledge of River regulation and river training were carried out for multiple reasons and in countless instances adverse impacts were shown. The adverse impacts are so severe in some instances that individuals must consider "re-naturalizing" the rivers that are regulated. The varied uses of the river and natural fluvial procedures and ecological systems can only be harmonized through the use of the integrated river management strategy. This Research introduces the notion of integrated river management and four river training principles based on study of case studies and information gathered from literature Integrated management of the river includes: 1) Taking the watershed, the upper river basin including the tributaries, the center and lower 2) ranges and the estuary as an embedded entity in planning, design and management; and 3) mitigating or controlling adverse effects on hydrology, erosion and sedimentation, river procedures, soil use and river use, climate and ecology while at the same time obtaining financial benefits from delivering water resources; River training and management should comply with the four principles: 1) extending the length of river water flowing on the continent by expanding the river course or decreasing the flow rate; 2) controlling different erosion trends and decreasing river sediment transport; 3) increasing habitat diversity and improving connectivity betting; This research focus on the main concern of Engineers while designing which depicts the main observation such as quality control, serviceability and economy. These points can be achieved by an Engineer if and only if the design has gone according to recommendation provided by design code.

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